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ASTM E1362-10

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Calibration of Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Secondary Reference Cells

Standard Test Method for Calibration of Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Secondary Reference Cells

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The electrical output of photovoltaic devices is dependent on the spectral content of the source illumination and its intensity. To make accurate measurements of the performance of photovoltaic devices under a variety of light sources, it is necessary to account for the error in the short-circuit current that occurs if the relative spectral response of the primary reference cell is not identical to the spectral response of the cell to be calibrated. A similar error occurs if the spectral irradiance distribution of the test light source is not identical to the desired reference spectral irradiance distribution. These errors are accounted for by the spectral mismatch parameter M (Test Method E973), a quantitative measure of the error in the short-circuit current measurement. It is the intent of this test method to provide a recognized procedure for calibrating, characterizing, and reporting the calibration data for secondary photovoltaic reference cells.
A secondary reference cell is calibrated to the same reference spectral irradiance distribution as the primary reference cell used during the calibration. Primary reference cells can be calibrated by use of Test Method E1125 or Test Method E1039.
Note 1—No standards for calibration of reference cells to the extraterrestrial spectral irradiance distribution presently exist.
A secondary reference cell should be recalibrated yearly, or every six months if the cell is in continuous use outdoors.
Recommended physical characteristics of reference cells are provided in Specification E1040.
Because silicon solar cells made on p-type substrates are susceptible to a loss of Isc  upon initial exposure to light, it is required that newly manufactured reference cells be light soaked at an irradiance level greater than 850 W/m2 for 2 h prior to initial charcterization in Section 7.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers calibration and characterization of secondary terrestrial photovoltaic reference cells to a desired reference spectral irradiance distribution. The recommended physical requirements for these reference cells are described in Specification E1040. Reference cells are principally used in the determination of the electrical performance of a photovoltaic device.
1.2 Secondary reference cells are calibrated indoors using simulated sunlight or outdoors in natural sunlight by reference to a primary reference cell previously calibrated to the same desired reference spectral irradiance distribution.
1.3 Secondary reference cells calibrated according to this test method will have the same radiometric traceability as the of the primary reference cell used for the calibration. Therefore, if the primary reference cell is traceable to the World Radiometric Reference (WRR, see Test Method E816), the resulting secondary reference cell will also be traceable to the WRR.
1.4 This test method applies only to the calibration of a photovoltaic cell that demonstrates a linear short-circuit current versus irradiance characteristic over its intended range of use, as defined in Test Method E1143.
1.5 This test method applies only to the calibration of a photovoltaic cell that has been fabricated using a single photovoltaic junction.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2009
ICS
31.260 - Optoelectronics. Laser equipment
Technical Committee
E44 - Solar, Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources
Drafting Committee
E44.09 - Photovoltaic Electric Power Conversion
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1362-05 - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Secondary Reference Cells
Effective Date
01-Jan-2010
Replaced By
ASTM E1362-15 - Standard Test Methods for Calibration of Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Non-Primary Reference Cells
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015
Referred By
ASTM E1125-16(2020) - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Primary Non-Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells Using a Tabular Spectrum
Effective Date
01-Jan-2010
Referred By
ASTM E772-15(2021) - Standard Terminology of Solar Energy Conversion
Effective Date
01-Jan-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1021-15(2019) - Standard Test Method for Spectral Responsivity Measurements of Photovoltaic Devices
Effective Date
01-Jan-2010
Referred By
ASTM E927-19 - Standard Classification for Solar Simulators for Electrical Performance Testing of Photovoltaic Devices
Effective Date
01-Jan-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1040-10(2020) - Standard Specification for Physical Characteristics of Nonconcentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells
Effective Date
01-Jan-2010
Referred By
ASTM E948-16(2020) - Standard Test Method for Electrical Performance of Photovoltaic Cells Using Reference Cells Under Simulated Sunlight
Effective Date
01-Jan-2010
Referred By
ASTM E973-16(2020) - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Spectral Mismatch Parameter Between a Photovoltaic Device and a Photovoltaic Reference Cell
Effective Date
01-Jan-2010
Referred By
ASTM E1036-15(2019) - Standard Test Methods for Electrical Performance of Nonconcentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules and Arrays Using Reference Cells
Effective Date
01-Jan-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2236-10(2019) - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Electrical Performance and Spectral Response of Nonconcentrator Multijunction Photovoltaic Cells and Modules
Effective Date
01-Jan-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2848-13(2023) - Standard Test Method for Reporting Photovoltaic Non-Concentrator System Performance
Effective Date
01-Jan-2010

