ASTM E2987/E2987M-16
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Sustainable Manufacturing
Standard Terminology for Sustainable Manufacturing
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 The terminology included in this standard is intended to provide definitions for sustainable manufacturing terms. This standard is intended to be referenced by other sustainable manufacturing standards.
2.2 The terms defined in this standard are those which have specific meaning in the context of sustainable manufacturing. Terms that have more general application, or for which the dictionary definition is applicable, are not included.
2.3 Terms having application only within a specific standard, or having meaning unique to the context of that standard, are defined or explained in the terminology section of the individual standard, and are not included here.
SCOPE
1.1 The standard includes terminology applicable to sustainable manufacturing.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
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Designation: E2987/E2987M −16
Standard Terminology for
1
Sustainable Manufacturing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2987/E2987M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Terms that have more general application, or for which the
dictionary definition is applicable, are not included.
1.1 The standard includes terminology applicable to sustain-
able manufacturing. 2.3 Terms having application only within a specific
standard, or having meaning unique to the context of that
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
standard, are defined or explained in the terminology section of
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
the individual standard, and are not included here.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3. Terminology
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
with the standard. 3.1 Terms and Definitions:
process data unit, n—smallest element of a unit manufactur-
2. Significance and Use
ing process for which discrete data are collected.
2.1 The terminology included in this standard is intended to
provide definitions for sustainable manufacturing terms. This unit manufacturing process, n—the individual operation or
standard is intended to be referenced by other sustainable subset of operations necessary to convert, modify, or add
manufacturing standards. value from a defined initial state to a defined end state.
DISCUSSION—A unit manufacturing process can consist of mul
...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides a systematic approach for characterizing the environmental aspects of manufacturing processes based on well-established formal languages.
Note 1: In computer science, a formal language is a language designed for use in situations in which natural language is unsuitable as, for example, in mathematics, logic, or computer programming. The symbols and formulas of such languages stand in precisely specified syntactic and semantic relations to one another. Formal representations are derived from formal languages.
Note 2: A UMP model is defined using formal languages, such as eXtensible Markup Language (XML) (1),6 Unified Modeling Language (UML) (2), or Systems Modeling Language (SysML) to facilitate data exchange, computability, and communication with other manufacturing and analysis applications. These capabilities support manufacturers in evaluating, documenting, and improving performance. This guide specifically incorporates UML and XML but does not limit implementations to these languages.
4.2 This guide provides the structure and formalism to ensure consistency in characterizing manufacturing processes in a computer-interpretable way, thus enabling effective communication, computational analytics, and exchange of performance information.
4.3 Fig. 1 shows how this guide is used to transition manufacturing resources, such as industrial robots, machine tools, and auxiliary devices, from the phycical world to the digital world through graphical and formal representations. In doing so, required information to perform engineering analysis, such as optimization, simulation, and life cycle assessment, is characterized in a manner that is complete, standardized, and efficient.
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides an approach to characterize any category of manufacturing process and to systematically capture and describe relevant environmental information.
1.2 This guide defines the conceptual model of a unit manufacturing process (UMP) from which a formal representation can be specified.
1.3 This guide defines the graphical representation of a UMP model that supports the systematic structuring and visualizing of manufacturing information.
1.4 This guide defines a process characterization methodology to construct UMP models that characterize the environmental aspects of the manufacturing processes under study.
1.5 This guide provides the necessary structure and formality for identifying and capturing key information needed to assess manufacturing performance, yet provides no details about an actual assessment of the process performance.
1.6 This guide provides the conceptual definition for a system composed of multiple UMPs to represent a production system.
1.7 This guide may be used to complement other standards that address sustainability and the product life cycle. This guide most closely relates to the inventory component as discussed in the ISO 14040 series (ISO 14044) standards, and resource management as discussed in the ISO 55000 series (ISO 55001) standards.
1.8 This guide does not purport to address all of the security issues and the risks associated with manufacturing information. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to follow practices and establish appropriate information technology related security measures.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.10 This international standard was developed...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 The terminology included in this standard is intended to provide definitions for sustainable manufacturing terms. This standard is intended to be referenced by other sustainable manufacturing standards.
2.2 The terms defined in this standard are those which have specific meaning in the context of sustainable manufacturing. Terms that have more general application, or for which the dictionary definition is applicable, are not included.
2.3 Terms having application only within a specific standard, or having meaning unique to the context of that standard, are defined or explained in the terminology section of the individual standard, and are not included here.
