ASTM C135-96(2022)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials by Water Immersion
Standard Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials by Water Immersion
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The true specific gravity of a material is the ratio of its true density, determined at a specific temperature, to the true density of water, determined at a specific temperature. Thus, the true specific gravity of a material is a primary property which is related to chemical and mineralogical composition.
3.2 For refractory raw materials and products the true specific gravity is a useful value for: classification, detecting differences in chemical composition between supposedly like samples, indicating mineralogical phases or phase changes, calculating total porosity when the bulk density is known, and for any other test method which requires this value for the calculation of results.
3.3 This test method is a primary standard method which is suitable for use in specifications, quality control, and research and development. It can also serve as a referee test method in purchasing contracts or agreements.
3.4 Fundamental assumptions inherent in this test method are the following:
3.4.1 The sample is representative of the material in general,
3.4.2 The total sample has been reduced to the particle size specified,
3.4.3 No impurity has been introduced during processing of the sample,
3.4.4 The sample itself is not magnetic and all magnetic material introduced during processing of the sample has been removed,
3.4.5 The material is not hydratable or reactive with water, and
3.4.6 The test method has been conducted in a meticulous manner.
3.4.7 Deviation from any of these assumptions negates the usefulness of the results.
3.5 In interpreting the results of this test method it must be recognized that the specified sample particle size does not guarantee that all closed pores have been eliminated. The amount of residual closed pores may vary between materials or even between samples of the same or like materials, and the specified sample particle size is not the same as that specified for Test Method C604. The values generated by this ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of true specific gravity of refractory materials under prescribed conditions. It is not applicable to materials attacked by water.
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.2.1 Exception—The equipment used in this standard for weights and volumes is only available in SI units.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 31-Jan-2022
- Technical Committee
- C08 - Refractories
- Drafting Committee
- C08.03 - Physical Properties
Relations
- Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2020
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2014
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2013
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2012
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2009
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2008
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2007
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2007
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2004
- Effective Date
- 10-May-2003
- Effective Date
- 10-Nov-2002
- Effective Date
- 10-May-2001
- Effective Date
- 10-May-2001
- Effective Date
- 10-Sep-1998
- Effective Date
- 01-Jan-1996
Overview
ASTM C135-96(2022), Standard Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials by Water Immersion, specifies procedures for determining the true specific gravity of refractory materials using water immersion techniques. This standard is essential for professionals in materials science, quality assurance, and refractory manufacturing, as it establishes a primary method for evaluating a critical property associated with chemical and mineralogical composition. Developed and maintained by ASTM International, this test method supports global industry needs for standardized material assessment, ensuring reliable and comparable results for specification, classification, and research purposes.
Key Topics
- True Specific Gravity: Defined as the ratio of the true density of a refractory material to the density of water, both measured at a specific temperature.
- Sample Preparation: Emphasizes the importance of a representative test sample, proper particle sizing, and rigorous avoidance of impurities or magnetic contaminants during preparation.
- Applicability: This test method is not suitable for materials that are attacked by water or those that are hydratable or reactive with water.
- Testing Equipment: Utilizes precision laboratory apparatus, including an analytical balance and a pycnometer, ensuring accuracy and repeatability.
- Assumptions and Limitations: Results are valid only if fundamental assumptions-such as sample representativeness and non-reactivity-are met. Closed porosity may affect outcomes, and the values provided should be interpreted with recognition of inherent material differences.
Applications
The ASTM C135-96(2022) standard is widely applied in the following areas:
- Material Classification: Useful for differentiating refractory materials based on their specific gravity, supporting quality control and compliance with technical standards.
- Quality Assurance and Control: Provides manufacturers and laboratories with a standardized method to ensure consistency in product properties across batches.
- Research and Development: Facilitates the study and comparison of material compositions, supporting innovation and the improvement of refractory products.
- Purchasing and Procurement: Acts as a referee method in contracts and supply agreements, ensuring all parties are aligned on the property measurements of supplied materials.