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1362 − 10
StandardTest Method for
Calibration of Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Secondary
1
Reference Cells
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1362; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method covers calibration and characterization
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ofsecondaryterrestrialphotovoltaicreferencecellstoadesired
E490Standard Solar Constant and Zero Air Mass Solar
reference spectral irradiance distribution. The recommended
Spectral Irradiance Tables
physicalrequirementsforthesereferencecellsaredescribedin
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
SpecificationE1040.Referencecellsareprincipallyusedinthe
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
determination of the electrical performance of a photovoltaic
E772Terminology of Solar Energy Conversion
device.
E816Test Method for Calibration of Pyrheliometers by
1.2 Secondary reference cells are calibrated indoors using
Comparison to Reference Pyrheliometers
simulated sunlight or outdoors in natural sunlight by reference
E927Specification for Solar Simulation for Photovoltaic
to a primary reference cell previously calibrated to the same
Testing
desired reference spectral irradiance distribution.
E948Test Method for Electrical Performance of Photovol-
taic Cells Using Reference Cells Under Simulated Sun-
1.3 Secondary reference cells calibrated according to this
light
test method will have the same radiometric traceability as the
E973Test Method for Determination of the Spectral Mis-
of the primary reference cell used for the calibration.
Therefore, if the primary reference cell is traceable to the match Parameter Between a Photovoltaic Device and a
World Radiometric Reference (WRR, see Test Method E816), Photovoltaic Reference Cell
the resulting secondary reference cell will also be traceable to
E1021TestMethodforSpectralResponsivityMeasurements
the WRR.
of Photovoltaic Devices
E1039 Test Method for Calibration of Silicon Non-
1.4 This test method applies only to the calibration of a
ConcentratorPhotovoltaicPrimaryReferenceCellsUnder
photovoltaiccellthatdemonstratesalinearshort-circuitcurrent
3
Global Irradiation (Withdrawn 2004)
versus irradiance characteristic over its intended range of use,
E1040Specification for Physical Characteristics of Noncon-
as defined in Test Method E1143.
centrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells
1.5 This test method applies only to the calibration of a
E1125 Test Method for Calibration of Primary Non-
photovoltaic cell that has been fabricated using a single
Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells Us-
photovoltaic junction.
ing a Tabular Spectrum
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
E1143Test Method for Determining the Linearity of a
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Photovoltaic Device Parameter with Respect To a Test
standard.
Parameter
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E1328Terminology Relating to Photovoltaic Solar Energy
3
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Conversion (Withdrawn 2012)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
G173TablesforReferenceSolarSpectralIrradiances:Direct
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Normal and Hemispherical on 37° Tilted Surface
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar, For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
GeothermalandOtherAlternativeEnergySourcesandisthedirectresponsibilityof contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee E44.09 on Photovoltaic Electric Power Conversion. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2010.PublishedJuly2010.Originallyapproved the ASTM website.
3
in1995.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2005asE1362-05.DOI:10.1520/E1362- The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1362 − 10
3. Terminology 4.1.4 The relative spectral distribution of the light source is
determinedusingaspectralirradiancemeasurementinstrument
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms used in this test
as specified in Test Method E973.
method may be found in Terminology E772 and in Terminol-
ogy E1328.
5. Significance a
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1362–05 Designation:E1362–10
Standard Test Method for
Calibration of Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Secondary
