ASTM C110-20

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:C110 −20
Standard Test Methods for
Physical Testing of Quicklime, Hydrated Lime, and
Limestone
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C110; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
Density Measurement
1.1 These test methods cover physical testing of quicklime
and hydrated lime, and of limestone not otherwise covered in Apparent Loose Density of Hydrated Lime, Pulverized Quicklime, 21
and Limestone
ASTM standards.
Apparent Packed Density of Hydrated Lime, Pulverized Quicklime, 22
and Limestone
NOTE1—Quicklimeandhydratedlimehaveahighaffinityformoisture
Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Hydrated Lime Products 23
and carbon dioxide. Caution should be taken to protect both hydrated and
quicklime during sampling, storage, and testing (see Practice C50). 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The values given in brackets are mathematical
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
Plastic Property Testing
tion only and are not considered standard.
Standard Consistency of Lime Putty 5
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Plasticity of Lime Putty 6
Water Retention of Hydrated Lime 7 safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Air Entrainment 8
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Soundness Testing
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Autoclave Expansion of Hydrated and Hydraulic Lime 9
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
Popping and Pitting of Hydrated Lime 10
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Application Testing
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Slaking Rate of Quicklime 11
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Dry Brightness of Pulverized Limestone 12
Limestone Grindability Determination by the Laboratory Ball Mill 13 Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Method
Settling Rate of Hydrated Lime 14
2. Referenced Documents
Particle Size Analysis
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C28/C28MSpecification for Gypsum Plasters
Residue and Sieve Analysis 15
C50Practice for Sampling, Sample Preparation, Packaging,
Sieve Analysis of Dry Limestone, Quicklime, and Hydrated Lime 16
Fineness of Pulverized Quicklime and Hydrated Lime by Air 17
and Marking of Lime and Limestone Products
Permeability
C51Terminology Relating to Lime and Limestone (as Used
Particle Size of Pulverized Limestone 18
by the Industry)
Dry Screening of Hydrated Lime, Pulverized Quicklime, and 19
Limestone by Air Jet Sieving
C91Specification for Masonry Cement
Wet Sieve Analysis of Agricultural Liming Materials 20
C109/C109MTest Method for Compressive Strength of
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50 mm] Cube
Specimens)
C136Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C07 on
Aggregates
Lime and Limestone and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C07.06 on
C150Specification for Portland Cement
Physical Tests.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2020. Published January 2021. Originally
ε1
approved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as C110–16 . DOI:
10.1520/C0110-20. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Fortestsonlimestoneasaggregate,seeVol04.02ofthe Annual Book of ASTM contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards. For tests on limestone as building stone, see Vol 04.05 of the Annual Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Book of ASTM Standards. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C110−20
C185Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement 4.2.2 In all mathematical operations on a set of observed
Mortar values, the equivalent of two more places of figures than in the
C188Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement single observed values shall be retained. For example, if
C192/C192MPracticeforMakingandCuringConcreteTest observed values are read or determined to the nearest 0.1 mg,
Specimens in the Laboratory carry numbers to the nearest 0.001 mg in calculation.
C204Test Methods for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by
4.3 Rounding Figures—Rounding of figures to the nearest
Air-Permeability Apparatus
significant place required in the report should be done after the
C207Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Pur-
calculations are completed, in order to keep the final results
poses
free from calculation errors. The rounding procedure should
C230/C230MSpecification for Flow Table for Use in Tests
follow the principle outlined in Practice E29.
of Hydraulic Cement
C231Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Con-
PLASTIC PROPERTY TESTING
crete by the Pressure Method
C305Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement
5. Standard Consistency of Lime Putty
Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
C430Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the
5.1 Significance and Use:
45-µm (No. 325) Sieve
5.1.1 In order to measure certain physical properties of a
C472Test Methods for Physical Testing of Gypsum, Gyp-
lime putty, such as plasticity, it is necessary to have a uniform
sum Plasters, and Gypsum Concrete
or standard consistency (viscosity), since the property mea-
C595Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
surement is affected by the consistency level.
C670Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
5.2 Apparatus:
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
5.2.1 Modified Vicat Apparatus—The apparatus, con-
C702PracticeforReducingSamplesofAggregatetoTesting
structed as shown in Fig. 1, shall consist of a bracket, A,
Size
bearing a movable brass rod, B, 6.3 mm in diameter and of
C778Specification for Standard Sand
suitable length to fit the Vicat bracket.Aplunger, C, 12.5 mm
C1005Specification for Reference Masses and Devices for
in diameter, made of aluminum tubing, shall be attached to the
DeterminingMassandVolumeforUseinPhysicalTesting
lower end of the rod. The total weight of the rod with plunger
of Hydraulic Cements
shall be 30 g. The lower end of the plunger shall be closed
C1107Specification for Packaged Dry, Hydraulic-Cement
withoutshouldersorcurvatureandthetubemaybeloadedwith
Grout (Nonshrink)
shottothespecifiedweight.Thetotalweightrequiredmayalso
D75Practice for Sampling Aggregates
E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
Sieves
E29Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
Determine Conformance with Specifications
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ASTM Test Methods
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Unless otherwise specified, for definitions of terms
used in these test methods see Terminology C51.
4. General Procedures
4.1 Sampling—Samples of lime and limestone for physical
analysis shall be taken and prepared in accordance with the
requirements of Practice C50 applicable to the material to be
tested.