- Process Improvement: Supports calculation of total porosity when combined with bulk density measurements, aiding process engineers in optimizing material properties for specific industrial applications.
- Mineralogical Analysis: Indicates phase changes and mineralogical differences between like samples, informing both process control and product development.
Related Standards
If you are implementing or referencing ASTM C135-96(2022), consider the following related standards for a more comprehensive approach:
- ASTM C604: Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials by Gas-Comparison Pycnometer - provides an alternative testing approach for materials sensitive to water.
- ASTM D153: Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Pigments - related methodology for pigment materials.
- ASTM E11: Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves - referenced for particle size control during preparation.
- Other ASTM Refractories Standards: For broader refractory material testing and analysis, see standards developed by ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories.
Summary
ASTM C135-96(2022) is an internationally recognized, primary test method vital for the determination of true specific gravity in refractory materials by water immersion. It supports material classification, quality control, and research, ensuring reliable and standardized assessment across the global refractory industry. By adhering to this standard, organizations improve traceability, enhance product quality, and foster trust in supply chain transactions. For best results, users should reference related ASTM standards and apply the precise sample preparation and procedural requirements specified in the document.
Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM C135-96(2022) is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials by Water Immersion". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 3.1 The true specific gravity of a material is the ratio of its true density, determined at a specific temperature, to the true density of water, determined at a specific temperature. Thus, the true specific gravity of a material is a primary property which is related to chemical and mineralogical composition. 3.2 For refractory raw materials and products the true specific gravity is a useful value for: classification, detecting differences in chemical composition between supposedly like samples, indicating mineralogical phases or phase changes, calculating total porosity when the bulk density is known, and for any other test method which requires this value for the calculation of results. 3.3 This test method is a primary standard method which is suitable for use in specifications, quality control, and research and development. It can also serve as a referee test method in purchasing contracts or agreements. 3.4 Fundamental assumptions inherent in this test method are the following: 3.4.1 The sample is representative of the material in general, 3.4.2 The total sample has been reduced to the particle size specified, 3.4.3 No impurity has been introduced during processing of the sample, 3.4.4 The sample itself is not magnetic and all magnetic material introduced during processing of the sample has been removed, 3.4.5 The material is not hydratable or reactive with water, and 3.4.6 The test method has been conducted in a meticulous manner. 3.4.7 Deviation from any of these assumptions negates the usefulness of the results. 3.5 In interpreting the results of this test method it must be recognized that the specified sample particle size does not guarantee that all closed pores have been eliminated. The amount of residual closed pores may vary between materials or even between samples of the same or like materials, and the specified sample particle size is not the same as that specified for Test Method C604. The values generated by this ... SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the determination of true specific gravity of refractory materials under prescribed conditions. It is not applicable to materials attacked by water. 1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.2.1 Exception—The equipment used in this standard for weights and volumes is only available in SI units. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 3.1 The true specific gravity of a material is the ratio of its true density, determined at a specific temperature, to the true density of water, determined at a specific temperature. Thus, the true specific gravity of a material is a primary property which is related to chemical and mineralogical composition. 3.2 For refractory raw materials and products the true specific gravity is a useful value for: classification, detecting differences in chemical composition between supposedly like samples, indicating mineralogical phases or phase changes, calculating total porosity when the bulk density is known, and for any other test method which requires this value for the calculation of results. 3.3 This test method is a primary standard method which is suitable for use in specifications, quality control, and research and development. It can also serve as a referee test method in purchasing contracts or agreements. 3.4 Fundamental assumptions inherent in this test method are the following: 3.4.1 The sample is representative of the material in general, 3.4.2 The total sample has been reduced to the particle size specified, 3.4.3 No impurity has been introduced during processing of the sample, 3.4.4 The sample itself is not magnetic and all magnetic material introduced during processing of the sample has been removed, 3.4.5 The material is not hydratable or reactive with water, and 3.4.6 The test method has been conducted in a meticulous manner. 3.4.7 Deviation from any of these assumptions negates the usefulness of the results. 