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ASTM D4646-87(2001)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments

Standard Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the sorption affinity of waste solutes by unconsolidated geologic material in aqueous suspension. The waste solute may be derived from a variety of sources such as wells, underdrain systems, or laboratory solutions such as those produced by waste extraction tests like the Method D3987 shake extraction method.  
1.2 This test method is applicable in screening and providing relative rankings of a large number of geomedia samples for their sorption affinity in aqueous leachate/geomedia suspensions. This test method may not exactly simulate sorption characteristics that would occur in unperturbed geologic settings.  
1.3 While this procedure may be applicable to both organic and inorganic constituents, care must be taken with respect to the stability of the particular constituents and their possible losses from solution by such processes as degradation by microbes, light, or hydrolysis. This test method should not be used for volatile chemical constituents (see 6.1).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2000
ICS
13.080.05 - Examination of soils in general
Technical Committee
D34 - Waste Management
Drafting Committee
D34.01.06 - Analytical Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4646-87(1993) - Standard Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Replaced By
ASTM D4646-03 - Standard Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments
Effective Date
01-Nov-2003
Referred By
ASTM D5681-22e1 - Standard Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001

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ASTM D4646-87(2001) - Standard Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and SedimentsASTM D4646-87(2001) - Standard Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments
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ASTM D4646-87(2001) - Standard Test Method for 24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 4646 – 87 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Test Method for
24-h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by
Soils and Sediments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4646; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Term Batch Method
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining
3. Terminology
the sorption affinity of waste solutes by unconsolidated geo-
3.1 Definitions—For definition of terms used in this test
logic material in aqueous suspension. The waste solute may be
method refer to Terminology D 1129.
derived from a variety of sources such as wells, underdrain
3.1.1 solute—chemical species (for example, ion, molecule,
systems, or laboratory solutions such as those produced by
etc.) in solution.
waste extraction tests like the Method D 3987 shake extraction
3.1.2 sorbate—chemical species sorbed by a sorbent.
method.
3.1.3 sorbent—a substance that sorbs the solute from solu-
1.2 This test method is applicable in screening and provid-
tion (for example, soil, sediment, till, etc.).
ing relative rankings of a large number of geomedia samples
3.1.4 sorption—depletion of an amount of solute initially
for their sorption affinity in aqueous leachate/geomedia sus-
present in solution by a sorbent.
pensions. This test method may not exactly simulate sorption
3.1.5 sorption affınity—the relative degree of sorption that
characteristics that would occur in unperturbed geologic set-
occurs by a geomedia.
tings.
3.1.6 unconsolidated geologic material (geomedia)—a
1.3 While this procedure may be applicable to both organic
loosely aggregated solid natural material of geologic origin (for
and inorganic constituents, care must be taken with respect to
example, soil, sediment, till, etc.).
the stability of the particular constituents and their possible
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
losses from solution by such processes as degradation by
3.2.1 distribution coeffıcient, K —is defined identically to
d
microbes, light, or hydrolysis. This test method should not be
R , except it is considered to be an equilibrium value and
d
used for volatile chemical constituents (see 6.1).
independent of the concentration of solute (that is, linear
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
sorption curve).
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.2 distribution ratio (R )—the ratio of the concentration
d
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of solute sorbed on the soil or other geomedia divided by its
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
concentration in solution. A 24-h R is the analogous ratio
d
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
evaluated after 24 h of contact of the solute with the geomedia.
2. Referenced Documents The R value is calculated as follows:
d
2.1 ASTM Standards: ~mass of solute sorbed per unit mass of geomedia!
R 5
d
D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water mass of solute in solution per unit volume of solution!
~
μg/g
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
μg/mL
D 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water
3 mL
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock
5 (1)
g
D 3987 Test Method for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste
The dimensions of R reduce to units of volume per mass. It
with Water
d
is convenient to express R in units of millilitres (or cubic
D 4319 Test Method for Distribution Ratios by the Short-
d
centimetres) of solution per gram of geomedia. Dissimilar R
d
values may be obtained if different initial solute concentrations
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste are used, depending on the sorption behavior of the solute and
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.06 on