4.2 Calculation:
4.2.1 Thecalculationsincludedintheindividualprocedures
sometimes assume that the exact weight specified has been
used. Accurately weighed samples which are approximately
but not exactly equal to the weight specified may be used
provided appropriate corrections are made in the calculation.
Unless otherwise stated, weights of all samples and residues
should be recorded to the nearest 0.0001 g. FIG. 1 Modified Vicat Apparatus
C110−20
beobtainedbymeansofaweight, D,screwedintotherod.The consistency and the actual penetration. Proceed with the
rodcanbeheldinanypositionbymeansofascrew, E,andhas plasticity determination in accordance with 6.3.
a mark midway between the ends which moves under a scale,
5.4 Precision and Bias:
F, graduated in millimetres, attached to the bracket, A.
5.4.1 Theprecisionandbiasofthistestmethodhasnotbeen
5.2.2 Mold—The conical ring mold shall be made of a
determined.
noncorroding, nonabsorbent material, and shall have an inside
6. Plasticity of Lime Putty
diameter of 70 mm at the base and 60 mm at the top, and a
height of 40 mm.
6.1 Significance and Use:
5.2.3 Base Plate—The base plate for supporting the ring
6.1.1 This test method provides a measure of the degree of
mold shall be of plate glass and about 100 mm square.
stiffening of lime putty of standard consistency as water is
5.2.4 Mechanical Mixers. withdrawn from it by a standard suction base plate.
6.1.2 Plasticity is an important property when applying
5.3 Standard Consistency Determination:
mixturescontaininglimeputtytoporousorabsorptivesurfaces
5.3.1 Mechanical Mixing Procedure Using the Vac-U-
such as in plastering, stuccoing, and masonry construction.
Mixer—To a measured amount of water contained in an
3 6.2 Apparatus:
800cm Vac-U-Mix bowl, add 300 g of hydrated lime and
6.2.1 Determine the plasticity of lime putty using the
hand mix for 10s with a stiff spatula (Note 2). Cover putty to
plasticimeter shown in Fig. 2.
prevent evaporation of water. After the applicable soaking
6.2.2 Cleaning and Care of Base Plates—Base plates may
period, 30 min maximum for Type S, special hydrated lime,
be made of porcelain or plaster. In making the plasticity
and not less than 16 h nor more than 24 h for Type N, normal
determinations, much of the success attainable depends upon
hydratedlime,insertthepaddleassemblyandmixtheputtyfor
the condition of the base plates. In the case of porcelain plates
30 s with the mechanical mixer. Remove the paddle assembly
andscrapedownanyputtyadheringtoitandtothesidesofthe
mixing bowl. Remix for 30 s and determine the consistency as
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
prescribed in 5.3. If the penetration is less than 15 mm, return
isGeotestInstrumentCorporation,910UniversityPlace,Evanston,IL60201,USA.
If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM
all of the material to the mixer bowl, add additional water, and
International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
remix for 15 s. If the penetration is greater than 25 mm, repeat
meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
the test.
NOTE 2—Most lime hydrates will require 250 to 300 mL of water to
produceaputtyofproperconsistencyforthistestif300goflimeareused.
5.3.2 Mechanical Mixing Procedure Using the Hobart N-50
Mixer—To a measured amount of water contained in the N-50
mixingbowl,add600gofhydratedlimeandhandmixfor10s
withastiffspatula(Note3).Coverputtytopreventevaporation
ofwater.Aftertheapplicablesoakingperiod,30minmaximum
for Type S, special hydrated lime, and not less than 16 h nor
more than 24 h for Type N, normal hydrated lime, insert the
paddle assembly and mix the putty for 1 min at a slow speed.
Stopthemixerandscrapedownthepaddleandthesidesofthe
mixing bowl. Remix for 4 min at a slow speed. Determine the
consistencyasprescribedin5.3.3.Ifthepenetrationislessthan
15 mm, return all of the material to the mixing bowl, add
additional water, and remix for 15 s. If the penetration is more
than 25 mm, repeat the test.
NOTE 3—Most lime hydrates will require 500 to 600 mL of water to
produceaputtyofproperconsistencyforthistestif600goflimeareused.
5.3.3 Consistency Determination—To determine
consistency, place the mold with its larger end resting on the
glass base plate and fill with the lime putty. Then strike off the
Constants of the Machine:
putty flush with the top of the mold. Center the lime putty,
AbsorptionofPorcelainandPlasterBasePlate—Minimumof40gin24h.For
confined in the ring mold resting on the plate, under the rod of
rate of absorption of base plates see 6.2.3.2.
themodifiedVicatapparatus(Fig.1).Bringtheplungerend, C,
Dimension of Base Plate—25 mm [1 in.] in thickness by 100 mm [4 in.] in
diameter.
in contact with the surface of the lime putty and take an initial
1 1
Dimensions of Disk—0.8to12.7mm[ ⁄32 to ⁄2 in.] in thickness by 76 mm
reading.Releasetherodandtakethefinalreading30safterthe
[3 in.] in diameter.
plunger is released. The lime putty is of standard consistency
Speed of Vertical Shaft—One revolution in 6 min, 40 s.
when a penetration of 20 6 5 mm is obtained. Record both the
Torque on Disk when Bob Reading is 100—1.41 N·m.