SCOPE
1.1 The standard includes terminology applicable to sustainable manufacturing.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides a reference to the manufacturing community for the evaluation of environmental sustainability aspects of manufacturing processes. This guide is intended to improve efficiencies and consistencies of informal methods by providing procedures for consistent evaluations of manufacturing processes.
4.2 This guide describes a procedure to identify parameters and models for evaluating sustainability metrics for a particular process. Users of this guide will benefit from insight into the sustainability implications of selected processes as well as the contributing factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidance to develop manufacturer-specific procedures for evaluating the environmental sustainability performance of manufacturing processes. This guide introduces decision support methods that can be used to improve sustainability performance.
1.2 The scope of this guide is constrained by the manufacturing phase of the life cycle. The guide addresses specifics related to the processes and procedures within this phase.
1.3 This guide will allow manufacturers to make effective evaluations during plant and enterprise-wide decision-making within the manufacturing phase.
1.4 This guide focuses on environmental sustainability impacts, though social and economic impacts are not explicitly excluded.
1.5 This guide addresses:
1.5.1 Setting boundaries for the evaluation of environmental sustainability of a process or processes,
1.5.2 Identifying the process and equipment-related parameters necessary for environmental sustainability-driven process evaluation,
1.5.3 Creating process models using these parameters,
1.5.4 Utilizing process models to support consistent evaluations and sustainability-driven decision-making in a manufacturing enterprise.
Note 1: See ULE 880 for additional guidance at enterprise-level decision-making.
1.6 This guide may be used to complement other standards that address sustainability and the product life cycle. This guide most closely relates to the inventory component as discussed in the ISO 14040 series (ISO 14040, ISO 14044) standards, efficiency as discussed in the ISO 50000 series (ISO 50001) standards, and resource management as discussed in the ISO 55000 series (ISO 55001) standards.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide provides a method for evaluating investments in terms of their financial merits and environmental merits. This guide can be used to answer whether an investment is both economical and environmentally sustainable or if there is a tradeoff between the environmental aspects of manufacturing and profitability. In the event that there are tradeoffs, this guide provides methods for evaluating those tradeoffs.
5.2 The financial merits for this guide are typically from the individual stakeholder perspective (for example, owners or investors, or both) or from the perspective of a selection of stakeholders. It is up to the users to decide what financial changes are relevant to them. For instance, if there is a financial cost borne by a third party, the users may opt to exclude it from their analysis, as it is not relevant for them. The environmental merits are from a multi-stakeholder perspective (for example, societal level) and should follow established standards for evaluating environmental aspects of manufacturing. That is, environmental aspects of manufacturing should not be excluded simply because they do not affect the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers techniques for evaluating manufacturing investments from the perspective of environmentally sustainable manufacturing by pairing economic methods of investment analysis with environmental aspect of manufacturing, including manufacturing processes.
1.2 The economic techniques discussed include net present value, internal rate of return, payback period, and hurdle rate. These four techniques are deterministic, meaning that they deal with known values that are certain. Probabilistic considerations play no role in determining how these four techniques are deployed. The guide will also move beyond standard deterministic techniques to look at probabilistic methods like the concept of sensitivity analyses with a focus on Monte Carlo analyses.
1.3 The techniques can be used by manufacturers, regardless of size or complexity, to make environmentally sustainable decisions, including but not limited to whether to embark on an investment, discontinue a manufacturing line, invest or re-invest in a new project or factory. To outline all possible decision types would constitute a guide in itself.
1.4 This guide does not assume specific knowledge of financial techniques on the part of the user, besides some knowledge of discounting. The interested reader is encouraged to follow up and consult outside readings to cover financial techniques beyond the scope of this guide.
1.5 This guide uses U.S. dollars, percent change in environmental aspects of manufacturing, and unit change in environmental aspects of manufacturing as its primary units.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides methods for developing environmental sustainability KPIs at the manufacturing process level.
4.2 This guide provides standard approaches for systematically identifying, defining, selecting, and organizing KPIs for determining the impact of manufacturing processes on the environment.
4.3 This guide is intended for those who need effective KPIs to assess manufacturing process performance, raise understanding, inform decision-makers, and establish objectives for improvement.
4.4 If the number of stakeholders is small and the manufacturing processes are simple, KPI developers can follow the first two steps (5.2 Establishing KPI Objectives and 5.3 Defining needed KPIs) of this guide. The steps that follow include KPI selection, normalization and weighting, and KPI organization. They can be applied to larger groups of stakeholders and more complex manufacturing processes. Users of this guide can determine the number of steps they will follow because the decision is highly dependent upon the products that they make and the processes that they use.