1
Reference Cells
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1362; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers calibration and characterization of secondary terrestrial photovoltaic reference cells to a desired
reference spectral irradiance distribution. The recommended physical requirements for these reference cells are described in
Specification E1040. Reference cells are principally used in the determination of the electrical performance of a photovoltaic
device.
1.2 Secondary reference cells are calibrated indoors using simulated sunlight or outdoors in natural sunlight by reference to a
primary reference cell previously calibrated to the same desired reference spectral irradiance distribution.
1.3 Secondary reference cells calibrated according to this test method will have the same radiometric traceability as the of the
primary reference cell used for the calibration. Therefore, if the primary reference cell is traceable to the World Radiometric
Reference (WRR, see Test Method E816), the resulting secondary reference cell will also be traceable to the WRR.
1.4 This test method applies only to the calibration of a photovoltaic cell that demonstrates a linear short-circuit current versus
irradiance characteristic over its intended range of use, as defined in Test Method E1143.
1.5 This test method applies only to the calibration of a photovoltaic cell that has been fabricated using a single photovoltaic
junction.
1.6
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E490 Standard Solar Constant and Zero Air Mass Solar Spectral Irradiance Tables
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E772 Terminology Relating to Solar Energy Conversion
E816 Test Method for Calibration of Pyrheliometers by Comparison to Reference Pyrheliometers
E927 Specification for Solar Simulation for Photovoltaic Testing
E948 Test Method for Electrical Performance of Photovoltaic Cells Using Reference Cells Under Simulated Sunlight
E973 Test Method for Determination of the Spectral Mismatch Parameter Between a Photovoltaic Device and a Photovoltaic
Reference Cell
E1021 Test Method for Spectral Responsivity Measurements of Photovoltaic Devices
E1039 TestMethodforCalibrationofSiliconNon-ConcentratorPhotovoltaicPrimaryReferenceCellsUnderGlobalIrradiation
E1040 Specification for Physical Characteristics of Nonconcentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells
E1125 Test Method for Calibration of Primary Non-Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells Using a Tabular
Spectrum
E1143 Test Method for Determining the Linearity of a Photovoltaic Device Parameter with Respect To a Test Parameter
E1328 Terminology Relating to Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion
G173 Tables for Reference Solar Spectral Irradiances: Direct Normal and Hemispherical on 37 Tilted Surface
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar, Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E44.09 on Photovoltaic Electric Power Conversion.
Current edition approved AprilJune 1, 2005.2010. Published May 2005.July 2010. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 19992005 as
E1362-99.E1362-05. DOI: 10.1520/E1362-105.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1362–10
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of te
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 It is the intent of these test methods to provide a recognized procedure for calibrating, characterizing, and reporting the calibration data for non-primary photovoltaic reference cells that are used during photovoltaic device performance measurements.  
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1.3 Non-primary reference cells calibrated according to these test methods will have the same radiometric traceability as that of the calibration source device. Therefore, if the calibration source device is traceable to the World Radiometric Reference (WRR, see Test Method E816), the resulting secondary reference cell will also be traceable to the WRR.  
1.4 These test methods apply only to the calibration of a photovoltaic cell that demonstrates a linear short-circuit current versus irradiance characteristic over its intended range of use, as defined in Test Method E1143.  
1.5 These test methods apply only to the calibration of a photovoltaic cell that has been fabricated using a single photovoltaic junction.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as stan...