total amount of water required to bring the putty to standard FIG. 2 Emley Plasticimeter
C110−20
manufactured of polycarbonate, metal, and other materials are accept-
which are reused, improper cleaning results in clogging of the
able.
poreswithreductionintherateofabsorption.Afteraporcelain
plate has been used, wipe the excess lime off and immerse the 6.3 Plasticity Determination:
plate in clear water for not less than 2 h, after which transfer it 6.3.1 Lubricate a ring mold such as is described in 5.2.2
without drying to a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl,
with a thin film of water, place on a porcelain base plate (see
1+9) where it shall be kept immersed for another 2 h. Then 6.2.2 and 6.2.3) or a disposable plaster base plate (see 6.2.3),
transfer to a receptacle containing running water for at least fill with the paste which has been adjusted to standard
consistency as described in 5.3.3, and strike off level. Remove
1h. The plate is then free of acid.After the removal of excess
the mold by raising it vertically without distorting the paste.
water, place the plate in an oven overnight at a temperature of
Center the base plate and paste in the instrument and turn the
between 100 and 110 °C for drying. Before using, cool the
carriage up by hand until the surface of the paste is in contact
plate to room temperature. In the case of plaster base plates,
with the disk and the distance between the disk and the top of
dry the base plates prior to use in plasticity or absorption
the base plate is 32 mm [1 ⁄4 in.]. Throw the carriage into gear
testing in an oven at a temperature between 37.8 and 48.9 °C
and start the motor. It is essential that the motor be started
until they achieve a constant weight. Before using, cool the
exactly120safterthefirstportionofthepastehasbeenplaced
plaster plate to room temperature in a dessicator charged with
in the mold. Record the time when the first portion of paste is
a drying agent. If the plate is not to be used immediately after
placed in the mold as zero time; the motor is therefore started
reaching room temperature, continue to store the plate in the
at 2 min. Take care to protect the specimen from drafts during
dessicator until such time that it is to be used. Plaster base
the test.
plates shall not be reused after plasticity, total absorption, or
6.3.2 Record the scale reading at 1 min intervals until the
rate of absorption testing (see 6.2.3).
test is completed. Consider the test complete when: (1) the
6.2.3 Absorption of Plasticimeter Base Plates:
scale reading reaches 100, (2) any reading is less than the one
6.2.3.1 Total Absorption—Plasticimeter base plates when
before, or (3) the scale reading remains constant for three
immersed in water at room temperature for a period of 24 h
consecutive readings (2 min) and the specimen has visibly
shall absorb not less than 40 g of water. Before making the
rupturedorbrokenloosefromthebaseplate.Notethetimeand
determination, dry the porcelain plates overnight in an oven at
the scale reading at the end of the test.
a temperature between 100 and 110 °C and permit to cool to
6.4 Calculation:
room temperature. Dry the plaster plates in an oven at a
6.4.1 Calculate the plasticity figure as follows:
temperature between 37.8 and 48.9 °C until they achieve a
constant weight and permit to cool to room temperature in a 2 2
P 5 =F 1 10T (1)
~ !
dessicator charged with a drying agent. After immersion and
where
before weighing either porcelain or plaster plates, wipe off the
P = plasticity figure,
excess water with a damp cloth.
F = scale reading at the end of the test, and
6.2.3.2 Rate of Absorption (Note 4)—When tested over an
3 T = time in minutes from the time when the first portion of
area 70 mm [2 ⁄4 in.] in diameter, the water absorbed by either
paste was put in the mold to the end of the test.
porcelain or plaster base plates shall be in accordance with the
following:
6.5 Precision and Bias:
Time, min Water Absorbed, mL 6.5.1 The precision of this test method is based on inter-
laboratorystudiesconductedinMarchandOctoberof2007.To
18to14
determine interlaboratory and intralaboratory precision, one
2 5 to 7 ⁄2
3 4 to 6 ⁄2
operator from each of ten different laboratories tested three
4 4 to 6
different dolomitic Type S hydrated lime samples and one
1 1
53 ⁄2 to 5 ⁄2
dolomitic Type N hydrated lime sample made into lime putty
(1)Plaster plates designated for rate of absorption testing
of standard consistency for Final Vicat Penetration (mm) and
shall be statistically representative of all plates manufactured
Calculated Plasticity Figure (Emley Units). Each laboratory
for that purpose and made from one manufacturing batch run.
obtained three replicate test results for each of the supplied
Plaster plates selected for rate of absorption testing may not be
materials. Statistical summaries of the testing results are
re-dried and used for plasticity testing. Porcelain plates desig-
shown in Tables 1 and 2.
nated for rate of absorption testing shall be individually tested
and may be re-dried and used for plasticity testing (see 6.2.2).
NOTE 4—Aconvenient apparatus for determining the rate of absorption
Godbey, R. J. and Thomson, M. L., “Development of a Standardized Labora-
consists of a buret sealed onto an inverted glass funnel from which the
toryApparatusforMeasuringEmleyBaseplateRateofAbsorption,” Proceedings of
stem has been removed.The diameter of the larger end of the funnel shall
the International Building Lime Symposium, National Lime Association, Orlando,
begroundsoastobe70mm[2 ⁄4in.]ininternaldiameter.Thefunnelmay
FL, 2005.
be attached to the plate on which the measurement is being made by
Supporting data have been filed atASTM International Headquarters and may
meltedparaffin.Theparaffinshouldnotbetoohot.Alittleexperiencewill
beobtainedbyrequestingResearchReportRR:C07-1005.ContactASTMCustomer
indicate when it is of the proper consistency. Alternative apparati Service at service@astm.org.