3.5 In interpreting the results of this test method it must be recognized that the specified sample particle size does not guarantee that all closed pores have been eliminated. The amount of residual closed pores may vary between materials or even between samples of the same or like materials, and the specified sample particle size is not the same as that specified for Test Method C604. The values generated by this ... SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the determination of true specific gravity of refractory materials under prescribed conditions. It is not applicable to materials attacked by water. 1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.2.1 Exception—The equipment used in this standard for weights and volumes is only available in SI units. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM C135-96(2022) is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 81.080 - Refractories. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM C135-96(2022) has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM D153-84(2020), ASTM D153-84(2014), ASTM E11-13, ASTM C604-02(2012), ASTM E11-09e1, ASTM D153-84(2008), ASTM C604-02(2007), ASTM C604-02(2007)e1, ASTM E11-04, ASTM D153-84(2003), ASTM C604-02, ASTM E11-95, ASTM E11-01, ASTM C604-98, ASTM D153-84(1996)e1. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM C135-96(2022) is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:C135 −96 (Reapproved 2022)
Standard Test Method for
True Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials by Water
Immersion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3. Significance and Use
3.1 The true specific gravity of a material is the ratio of its
1.1 This test method covers the determination of true
true density, determined at a specific temperature, to the true
specific gravity of refractory materials under prescribed con-
density of water, determined at a specific temperature. Thus,
ditions. It is not applicable to materials attacked by water.
the true specific gravity of a material is a primary property
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
which is related to chemical and mineralogical composition.
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
3.2 For refractory raw materials and products the true
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
specific gravity is a useful value for: classification, detecting
information only and are not considered standard.
differences in chemical composition between supposedly like
1.2.1 Exception—The equipment used in this standard for
samples, indicating mineralogical phases or phase changes,
weights and volumes is only available in SI units.
calculating total porosity when the bulk density is known, and
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
for any other test method which requires this value for the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
calculation of results.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.3 This test method is a primary standard method which is
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
suitable for use in specifications, quality control, and research
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
and development. It can also serve as a referee test method in
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
purchasing contracts or agreements.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 3.4 Fundamental assumptions inherent in this test method
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- are the following:
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.4.1 Thesampleisrepresentativeofthematerialingeneral,
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.4.2 The total sample has been reduced to the particle size
specified,
2. Referenced Documents
3.4.3 No impurity has been introduced during processing of
the sample,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.4.4 The sample itself is not magnetic and all magnetic
C604 Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory
material introduced during processing of the sample has been
Materials by Gas-Comparison Pycnometer
removed,
D153 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Pigments
3.4.5 The material is not hydratable or reactive with water,
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
and
Sieves
3.4.6 The test method has been conducted in a meticulous
manner.
3.4.7 Deviation from any of these assumptions negates the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Committee C08 on
usefulness of the results.
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical
Properties.
3.5 In interpreting the results of this test method it must be
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2022. Published February 2022. Originally
recognized that the specified sample particle size does not
approved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as C135 – 96 (2015).
DOI: 10.1520/C0135-96R22.
guarantee that all closed pores have been eliminated. The
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
amount of residual closed pores may vary between materials or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
even between samples of the same or like materials, and the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. specified sample particle size is not the same as that specified
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C135−96 (2022)
for Test Method C604. The values generated by this test Recordtheweightasp.Fillthepycnometerwithdistilledwater
method may, therefore, be close approximations rather than at room temperature, t, which should be between 60 and 75 °F
accurate representations of true specific gravities. Thus, com- (16 and 24 °C) and should not vary more than 0.5 °F (0.3 °C)
parisons of results should only be judiciously made between duringthetest,andagainweigh,recordingtheweightasW .In
likematerialstestedbythistestmethodorwithfullrecognition filling the pycnometer, there should be an overflow of water
of potentially inherent differences between the materials being through the capillary when the thermometer (stopper) is
compared or the test method
...
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