the properties of the geomedia (that is, nonlinear sorption
Analytical Methods.
curve). This concentration dependency may be absent where
Current edition approved March 3, 1987. Published April 1987. Originally
the solute concentrations are sufficiently low or the character-
published as ES 10 – 85. Last previous edition ES 10 – 85.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
istics of the particular solute-sorbent combination yield R
d
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
values that are independent of the concentration of solute (that
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.04.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 4646
is, linear sorption curve). 7. Apparatus
7.1 Agitation Equipment—The agitation equipment to be
4. Summary of Test Method
used is the rotary solid waste extractor specified in Test
4.1 Distilled water, natural water, waste leachate, or other
Method D 3987.
aqueous solution containing a known concentration of a solute
7.2 Phase Separation Equipment—A filtration apparatus
is mixed with a known amount of unconsolidated geologic
made of materials compatible with the solutions being filtered
material (geomedia) for 24 h. Changes in solute concentrations
and equipped with a 0.45-μm pore size membrane filter, or a
are used to calculate a distribution ratio (R ).
d
constant temperature centrifuge capable of separating particles
with diameters greater than 0.1 μm (see Section 9). If organic
5. Significance and Use
compounds are being measured, the filtration apparatus, cen-
5.1 This test method is meant to allow for a rapid (24 h)
trifuge tubes etc., should be compatible with the compounds
index of a geomedia’s sorption affinity for given chemicals or
being measured (that is, glass or stainless steel). Sorption of
leachate constituents. A large number of samples may be run
solute onto the filtration membrane may be significant for some
using this test method to determine a comparative ranking of
solutes, and must be evaluated by the use of blanks through all
those samples, based upon the amount of solute sorbed by the
steps of the procedure.
geomedia, or by various geomedia or leachate constituents.
7.3 Containers—Round, wide-mouth bottles compatible
The 24-h time is used to make the test convenient and also to
with the rotary extractor (Test Method D 3987) and of compo-
minimize microbial degradation which may be a problem in
sition suitable to the nature of the solute(s) under investigation
longer-timed procedures. Due to this time constraint, the final
and the analysis to be performed will be used. For nonvolatile
(24-h) concentration should not be confused with that of an
inorganic constituents, high-density, linear polyethylene bottles
equilibrium or steady-state concentration. While R values are
d
should be used with the size of the bottle dictated by sample
directly applicable for screening and comparative ranking
size, and the need for the solution to occupy 70 to 80 % of the
purposes, their use in predictive field applications generally
container volume (that is, 125 mL, 250 mL, or 2-L bottles for
requires the assumption that R =K ; the validity of this
d d
sample sizes of 5, 10, or 70 g respectively). For nonvolatile
assumption must be carefully evaluated by qualified personnel.
organic constituents, TFE-fluorocarbon, glass bottles, or stain-
5.2 While this test method may be useful in determining
less steel containers with water-tight closures made of chemi-
24-h R values for nonvolatile organic constituents, interlabo-
d
cally inert materials should be used with size requirements
ratory testing has been carried out only for the nonvolatile
being the same as for nonvolatile inorganics. Containers should
inorganic species, arsenic and cadmium. However, the proce-
be cleaned in a manner consistent with the analyses to be
dure has been tested for single laboratory precision with
performed. Samples of the solutions to be analyzed should be
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and is believed to be useful
stored in similar chemically compatible bottles.
for all stable and nonvolatile inorganic, and organic constitu-
7.4 Balance, having a minimum capacity of 70 g and a
ents. This test method is not considered appropriate for volatile
sensitivity of 60.005 g shall be used.
constituents.
5.3 The 24-h time limit may be sufficient to reach a
8. Reagents
steady-state R . However, to report this determination as a
d
8.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
steady-state R (that is, R =K ), the relevant time studies must
d d d
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
be carried out to document the development of steady-state
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the American
conditions within the 24-h time period. Tests exceeding the
Chemical Society, where such specifications are available.
24-h time period are beyond the scope of this test method.
Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that
Refer to Test Method D 4319, for an alternate procedure of
the reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use
longer duration.
without lessening the accuracy of the determination.
8.2 Purity of Water— Unless otherwise indicated, refer-
6. Interferences
ences to water shall be understood to mean Type IV reagent
6.1 When dealing with solutes of unknown stability either in
water of Specification D 1193.
contact with the geomedia or when used as blanks, care must
be taken to determine if volatilization, hydrolysis, photodeg-
9. Procedure
radation, microbial degradation, oxidation-reduction (that is,
9.1 Geomedia samples are spread out on a flat surface, no
3+ 6+
Cr to Cr ) or other physicochemical processes are operating
more than 2 to 3 cm deep, and allowed to air dry for 7 days or
at a significant rate within the time frame of the procedure
...