C110−20
TABLE 1 Final Vicat Penetration (mm)
Repeatability Standard Reproducibility Standard
Material Average Deviation Deviation Repeatability Limit Reproducibility Limit
x¯ s s rR
r R
Type S Hydrated Lime 19.7 2.76 2.81 7.7 7.9
Samples A, C, F
Type S Hydrated Lime 18.4 2.13 2.53 5.9 7.1
Samples B, E, G
Type S Hydrated Lime 18.4 2.83 2.83 7.9 7.9
SamplesDHI
Type N Hydrated Lime 17.8 2.59 2.59 7.3 7.3
TABLE 2 Calculated Plasticity Figure (Emley Units)
Repeatability Standard Reproducibility Standard
Material Average Deviation Deviation Repeatability Limit Reproducibility Limit
x¯ s s rR
r R
Type S Hydrated Lime 502 22.70 41.62 64 117
Samples A, C, F
Type S Hydrated Lime 480 42.93 66.77 120 187
Samples B, E, G
Type S Hydrated Lime 381 40.52 49.11 114 138
SamplesDHI
Type N Hydrated Lime 438 25.06 53.51 70 150
6.5.1.1 Repeatability—Two test results obtained within one 7.2.2 Proportions—The mortar tested shall be composed of
laboratoryshallbejudgednotequivalentiftheydifferbymore 500goflimeand1500gofstandardsandconformingto8.2.3.
than the “r” value for that material; “r” is the interval If hydrated lime putty is used, use that weight of putty that is
representing the critical difference between two test results for equivalent to 500 g of dry hydrated lime.
the same material, obtained by the same operator using the 7.2.3 Mechanical Mixing:
same equipment on the same day in the same laboratory.
7.2.3.1 Place the dry paddle and the dry bowl in the mixing
6.5.1.2 Reproducibility—Two test results should be judged position in the mixer.
notequivalentiftheydifferbymorethanthe“R”valueforthat
7.2.3.2 Place a measured quantity of water in the bowl.
material; “R” is the interval representing the difference be-
7.2.3.3 Add the lime to the water, then start the mixer and
tween two test results for the same material, obtained by
mix at slow speed (140 6 5 r/min) for 30 s.
different operators using different equipment in different labo-
7.2.4 Add the entire quantity of sand slowly over a 30 s
ratories.
period while mixing at slow speed.
6.5.1.3 Anyjudgmentinaccordancewithstatements6.5.1.1
7.2.5 Stop the mixer, change to medium speed (285 6
or 6.5.1.2 would have an approximate 95% probability of
10r⁄min) and mix for 30 s.
being correct.To judge the equivalency of two test results, it is 1
7.2.6 Stop the mixer and let the mortar stand for 1 ⁄2 min.
recommended to choose the material closest in characteristics
(During the first 15 s of this interval, quickly scrape down into
to the test material (Type S or Type N hydrated lime).
thebatchanymortarthatmayhavecollectedonthesideofthe
6.5.2 Bias—At the time of the studies, there was no ac-
bowl, then for the remainder of this interval cover the bowl
cepted reference material suitable for determining the bias for
with the lid.)
this test method, therefore no statement on bias can be made.
7.2.7 Finish the mixing for 1 min at medium speed.
Tojudgetheequivalencyoftwotestresults,itisrecommended
7.2.8 In any case requiring a remixing interval, any mortar
to choose the material closest in characteristics to the test
adhering to the side of the bowl shall be quickly scraped down
material (Type S or Type N hydrated lime).
into the batch prior to remixing.
7.3 Consistency:
7. Water Retention of Hydrated Lime
7.3.1 Apparatus—The flow table and mold used for the
7.1 Significance and Use:
measurement of consistency of the mortar shall conform to
7.1.1 This test method measures the ability of the hydrated
Specification C230/C230M.
limeinaplasticmixwithsandtoretainwater,andhenceretain
7.3.2 Procedure—Carefully wipe dry the flow table top and
consistency of the mix, when subjected to an applied suction.
placetheflowmoldatthecenter.Immediatelyaftercompleting
This ability, measured as a percent of the original consistency,
the mixing operation, fill the mold with mortar gently pressed
is indicative of the workability to be expected in a masonry
into place by the finger tips to ensure uniform filling free of
mortar containing the lime.
voids. Smooth off the mortar level with the top of the mold by
7.2 Proportioning and Mixing: aid of a trowel, and remove the mold. Immediately drop the
7.2.1 Apparatus—The apparatus used shall conform to table through a height of 13 mm [ ⁄2 in.], 25 times in 15 s. The
Practice C305. flow is the resulting increase in diameter of the mortar mass,
C110−20
expressed as the percentage of the original diameter. The where:
mortar may be adjusted, if the flow is below 100%, by
A = flow after suction, and
additions of water until the flow is within the range from 100
B = flow immediately after mixing.
to115%.Makeeachadjustmentbyreturningthemortartothe
7.5 Precision and Bias:
original mixing bowl, add water, and then mix at medium
7.5.1 No precision data are available due to the limited use
speed (285 6 10 r/min) for 30 s. If the flow of the original
of this test method. Therefore, users are advised to develop
mortar is greater than 115%, prepare a new batch.
their own laboratory precision.