4.5 The guide enables the development of tools for KPI management and performance evaluation that will support decision-making capabilities in a manufacturing facility, including the development and extension of standardized data, performance information, and environmental knowledge.
4.6 Procedures outlined in this guide are intended for environmental KPIs, and they also can be applied to broader sustainability KPIs as in Guide E2986.
4.7 A quick guide on how to use this guide can be found in Appendix X7.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide addresses Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for environmental aspects of manufacturing processes.
1.2 This guide provides a procedure for identifying candidate KPIs from existing sources for environmental aspects of manufacturing processes.
1.3 This guide provides a procedure for defining new candidate KPIs that are not available from existing sources for environmental aspects of manufacturing processes.
1.4 This guide defines a methodology for selecting effective KPIs from a list of candidate KPIs based on KPI criteria selected from Appendix X3 or defined by users.
1.5 This guide provides a procedure for normalizing KPIs, assigning weights to those KPIs, and aligning them to environmental objectives.
1.6 KPIs of Manufacturing Operation Management activities as defined in IEC 62264-1 are out of the scope since they are specifically addressed in ISO 22400-2.
1.7 How to evaluate environmental impacts is out of the scope since it is addressed in Guide E2986.
1.8 This guide can be used to complement other standards that address environmental aspects of manufacturing processes, for example, Guide E2986, Terminology E2987/E2987M, and Guide E3012.
1.9 This guide does not purport to address the security risks associated with manufacturing and environmental information. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to follow practices and establish appropriate information technology related security measures.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice increases the level of communication, provides an organized approach to cost control during the design of a project, and also provides a means of identifying extraordinary cost items and changes in assumptions between estimates.
5.2 The users of this practice include owners, developers, contractors, cost professionals, estimators, architects, engineers, specification writers, quantity surveyors, and anyone charged with the responsibility of successfully managing the design of a building and its related site work within a specified project budget.
5.3 Use this reporting format during the following:
5.3.1 Contracting for design cost analysis services,
5.3.2 Comparing the current design costs to a previous estimate, and
5.3.3 Responding to each design phase.
5.4 This practice provides a tool for analyzing design options and examining strategies to maintain the project budget.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an arranged method for providing cost analysis during the design phase of a building project.
1.2 The use of this practice increases the level of communication between the design professional, owner, and the cost professional providing the cost consulting services.
1.3 The practice establishes a structured method to support design decisions.
1.4 The practice provides design and cost professionals with a framework for historically tabulating information to be used on relevant future projects.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides a systematic approach for characterizing the environmental aspects of manufacturing processes based on well-established formal languages.
Note 1: In computer science, a formal language is a language designed for use in situations in which natural language is unsuitable as, for example, in mathematics, logic, or computer programming. The symbols and formulas of such languages stand in precisely specified syntactic and semantic relations to one another. Formal representations are derived from formal languages.
Note 2: A UMP model is defined using formal languages, such as eXtensible Markup Language (XML) (1),6 Unified Modeling Language (UML) (2), or Systems Modeling Language (SysML) to facilitate data exchange, computability, and communication with other manufacturing and analysis applications. These capabilities support manufacturers in evaluating, documenting, and improving performance. This guide specifically incorporates UML and XML but does not limit implementations to these languages.
4.2 This guide provides the structure and formalism to ensure consistency in characterizing manufacturing processes in a computer-interpretable way, thus enabling effective communication, computational analytics, and exchange of performance information.
4.3 Fig. 1 shows how this guide is used to transition manufacturing resources, such as industrial robots, machine tools, and auxiliary devices, from the phycical world to the digital world through graphical and formal representations. In doing so, required information to perform engineering analysis, such as optimization, simulation, and life cycle assessment, is characterized in a manner that is complete, standardized, and efficient.
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UMPs store digital representations of physical manufacturing assets and systems to enable engineering analysis, for example, optimization, simulation, and life cycle assessments.
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides an approach to characterize any category of manufacturing process and to systematically capture and describe relevant environmental information.
1.2 This guide defines the conceptual model of a unit manufacturing process (UMP) from which a formal representation can be specified.
1.3 This guide defines the graphical representation of a UMP model that supports the systematic structuring and visualizing of manufacturing information.
1.4 This guide defines a process characterization methodology to construct UMP models that characterize the environmental aspects of the manufacturing processes under study.