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ASTM D4646-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for 24 h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is meant to allow for a rapid (24 h) index of a geomedia's sorption affinity for given solutes in environmental waters or leachates. A large number of samples may be run in parallel using this test method to determine a comparative ranking of those samples, based upon the amount of solute sorbed by the geomedia, or by various geomedia or leachate constituents. The 24 h time is used to make the test convenient and also to minimize microbial, light, or hydrolytic degradation which may be a problem in longer timed procedures. While Kd values are directly applicable for screening and comparative ranking purposes, their use in predictive field applications generally requires the assumption that Kd be a fixed value.  
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1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the sorption affinity of waste solutes by unconsolidated geologic material in aqueous suspension. The waste solute may be derived from a variety of sources such as wells, underdrain systems, or laboratory solutions such as those produced by waste extraction tests like the Practice D3987 shake extraction method.  
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1.1 This practice describes the procedures and equipment used to collect surface and subsurface soil and contaminated media samples for chemical analysis using a hand-operated bucket auger (sometimes referred to as a barrel auger). Several types of bucket augers exist and are designed for sampling various types of soil. All bucket augers collect disturbed samples. Bucket augers can also be used to auger to the desired sampling depth and then, using a core-type sampler, collect a relatively undisturbed sample suitable for chemical analysis.  
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5.1 This practice is intended for use in collecting samples of contaminated soils and similar materials.  
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5.1 This practice is intended for the collection of settled dust samples in and around buildings and related structures for the subsequent determination of lead content in a manner consistent with that described in the HUD Guidelines and 40 CFR 745.63. The practice is meant for use in the collection of settled dust samples that are of interest in clearance, hazard assessment, risk assessment, and other purposes.  
5.2 Use of different pressures applied to the sampled surface along with the use of different wiping patterns contribute to collection variability. Thus, the sampling result can vary between operators performing collection from identical surfaces as a result of collection variables. Collection for any group of sampling locations at a given sampling site is best when limited to a single operator.  
5.3 This practice is recommended for the collection of settled dust samples from hard, relatively smooth, nonporous surfaces. This practice is less effective for collecting settled dust samples from surfaces with substantial texture such as rough concrete, brickwork, textured ceilings, and soft fibrous surfaces such as upholstery and carpeting.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the collection of settled lead-containing dust on surfaces using the wipe sampling method. These samples are collected in a manner that will permit subsequent extraction (see Practices E1644 and E1979) and determination of lead using laboratory analysis techniques such as atomic spectrometry (see Test Methods E3193/E3193M and E3203). For collection of settled dust samples for determination of lead and other metals, use Practice D6966.  
1.2 This practice does not address the sampling design criteria (that is, sampling plan which includes the number and location of samples) that are used for clearance (see Practices E2271/E2271M and E3074/E3074M), lead hazard evaluation, or risk assessment (see Guide E2115), and other purposes. To provide for valid conclusions, sufficient numbers of samples should be obtained as directed by a sampling plan.  
1.3 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this practice.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6914/D6914M-16(2024)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sonic Drilling for Site Characterization and the Installation of Subsurface Monitoring Devices

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sonic drilling is a rapid, primarily dry drilling method (see 5.2), used both in geotechnical applications to avoid hydraulic fracturing, and in environmental site exploration. Geotechnical applications include exploration for tunnels, underground excavations, and installation of instrumentation or structural elements. Sonic drilling methods are used in rocky soils with large diameter casing to obtain continuous samples in materials that are difficult to sample using other methods. It is well suited for projects of a production-orientated nature with a drilling rate faster than most all other drilling methods (Guide D6286/D6286M). Sonic drilling is used for environmental explorations because sonic drilling offers the benefit of significantly reduced drill cuttings, a major cost element, and reduced drill fluid use and production. Sonic drilling offers rapid formation penetration thereby increasing production. It can reduce fieldwork time generating overall project cost reductions. The continuous core sample recovered provides a representative lithological column for review and analysis. Sonic drilling readily lends itself to environmental instrumentation installation and to in-situ testing. The advantage of a clean cased hole without the use of drilling fluids provides for increased efficiency in instrumentation installation. The ability to cause vibration to the casing string eliminates the complication of monitoring well backfill bridging common to other drilling methods and reduces the risk of casing lockup allowing for easy casing withdrawal during grouting. The clean borehole reduces well development time. Pumping tests can be performed as needed prior to well screen placement to allow for proper screen location. The sonic method is readily utilized in multiple cased well applications which are required to prevent aquifer cross contamination. The installation of inclinometers, vibrating wire piezometers, settlement gauges, and the like can be accomplished e...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for using sonic drilling methods in the conducting of subsurface exploration for site characterization and in the installation of subsurface monitoring devices.  
1.2 The use of the sonic drilling method for exploration and monitoring-device installation may often involve preliminary site research and safety planning, administration, and documentation.  
1.3 Soil or Rock samples collected by sonic methods are classed as group A or group B in accordance with Practices D4220/D4220M. Other sampling methods (Guide D6169/D6169M) may be used in conjunction with the sonic method to collect samples classed as group C and Group D. Other drilling methods are summarized in Guide D6286/D6286M.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than in-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this practice.  
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.  
1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. It is a description of the present state-of-the-art practice of sonic drilling. It does not recommend this method as a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,...