7.4 Water Retention Test:
8. Air Entrainment
7.4.1 Apparatus—The equipment shall conform to the ap-
paratus used for the water retention test in Specification C91
8.1 Significance and Use:
(see Fig. 3).
8.1.1 Hydrated lime, particularly that containing an air-
7.4.2 Procedure: entraining additive, used in masonry mortar may contribute to
the air content of the mortar. Certain specifications and
7.4.2.1 Adjust the vacuum regulator to maintain a vacuum
applications of mortar place a limit on this air content.
of 51 6 3 mm as measured on the vacuum gauge. Seat the
perforated dish on the greased gasket of the funnel. Place a
8.2 Apparatus:
wetted filter paper in the bottom of the dish.Turn the stopcock
8.2.1 Flow Table, conforming to the requirements pre-
to apply the vacuum to the funnel and check the apparatus for
scribed in Specification C230/C230M.
leaks and to determine that the required vacuum is obtained.
8.2.2 Mixing Apparatus, conforming to the requirements as
Then turn the stopcock to shut off the vacuum from the funnel.
prescribed in Practice C305.
7.4.2.2 Immediately after the final consistency test (7.3.2),
8.2.3 The sand shall be a blend of equal parts by weight of
return all of the mortar to the bowl and remix the entire batch
graded Ottawa sand and standard 20-30 Ottawa sand. The
for 15 s at medium speed. Immediately after remixing the fineness of graded Ottawa sand and standard 20-30 sand may
mortar,filltheperforateddishwiththemortartoslightlyabove
becheckedbyusingthetestmethodsdescribedinSpecification
the rim. Tamp the mortar 15 times with the tamper.Apply ten C778.
of the tamping strokes at approximately uniform spacing
8.3 Preparation of Mortar:
adjacent to the rim of the dish and with the long axis of the
8.3.1 Proportions for Mortar—Lime-based mortars for
tamping face held at right angles, to the radius of the dish.
measurement of air entrainment shall be proportioned to
Apply the remaining five tamping strokes at random points
conform, in batch size, to the unit weights by volume of
distributed over the central area of the dish. The tamping
cementitious material and aggregate as shown in Table 3. The
pressure shall be just sufficient to ensure filling of the dish. On
cement shall conform to Specifications C150, C595,or C1107,
completionofthetamping,thetopofthemortarshouldextend
and the hydrated lime to Specification C207. The quantity of
slightly above the rim of the dish. Smooth off the mortar by
water, measured in millilitres, shall be such as to produce a
drawing the flat side of the straightedge (with the leading edge
flowof110 65%asdeterminedbytheflowtable.Proportions
slightly raised) across the top of the dish. Then cut off the
for the generally used batch sizes based on Table 3 material
mortar to a plane surface flush with the rim of the dish by
unit weight shall contain the weights as prescribed in Table 4.
drawing the straightedge with a sawing motion across the top
8.3.2 Mixing of Mortars—Mix the mortar in accordance
of the dish in two cutting strokes, starting each cut near the
with the procedure for mixing pastes in Practice C305.
centerofthedish.Ifthemortarispulledawayfromthesideof
8.3.3 Determination of Flow—Determine the flow in accor-
the dish during the process of cutting off the excess mortar,
dance with the Procedure section of Test Method C109/
gently press the mortar back into contact with the side of the
C109M.
dish using the tamper.
8.4 Procedure:
7.4.2.3 Turn the stopcock to apply vacuum to the funnel.
8.4.1 If the mortar has the correct flow, use a separate
After suction for 60 s, quickly turn the stopcock to expose the
portionofthemortarforthedeterminationofentrainedair.The
funnel to atmospheric pressure. Immediately slide the perfo-
amount of air entrainment shall be determined by one of two
rated dish off the funnel, touch it momentarily on a damp cloth
methods. The density method determines air content from the
toremovedropletsofwater,andsetthedishonthetable.Then,
measured density of the mortar, the known density of
using the bowl scraper (rubber scraper as specified in Practice
constituents, and the mixture properties. The air pail method
C305), plow and mix the mortar in the dish for 15 s. Upon
measures air content using Test Method C231.
completion of mixing, place the mortar in the flow mold and
8.4.2 Density Method:
determine the flow. Carry out the entire operation without
8.4.2.1 Apparatus—Scales, Sieves, Glass Graduates,
interruption and as quickly as possible. Not more than 30 min
Tamper, Measure, Straightedge, Spatula, Tapping Stick, and
should be required for completion, starting from the comple-
Spoon, conforming to the requirements given in Test Method
tionofthemixingofthemortarforthefirstflowdetermination.
C185.
7.4.3 Calculation:
8.4.2.2 Procedure:
7.4.3.1 Calculate the water retention value for the mortar as
(1)Fill a 400 ml measure with the mortar sample in
follows.
accordance with Test Method C185.
Waterretentionvalue 5 A/B 3100 (2) (2)Determine the weight of mortar in the measure.
~ !