1.5 This guide provides the necessary structure and formality for identifying and capturing key information needed to assess manufacturing performance, yet provides no details about an actual assessment of the process performance.
1.6 This guide provides the conceptual definition for a system composed of multiple UMPs to represent a production system.
1.7 This guide may be used to complement other standards that address sustainability and the product life cycle. This guide most closely relates to the inventory component as discussed in the ISO 14040 series (ISO 14044) standards, and resource management as discussed in the ISO 55000 series (ISO 55001) standards.
1.8 This guide does not purport to address all of the security issues and the risks associated with manufacturing information. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to follow practices and establish appropriate information technology related security measures.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.10 This international standard was developed...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides a reference to the manufacturing community for the evaluation of environmental sustainability aspects of manufacturing processes. This guide is intended to improve efficiencies and consistencies of informal methods by providing procedures for consistent evaluations of manufacturing processes.
4.2 This guide describes a procedure to identify parameters and models for evaluating sustainability metrics for a particular process. Users of this guide will benefit from insight into the sustainability implications of selected processes as well as the contributing factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidance to develop manufacturer-specific procedures for evaluating the environmental sustainability performance of manufacturing processes. This guide introduces decision support methods that can be used to improve sustainability performance.
1.2 The scope of this guide is constrained by the manufacturing phase of the life cycle. The guide addresses specifics related to the processes and procedures within this phase.
1.3 This guide will allow manufacturers to make effective evaluations during plant and enterprise-wide decision-making within the manufacturing phase.
1.4 This guide focuses on environmental sustainability impacts, though social and economic impacts are not explicitly excluded.
1.5 This guide addresses:
1.5.1 Setting boundaries for the evaluation of environmental sustainability of a process or processes,
1.5.2 Identifying the process and equipment-related parameters necessary for environmental sustainability-driven process evaluation,
1.5.3 Creating process models using these parameters,
1.5.4 Utilizing process models to support consistent evaluations and sustainability-driven decision-making in a manufacturing enterprise.
Note 1: See ULE 880 for additional guidance at enterprise-level decision-making.
1.6 This guide may be used to complement other standards that address sustainability and the product life cycle. This guide most closely relates to the inventory component as discussed in the ISO 14040 series (ISO 14040, ISO 14044) standards, efficiency as discussed in the ISO 50000 series (ISO 50001) standards, and resource management as discussed in the ISO 55000 series (ISO 55001) standards.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 The terminology included in this standard is intended to provide definitions for sustainable manufacturing terms. This standard is intended to be referenced by other sustainable manufacturing standards.
2.2 The terms defined in this standard are those which have specific meaning in the context of sustainable manufacturing. Terms that have more general application, or for which the dictionary definition is applicable, are not included.
2.3 Terms having application only within a specific standard, or having meaning unique to the context of that standard, are defined or explained in the terminology section of the individual standard, and are not included here.
SCOPE
1.1 The standard includes terminology applicable to sustainable manufacturing.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The intent of these principles is to provide a useful hierarchical arrangement of the breadth of asset types.
4.2 This hierarchy is independent of the legal ownership of the assets under consideration.
4.3 Cost or financial treatment of assets is not relevant to this hierarchy.
4.3.1 Positive and negative value contributions of assets are relevant to mission success.
4.4 Value contribution to the mission success of the organization of the assets is relevant.
4.5 Asset hierarchies or models based on other asset attributes may be useful as well.
4.6 Understanding the breadth of assets allows organizations to give full consideration of the contribution of assets to the mission success of the organization.
4.6.1 As an example, when a trucking company considers its assets, the trucks, trailers, and related equipment are an obvious starting point. Real property used to stage, store, load, unload, maintain, and perform other mission-related tasks follows. Administrative space (real property) and equipment (personal property) supporting the organizational mission are included, regardless of ownership. Management control systems, networks, software, knowledge, and perceptions are non-physical assets contributing value in support of mission objectives. As with all assets discussed in this example, ownership of the assets is an important consideration, but a consideration that is not relevant to understanding all the assets that contribute to mission success. In that light, the public roads and bridges carrying the trucks to their destinations and back are clearly assets essential to mission success. Air and water are essential to operation of the trucking equipment, and to the staff supporting the mission, and therefore are assets of the organization.
4.7 It is likely that many or most organizations have assets from every classification at every level of this hierarchy.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a useful hierarchical arrangement of the breadth of asset types.
1.2 This taxonomy is based on the innate characteristics of the asset, not on the asset's use, cost, owner, or other factors.
1.3 Biological life forms are excluded.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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