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ASTM
ASTM D4646-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for 24 h Batch-Type Measurement of Contaminant Sorption by Soils and Sediments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is meant to allow for a rapid (24 h) index of a geomedia's sorption affinity for given solutes in environmental waters or leachates. A large number of samples may be run in parallel using this test method to determine a comparative ranking of those samples, based upon the amount of solute sorbed by the geomedia, or by various geomedia or leachate constituents. The 24 h time is used to make the test convenient and also to minimize microbial, light, or hydrolytic degradation which may be a problem in longer timed procedures. While Kd values are directly applicable for screening and comparative ranking purposes, their use in predictive field applications generally requires the assumption that Kd be a fixed value.  
5.2 While this test method may be useful in determining 24 h Kd values for nonvolatile organic constituents, interlaboratory testing has been carried out only for the nonvolatile inorganic species arsenic and cadmium (see Section 12). However, the procedure has been tested for single-laboratory precision with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and is believed to be useful for all stable and nonvolatile inorganic and organic constituents. This test method is not considered appropriate for volatile constituents.  
5.3 The 24 h time limit may be sufficient to reach a steady-state Kd; however, the calculated Kd value should be considered a non-equilibrium measurement unless steady-state has been determined. To report this determination as a steady-state Kd, this test method should be conducted for intermediate times (for example, 12, 18, and 22 h) to ensure that the soluble concentrations in the solution have reached a steady state by 24 h. If a test duration of greater than 24 h is required, refer to Test Method D4319 for an alternate procedure of longer duration.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the sorption affinity of waste solutes by unconsolidated geologic material in aqueous suspension. The waste solute may be derived from a variety of sources such as wells, underdrain systems, or laboratory solutions such as those produced by waste extraction tests like the Practice D3987 shake extraction method.  
1.2 This test method is applicable in screening and providing relative rankings of a large number of geomedia samples for their sorption affinity in aqueous leachate/geomedia suspensions. This test method may not simulate sorption characteristics that would occur in unperturbed geologic settings.  
1.3 While this procedure may be applicable to both organic and inorganic constituents, care must be taken with respect to the stability of the particular constituents and their possible losses from solution by such processes as degradation by microbes, light, hydrolysis, or sorption to material surfaces. This test method should not be used for volatile chemical constituents (see 6.1).  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2993-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluating Potential Hazard in Buildings as a Result of Methane in the Vadose Zone

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Several different factors should be taken into consideration when evaluating methane hazard, rather than, for example, use of a single concentration-based screening level as a de-facto hazard assessment level. Key variables are identified and briefly discussed in this section. Legal background information is provided in Appendix X3. The Bibliography includes references where more detailed information can be found on the effect of various parameters on gas concentrations.  
5.2 Application—This guide is intended for use by those undertaking an assessment of hazards to people and property as a result of subsurface methane suspected to be present based on due diligence or other site evaluations (see 6.1.1).  
5.2.1 This guide addresses shallow methane, including its presence in the vadose zone; at residential, commercial, and industrial sites with existing construction; or where development is proposed.  
5.3 This guide provides a consistent, streamlined process for deciding on action and the urgency of action for the identified hazard. Advantages include:  
5.3.1 Decisions are based on reducing the actual risk of adverse impacts to people and property.  
5.3.2 Assessment is based on collecting only the information that is necessary to evaluate hazard.  
5.3.3 Available resources are focused on those sites and conditions that pose the greatest risk to people and property at any time.  
5.3.4 Response actions are chosen based on the existence of a hazard and are designed to mitigate the hazard and reduce risk to an acceptable level.  
5.3.5 The urgency of initial response to an identified hazard is commensurate with its potential adverse impact to people and property.  
5.4 Limitations—This guide does not address potential hazards from other gases and vapors that may also be present in the subsurface such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and/or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that may co-occur with methane. If the presence of hydrogen sulfide or other...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a consistent basis for assessing methane in the vadose zone, evaluating hazard and risk, determining the appropriate response, and identifying the urgency of the response.  
1.2 Purpose—This guide covers techniques for evaluating potential hazards associated with methane present in the vadose zone beneath or near existing or proposed buildings or other structures (for example, potential fires or explosions within the buildings or structures), when such hazards are suspected to be present based on due diligence or other site evaluations (see 6.1.1). Buildings in this context include normal below grade utilities associated with a building.  
1.3 Objectives—This guide: (1) provides a practical and reasonable industry standard for evaluating, prioritizing, and addressing potential methane hazards based on mass flow and (2) provides a tool for screening out low-risk sites.  
1.4 This guide offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service should be judged, nor should this guide be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title means only that the guide has been approved through the ASTM International consensus process.  
1.5 Not addressed by this guide are:  
1.5.1 Requirements or guidance or both with respect to methane sampling or evaluation in federal, state, or local regulations. Users are cautioned that federal, state, and local guidance may impose specific requirements that differ from those of this guide;  
1.5.2 Safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this sta...

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