C110−20
FIG. 3Vacuum Gauge Apparatus Assembly for Water Retention Test

C110−20
TABLE 3 Unit Weights and Apparent Specific Gravities
8.4.3.2 Procedure:
Unit Weight, kg/m (1)Calibrate the air meter using procedures described in
Materials Specific Gravity
3 A
[lb/ft ]
Test Method C231, Section 5.
Portland Cement 1,504 [94] 3.15
BB (2)Filltheairmeteranddetermineaircontentbyusingthe
Blended Cement
BB
Hydraulic Cement methoddetailedinTestMethodC231Section8,exceptthatfor
Hydrated Lime 640 [40] 2.30
Type B meters with a volume of 1 L or less, there shall be no
Blended Ottawa Silica Sand 1,280 [80] 2.65
useofaninternalvibratorasrequiredinTestMethodC231and
A
The unit weight values listed for cementitious materials are assumed values
described in Practice C192/C192M.
commonly used in construction practice.
B
(3)WhenusingTypeBmeterswithavolumeof1Lorless,
Obtain from purchaser.
compact the mortar into the bowl by tamping the mortar 15
times with a tamper meeting the requirements of Test Method
TABLE 4 Weight of Materials for Mortar Batch
C185, Section 5. Apply ten of the tamping strokes near the
Blended
outside circumference of the mortar bowl evenly spaced at
Proportions Portland Hydrated Ottawa
Mortar Type right angles to the radius of the bowl and five of the tamping
by Volume Cement (g) Lime (g) Silica Sand
strokes at random points distributed in the center of the bowl.
(g)
1 3
M1: ⁄4 :3 ⁄4 470.0 62.5 1,500
Apply the tamping strokes in such a manner as to only settle
1 1
S1: ⁄2 :4 ⁄2 376.0 100.0 1,440
and consolidate the mortar into the bowl without the addition
N 1:1:6 282.0 150.0 1,440
ofvoidsleftbytheinsertionandremovalofthetamperateach
O 1:2:9 188.0 200.0 1,440
Lime/Sand 1:3 300.0 1,440
stroke.
8.4.3.3 Precision and Bias—Although precision for the test
method for air content of freshly mixed concrete has been
8.4.2.3 Calculation—Calculate the air content of the mortar
reportedinTestMethodC231,theprecisionofthistestmethod
and report it to the nearest 0.1% as follows:
has not been determined for lime-based mortars. When suffi-
cient data has been obtained and analyzed, a statement of
D 5 ~W 1W 1W 1V !/ (3)
1 2 3 w
precision will be provided. In the meantime users of the test
W /S 1 W /S 1 W /S 1V A 5 100 2 W /4D
@~ ! ~ ! ~ ! # ~ !
1 1 2 2 3 3 w m method are advised to develop their own.
where:
SOUNDNESS TESTING
D = density of air-free mortar,
W = weight of cement, g,
9. Autoclave Expansion of Hydrated and Hydraulic Lime
W = weight of lime, g,
9.1 Significance and Use:
W = weight of blended Ottawa sand, g,
9.1.1 Expansion of pressed tablets of hydrated and hydrated
V = water used, mL,
w
S = specific gravity of portland cement, or pozzolanic hydraulic lime generally indicates the presence
S = specific gravity of hydrated lime,
of unhydrated oxides of magnesium and calcium or other
S = specific gravity of blended Ottawa sand,
expansive material. The relation of the degree of expansion in
A = volume% of entrained air, and
this test method to field performance has not been determined.
W = weight of 400 mL of mortar, g.
m
9.2 Apparatus:
NOTE5—Forlime/sandmortars, W and S shouldbedroppedfromthe
1 1
9.2.1 Mold and Press—Asteel mold capable of producing a
calculation.
press tablet at least 0.032 m [1.25 in.] in diameter and 0.006 m
8.4.2.4 Precision and Bias:
[0.25 in.] thick, and able to sustain at least 88.9 kN
(1)The single operator within laboratory standard devia-
[20 000lbf] pressure from a suitable press. It should be
tion has been found to be 0.56% air content throughout the
provided with a release jig also.
range of 8 to 19% air content. Therefore results of two
9.2.2 Autoclave, capable of holding 1034 kPa [150 psi] for
properly conducted tests by the same operator on similar
2h.
batches of mortar should not differ by more than 1.6% air
9.2.3 Micrometer, dial-type, capable of measuring 2.54 µm
content.
[0.0001 in.].
(2)The multilaboratory standard deviation has been found
9.2.4 Microscope, with graduated lens for measuring
to be 1.0% air content throughout the range of 8 to 19% air
0.10mm.
