ASTM D1857/D1857M-16
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
Standard Test Method for Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The design of most coal combustion and coal conversion equipment anticipates that the ash either remain solid or assume some degree of fluidity, depending on the particular design. Ash fusibility temperatures help predict whether the ash will perform properly in the process for which the coal was chosen.
5.2 Ash fusibility temperature values are used in various equations to predict the slagging tendency of ashes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal and coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled, mildly reducing, and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres.
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain concordant results.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3.1 All percentages are percent mass fractions unless otherwise noted.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D1857/D1857M − 16
Standard Test Method for
1
Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1857/D1857M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope D3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in
Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the tempera-
D4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal
tures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal
and Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence
and coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of
D6349 Test Method for Determination of Major and Minor
fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled,
Elements in Coal, Coke, and Solid Residues from Com-
mildly reducing, and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres.
bustion of Coal and Coke by Inductively Coupled
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of
Plasma—Atomic Emission Spectrometry
the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain repro-
D7582 Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of Coal and
ducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain
Coke by Macro Thermogravimetric Analysis
concordant results.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units 3. Terminology
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3.1.1 The critical temperature points to be observed are as
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
follows:
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
3.1.2 fluid temperature, FT—the temperature at which the
with the standard.
fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a
1.3.1 All percentages are percent mass fractions unless
1
maximum height of 1.6 mm [ ⁄16 in.] as shown by the fifth
otherwise noted.
cone, FT, in Fig. 1.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.3 hemispherical temperature, HT—the temperature at
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
which point the height is one half the width of the base as
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Fig. 1.
shown by the fourth cone, HT, in
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.4 initial deformation temperature, IT—the temperature
2. Referenced Documents
at which the first rounding of the apex of the cone occurs.
2
Shrinkage or warping of the cone ignored if the tip remains
2.1 ASTM Standards:
sharp. In Fig. 1, the first cone shown is an unheated one; the
D346 Practice for Collection and Preparation of Coke
secondconeITisatypicalconeattheinitialdeformationstage.
Samples for Laboratory Analysis
D2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis
3.1.5 softening temperature, ST—the temperature at which
D3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal
the cone has fused down to a spherical lump in which the
and Coke from Coal
height is equal to the width at the base as shown by the third
D3180 Practice for Calculating Coal and Coke Analyses
cone, ST, in Fig. 1.
from As-Determined to Different Bases
4. Summary of Test Method
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal
4.1 Coal or coke ash, prepared by prescribed methods, is
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of D05.21 on Methods of Analysis.
mixed with a small amount of a dextrin solution to form a
Current edition approved May 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originally
plastic mass. A cone mold is used to form triangular pyramids
approved 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D1857 – 04(2010). DOI:
10.1520/D1857-16.
with the plastic mass, which are dried and mounted on a
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ceramic platform.The cones and platform are rapidly heated in
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
an electric furnace to 400 °C (750 °F). The cones and platform
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. are then heated at a rate of 8 °C 6 3 °C [15 °F 6 5 °F]⁄min in
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1857/D1857M − 16
FIG. 1 Critical Temper
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1857/D1857M − 04 (Reapproved 2010) D1857/D1857M − 16
Standard Test Method for
1
Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1857/D1857M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal and
coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled, mildly
reducing, and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres.
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible
temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain concordant results.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3.1 All percentages are percent mass fractions unless otherwise noted.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D346 Practice for Collection and Preparation of Coke Samples for Laboratory Analysis
D2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis
D3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from Coal
D3180 Practice for Calculating Coal and Coke Analyses from As-Determined to Different Bases
D3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes
D4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal and Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence
D6349 Test Method for Determination of Major and Minor Elements in Coal, Coke, and Solid Residues from Combustion of
Coal and Coke by Inductively Coupled Plasma—Atomic Emission Spectrometry
D7582 Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke by Macro Thermogravimetric Analysis
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 The critical temperature points to be observed are as follows, denoting the atmosphere used:follows:
3.1.2 fluid temperature, FT—the temperature at which the fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a maximum
1
height of 1.6 mm [ ⁄16 in.] as shown by the fifth cone, FT, in Fig. 1.
3.1.3 hemispherical temperature, HT—the temperature at which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at which
point the height is one half the width of the base as shown by the fourth cone, HT, in Fig. 1.
3.1.4 initial deformation temperature, IT—the temperature at which the first rounding of the apex of the cone occurs. Shrinkage
or warping of the cone ignored if the tip remains sharp. In Fig. 1, the first cone shown is an unheated one; the second cone IT is
a typical cone at the initial deformation stage.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal and Coke and is the direct responsibility of D05.21 on Methods of Analysis.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010May 1, 2016. Published November 2010May 2016. Originally approved 1961. Last previous edition approved 2004 in 2010 as
D1857 – 04.D1857 – 04(2010). DOI: 10.1520/D1857-04R10.10.1520/D1857-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1857/D1857M − 16
FIG. 1 Critical Temperature Points
3.1.5 softening temperature, ST—the temperature at which the cone has fused down to a spherical lump in which the height is
equal to the width at the base as shown by the third cone, ST, in Fig. 1.
4. Summary of Test
...
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