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ASTM
ASTM F448-18(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Steady-State Primary Photocurrent

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 PN Junction Diode—The steady-state photocurrent of a simple p-n junction diode is a directly measurable quantity that can be directly related to device response over a wide range of ionizing radiation. For more complex devices the junction photocurrent may not be directly related to device response.  
5.2 Zener Diode—In this device, the effect of the photocurrent on the Zener voltage rather than the photocurrent itself is usually most important. The device is most appropriately tested while biased in the Zener region. In testing Zener diodes or precision voltage regulators, extra precaution must be taken to make certain the photocurrent generated in the device during irradiations does not cause the voltage across the device to change during the test.  
5.3 Bipolar Transistor—As device geometries dictate that photocurrent from the base-collector junction be much greater than current from the base-emitter junction, measurements are usually made only on the collector-base junction with emitter open; however, sometimes, to obtain data for computer-aided circuit analysis, the emitter-base junction photocurrent is also measured.  
5.4 Junction Field-Effect Device—A proper photocurrent measurement requires that the source be shorted (dc) to the drain during measurement of the gate-channel photocurrent. In tetrode-connected devices, the two gate-channel junctions should be monitored separately.  
5.5 Insulated Gate Field-Effect Device—In this type of device, the true photocurrent is between the substrate and the channel, source, and drain regions. A current which can generate voltage that will turn on the device may be measured by the technique used here, but it is due to induced conductivity in the gate insulator and thus is not a junction photocurrent.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of steady-state primary photocurrent, Ipp, generated in semiconductor devices when these devices are exposed to ionizing radiation. These procedures are intended for the measurement of photocurrents greater than 10−9 A·s/Gy(Si or Ge), in cases for which the relaxation time of the device being measured is less than 25 % of the pulse width of the ionizing source. The validity of these procedures for ionizing dose rates as great as 108Gy(Si or Ge)/s has been established. The procedures may be used for measurements at dose rates as great as 1010Gy(Si or Ge)/s; however, extra care must be taken. Above 108Gy/s, the package response may dominate the device response for any device. Additional precautions are also required when measuring photocurrents of 10−9 A·s/Gy(Si or Ge) or lower.  
1.2 Setup, calibration, and test circuit evaluation procedures are also included in this test method.  
1.3 Because of the variability between device types and in the requirements of different applications, the dose rate range over which any specific test is to be conducted is not given in this test method but must be specified separately.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F1210-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use of Oil Spill Dispersants in Freshwater and Other Inland Environments, Lakes and Large Water Bodies

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide is meant to aid response teams who may use it during spill response planning and spill events.  
3.2 This guide should be adapted to site specific circumstance.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of oil spill dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. The guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often important in spill response.  
1.2 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. Chemical dispersants should be given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures.  
1.3 This is a general guide only. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and refined petroleum products. Differences between individual dispersants or between different oil products are not considered. The dispersibility of the oil with the chosen dispersant should be evaluated.  
1.4 The guide is organized by habitat type, for example, small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. It considers the use of dispersants primarily to protect habitats from impact (or to minimize impacts).  
1.5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inland environments. It does not consider the direct application of dispersants to subsurface waters.  
1.6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law.  
1.7 This guide does not address getting regulatory approval.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C596-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Drying Shrinkage of Mortar Containing Hydraulic Cement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method establishes a selected set of conditions of temperature, relative humidity and rate of evaporation of the environment to which a mortar specimen of stated composition shall be subjected for a specified period of time during which its change in length is determined and designated “drying shrinkage.”  
4.2 The drying shrinkage of mortar as determined by this test method has a linear relation to the drying shrinkage of concrete made with the same cement and exposed to the same drying conditions.4 Hence this test method may be used when it is desired to develop data on the effect of a hydraulic cement on the drying shrinkage of concrete made with that cement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the change in length on drying of mortar bars containing hydraulic cement and graded standard sand.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. When combined standards are referenced, the selection of measurement system is at the user’s discretion subject to the requirements of the referenced standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure).2  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1751-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Preformed Expansion Joint Filler for Concrete Paving and Structural Construction (Nonextruding and Resilient Asphalt Types)

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers preformed expansion joint filler having relatively little extrusion and substantial recovery after release from compression.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
Note 1: Attention is called to Specifications D1752 and D994/D994M.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM B637-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Precipitation-Hardening and Cold Worked Nickel Alloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for Moderate or High Temperature Service

ABSTRACT
This specification covers hot- and cold-worked precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy rod, bar, forgings, and forging stock for high-temperature service. Chemical analysis shall be performed on the alloy and shall conform to the chemical composition requirement in carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, columbium, tantalum, titanium, aluminum, zirconium, boron, iron, copper, and nickel. The material shall follow recommended annealing treatment, solution treatment, stabilizing treatment, and precipitation hardening treatment. Tension testing, hardness testing and stress-rupture testing shall be performed on the material and shall comply to the required tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction in area, and Brinell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers hot- and cold-worked precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy rod, bar, forgings, and forging stock for moderate or high temperature service (Table 1).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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