content. Therefore, results of two different laboratories on
similar batches of mortar should not differ from each other by 9.3 Procedure for Expansion Testing:
more than 2.8% air content (see Test Method C185). 9.3.1 Hydrated Lime—Weigh out 15 g of hydrated sample,
8.4.3 Air Pail Method: place in the mold, and press into a tablet. Press to 33.4 kN
8.4.3.1 Apparatus: [7500 lbf] for 10 s, then increase pressure to 88.9 kN
(1) Air Meters—There are two basic operational designs [20000lbf] or more. Hold for 10 s before releasing. Press
employingtheprincipleofBoyle’slaw.Bothtypesofunitsare tablet from mold with jig and draw three diameter lines across
detailed in Test Method C231. thesurfaceofthetabletusingaleadpencil.Drawtwodiameter
(2) Calibration Vessel, Spray Tube, Tamping Rod, Mallet, lines normal to each other and draw the third bisecting the 90°
Strike-Off Bar, Funnel, and Water Measure, conforming to the angles of the other two. Measure the diameters with a dial
requirements given in Test Method C231. micrometer and place the tablet on the autoclave rack. Use
C110−20
aluminum foil to protect the tablets from water dripping. when tested in accordance with Test Methods C472. Test the
Autoclave at 862 to 1034 kPa [125 to 150 psi] for 2 h. Begin gaugingplasterwithoutlimeinthemannerdescribedin10.3to
timing when the pressure reaches 345 kPa [50 psi]. After the ensure its freedom from pops and pits. If any pops or pits are
autoclaving interval, allow the autoclave to cool, remove the found, provide another lot of gauging plaster that is free of
tablet, and remeasure the diameters. Calculate the average pops and pits when subjected to this test.
percent expansion of the tablet from the before and after
10.3 Procedure:
measurements.
10.3.1 Mix 100 g of hydrated lime with sufficient water to
9.3.2 Hydrated and Pozzolanic Hydraulic Lime—Follow
bring to such a consistency as to give a penetration of 20 6
thetestmethodof9.3.1withtheexceptionuse25gofmaterial.
5mm when tested in accordance with 5.3.3. Mix into this
Place in the mold with5gof potable water and mix well. If it
putty, 25g of gauging plaster (10.2.1), adding more water as
isnotpossibletomixwithwaterinthemold,dosoinasuitable
required to maintain workable consistency. Spread on a glass
container, ensuring that all of the material is transferred to the
plate to make a pat at least 150 by 200 mm [6 by 8 in.] by
mold. Press to 6.89 kN and hold for 10 s before releasing.
approximately 3 mm [ ⁄8 in.] in thickness. Trowel to a smooth
9.4 Expansion of Hydrated Lime-Portland Cement- finish. Allow to stand overnight.
Aggregate: 10.3.2 Place the specimen and plate on a rack in the steam
9.4.1 Materials: bath so that water is not in contact with the specimen to be
9.4.1.1 Standard Cement—Type I or Type II portland ce- tested. Provide a sloping cover above the specimen to prevent
ment. condensed steam from dripping onto the surface of the speci-
9.4.1.2 Standard Aggregate—Pulverized limestone, minus men. Raise the temperature of the water in the steam bath to
212 µm (No. 70) sieve, having less than 0.5% silicon dioxide boiling and maintain at boiling for 5 h. Remove the specimens
(SiO ). from the bath and examine for pops and pits.
9.4.2 Procedure: 10.3.3 The pitting potential of hydrated lime can be deter-
9.4.2.1 Test Tablet—Make up a pressed tablet in accordance mined in conjunction with autoclave expansion as in 9.3.1.
with the procedure outlined in 9.3.1 using the following However, it is not necessary to measure diameter, if only the
mixture for the sample: pitting potential is to be determined. After following the
procedure for expansion in 9.3.1, examine the pressed tablet
Standard portland cement 14 g
Hydrated lime 8 g
under the measuring microscope, and count and measure the
Standard aggregate (pulverized limestone) 72 g
pits in millimetres.
Blend the mix until homogeneous.
APPLICATION TESTING
9.4.2.2 Standard Tablet—Make up a pressed tablet in accor-
dance with the procedure outlined in 9.3.1 using the following
mixture for the sample: 11. Slaking Rate of Quicklime
Standard portland cement 7 g
11.1 Significance and Use:
Standard aggregate (pulverized limestone) 16 g
11.1.1 The temperature rise in 30 s is a measure of the
Blend the mix until homogeneous.
reactivity of the softer-burned portion of the quicklime. Total
9.4.2.3 Autoclaveandcalculateexpansionsofthetesttablet
slaking time provides a measure of the overall degree of
and the standard tablet in accordance with 9.3.1.
reactivity of the material. Total temperature rise is largely
9.4.2.4 Determine the autoclave expansion of hydrated lime
dependent on the available lime content of the sample.
for masonry purposes by subtracting the average percent
11.1.2 Theseslakingparametersprovideanindicationofthe
expansion of the standard tablet from the sample tablet.
performance of the quicklime to be expected in industrial
slaking systems. Slaking characteristics have an effect on lime
9.5 Precision and Bias:
slurry properties such as settling characteristics, viscosity,
9.5.1 No precision data are available due to the limited use
particle size, and reaction rate.
of this test method. Therefore, users are advised to develop
their own laboratory precision. No statement is being made
11.2 Apparatus:
about the bias of this test method.
11.2.1 Mechanical Stirrer,speed400 650r/min,fittedwith
a special stirring rod.
10. Popping and Pitting of Hydrated Lime
11.2.2 Modified Dewar Flask, 665 mL, fitted with special
10.1 Significance and Use:
rubber gasket covers.
10.1.1 Pops and pits are caused by the hydration and
11.2.3 Thermometer, dial-type, 0 to 100 °C range in 1 °C
expansion of coarse particles of unhydrated lime or lime-
incrementsorthermocouplewitharesponsetimeequivalentto
impurity reaction products present in the hydrated lime. The
or faster than the dial thermometer.
level of popping and pitting in the sample is indicative of the
11.2.4 Torsion Balance.
potential for the appearance of surface defects in plastering
11.2.5 Sieve, 203 mm [8-in.], 3.35 mm (No. 6), conforming
applications.
to Specification E11.
10.2 Gauging Plaster: 11.2.6 An apparatus essentially the same as that illustrated
10.2.1 The gauging plaster used for the popping and pitting in Figs. 4 and 5 shall be used. The apparatus consists of a
test shall conform to the Test Methods section of Specification covered reaction container fitted with a mechanical stirrer and
C28/C28M and shall have a setting time of not more than 1 h thermometer. The quicklime charge shall be stirred with a
C110−20
FIG. 4 Slaking Reactivity Apparatus
two cover pieces are in place, the slot on the lower piece is at
rightanglestotheslotontheupperpiecewiththethermometer
stem extending through the lower slot. The apparatus may be
assembled by any convenient supporting equipment.
11.3 Procedure:
11.3.1 Prepare the sample of quicklime (as rapidly as
possible to prevent sample deterioration) so that a majority of
the material passes a 3.35mm (No. 6) sieve. Place the sample
in an airtight container and allow to come to room temperature
before testing.The slaking rate of lime is significantly affected
by the particle size of the sample and must be as close to a
3.35mm (No. 6) sieve as possible. It is not necessary that
100% of the sample pass a 3.35 mm (No. 6) sieve, but all of
the sample, including the plus 3.35mm (plus No. 6) fraction,
must be used in the test.
11.3.2 Slaking Rate—Adjust the temperature of about
500mL of distilled water in accordance with the schedule
given in Table 5, and add the specified amount to the Dewar
flask. Set the agitator revolving at 400 6 50 r/min. The
temperature of the water in the flask must be 60.5 °C of the
desired temperature. Quarter and weigh out the required
amount of the prepared quicklime sample. Add the quicklime
FIG. 5 Stirring Rod Detail
mechanical stirrer fitted with a stainless steel rod, the end of
TABLE 5 Schedule for Slaking Rate
which is formed into a loop to follow the contour of the
Schedule for Slaking Rate
reactioncontainer.Thevacuumreactionflaskshallbeprovided
Dolomitic High Calcium
A
Temperature of water, °C 40 25
with a cover consisting of two circular pieces of gasket rubber
Quantity of water, mL 400 400
sheet, approximately 3 mm [ ⁄8 in.] thick. The first piece is
Quantity of quicklime, g 120 100
provided with a single radial slot that slides over the stirring
A
Initialtemperatureof40°Cmaybeused,providedthereportofresultsstatesthe
rod and the thermometer. The second piece (top) has a similar
initial temperature.
slot plus a hole to provide for the dial thermometer. When the
C110−20
to the water without delay and simultaneously begin timing. 11.5.2 Duetothelackofarecognizedindustrystandard,the
Putthecoversinplaceimmediately.Takeareadingateach30s biasofthistestmethodhasnotbeendetermined.Thevarietyof
interval. reporting options also complicates obtaining a suitable bias
11.3.3 Continue readings until less than 0.5 °C temperature statement.
changeisnotedineachofthreeconsecutivereadings.Thetotal
12. Dry Brightness of Pulverized Limestone
activeslakingtimewillthenbethetimeatwhichthefirstofthe
three consecutive readings was taken. The temperature at this
12.1 Summary of Test Method:
timewillbeconsideredthefinalreactiontemperature.Subtract
12.1.1 A sample of the dry material is compressed and its
the initial temperature from the final temperature to obtain the
reflectance measured on a reflectometer that has previously
total temperature rise. Subtract the initial temperature from the
been standardized.
temperatureat30sforthetemperaturerisein30s.Subtractthe
12.2 Significance and Use:
initial temperature from the temperature at 3 min for the
12.2.1 This test method provides a measure of the
temperature rise in 3 min.
reflectance, or whiteness, or both of ground calcium carbonate
11.3.4 Residue of Quicklime—Allow slurry from the
products by comparison with a standard, using green and blue
slaking/reactivity test to continue slaking for a minimum of
filters.
15minutes. Stop the stirrer and remove the Dewar flask,
12.3 Apparatus:
washing the slurry residue from the stirring rod into the flask.
12.3.1 Reflectometer.
Carefully and slowly pour the residue through a 600µm(No.
12.3.2 Dry Powder Press (See Fig. 6)—Instructions, as
30) sieve (Note 6). Wash the slurry through the screen with a
spray of tap water, being careful not to lose any residue over
the top of the sieve. Continue washing until all slurry is
throughthesieveandallthatremainsareresidueparticles.Blot
dry the bottom of the sieve with a paper towel and then place
inadryingovenfor1hat105 65°C.Removefromtheoven,
cool, collect the dried residue, and weigh.
GramsofResidue
Calculation: 3100 5 % Residue
WeightofSample
NOTE 6—The quicklime being slaked is very hot and highly basic.
Caution must be taken not to let this material contact the eyes or skin as
this may cause severe thermal or chemical burns, or both.
11.4 Report:
11.4.1 Recordtheactualtemperatureriseandplotasuitable
curve showing temperature rise as the ordinate and time as the
abscissa. The results may also be reported as:
11.4.1.1 Temperaturerisein30s(oratanyotherdesignated
time) in degrees
...