Standard Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the selection of fuels for gas turbines, excepting gas turbines used in aircraft, for the guidance of interested parties such as turbine manufacturers and the suppliers and purchasers of fuel oils. The specification sets forth the properties of fuels at the time and place of custody transfer to the user. The fuels shall be homogeneous mixtures of hydrocarbon oils free of inorganic acid, and free of excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter likely to make frequent cleaning of suitable strainers necessary. All grades containing residual components shall remain homogeneous in normal storage and not separated by gravity into light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade. The following test methods shall be performed to determine certain properties: flash point test, pour point test, water and sediment test, carbon residue test, ash test, distillation test, viscosity test, density test, and sulfur test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the selection of fuels for gas turbines, excepting gas turbines used in aircraft, for the guidance of interested parties such as turbine manufacturers and the suppliers and purchasers of fuel oils. The specification sets forth the properties of fuels at the time and place of custody transfer to the user.  
1.2 Three appendixes are provided for informational purposes only and do not constitute a requirement of this specification unless mutually agreed upon between the interested parties.  
1.2.1 Appendix X1 describes the five grades of gas turbine fuels covered by this specification. Further, it states the significance of various test methods used in inspecting the fuels.  
1.2.2 Appendix X2 discusses the sources of fuel contaminants and notes the significance of such contaminants in the operation of gas turbines and gas turbine fuel systems. The particular significance of trace metals in gas turbine fuels is noted. Upper limits of trace metals are recommended for the various grades of gas turbine fuels, but these recommended limits do not constitute a requirement of the specification unless mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Limitations due to the use of used or recycled oil are also noted.  
Note 1: The gas turbine operator should consult Practice D4418 for methods of ensuring fuels of adequate cleanliness and for guidance on long-term storage of distillate fuels and on liquids from non-petroleum sources as gas turbine.
Note 2: Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which may be more restrictive.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate gas turbine fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.

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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D2880 −14a
StandardSpecification for
Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2880; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This specification covers the selection of fuels for gas
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
turbines, excepting gas turbines used in aircraft, for the
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
guidance of interested parties such as turbine manufacturers
Atmospheric Pressure
and the suppliers and purchasers of fuel oils. The specification
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
sets forth the properties of fuels at the time and place of
Closed Cup Tester
custody transfer to the user.
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
1.2 Three appendixes are provided for informational pur-
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
poses only and do not constitute a requirement of this specifi- eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
cation unless mutually agreed upon between the interested D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
parties.
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
1.2.1 Appendix X1 describes the five grades of gas turbine
ity)
fuels covered by this specification. Further, it states the
D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
significance of various test methods used in inspecting the
D524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of
fuels.
Petroleum Products
1.2.2 Appendix X2 discusses the sources of fuel contami-
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
nants and notes the significance of such contaminants in the
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp
operation of gas turbines and gas turbine fuel systems. The
Method)
particular significance of trace metals in gas turbine fuels is
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
noted. Upper limits of trace metals are recommended for the
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
various grades of gas turbine fuels, but these recommended
ucts by Hydrometer Method
limits do not constitute a requirement of the specification
D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High-
unless mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Limita-
Temperature Method)
tions due to the use of used or recycled oil are also noted.
D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by
the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
NOTE 1—The gas turbine operator should consult Practice D4418 for
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
methods of ensuring fuels of adequate cleanliness and for guidance on
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
long-term storage of distillate fuels and on liquids from non-petroleum
sources as gas turbine. D2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle
NOTE 2—Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
federal, state, or local regulations which may be more restrictive.
D3605 Test Method for Trace Metals in Gas Turbine Fuels
NOTE 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create
by Atomic Absorption and Flame Emission Spectroscopy
problems in the handling of distillate gas turbine fuel oils. For more
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed
information on the subject, see Guide D4865.
Cup Tester
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine
Fuels. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published January 2015. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D2880 – 14. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D2880-14A. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2880−14a
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum materials and manufacturing processes and excluding added
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec- oxygenated materials.
trometry
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Neither macro nor micro emulsions are
D4418 Practice for Receipt, Storage, and Handling of Fuels
included in this definition since neither are homogeneous
for Gas Turbines
mixtures.
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-
3.1.3.2 Discussion—Examples of excluded oxygenated ma-
tricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
terials are alcohols, esters, ethers, and triglycerides.
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
3.1.3.3 Discussion—The hydrocarbon oil may be manufac-
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel
tured from a variety of raw materials, for example, petroleum
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
(crude oil), oil sands, natural gas, coal and biomass. Appendix
D5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
X3 discusses some matters for consideration regarding the use
(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)
of fuel oils from feedstocks other than petroleum.
D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
(Automatic Tilt Method)
3.2.1 fuel entering the combustor(s)—the fuel that is actu-
D5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
ally burned in the gas turbine. Fuel may be sampled at a point
(Rotational Method)
upstream from the point of entry into the combustor(s),
D6469 GuideforMicrobialContaminationinFuelsandFuel
provided the sample is representative of the fuel actually
Systems
entering the combustor(s).
D6728 Test Method for Determination of Contaminants in
Gas Turbine and Diesel Engine Fuel by Rotating Disc
4. General Requirements
Electrode Atomic Emission Spectrometry
4.1 The grades of gas turbine fuels herein specified shall be
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
hydrocarbon oils with the use of additives to enhance perfor-
Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
mance properties, if required. The hydrocarbon oils shall be
Kinematic Viscosity)
free of inorganic acid, and free of excessive amounts of solid
D7094 Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continu-
or fibrous foreign matter likely to make frequent cleaning of
ously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester
suitable strainers necessary.
D7220 Test Method for Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, and
NOTE 4—Additives are generally included in finished gas turbine fuel
Jet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-ray
oil to improve performance properties (corrosion and anti-corrosion, and
Fluorescence Spectrometry so forth).
2.2 Other Documents:
4.2 All grades containing residual components shall remain
26 CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye Color and
homogeneous in normal storage and not separated by gravity
Concentration
intolightandheavyoilcomponentsoutsidetheviscositylimits
40 CFR Part 80 Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives
for the grade.
3. Terminology 5. Detailed Requirements
3.1 Definitions:
5.1 The various grades of gas turbine fuel oil shall conform
3.1.1 contamination, n—any process which introduces con- to the limiting requirements shown in Table 1.As noted in the
taminants into the fuel.
supplementaryfootnotestoTable1,therequirementsforGrade
Nos. 1-GT and 2-GT conform in most respects to correspond-
3.1.2 fuel contaminant, n—material not intended to be
ing Grade Nos. 1 and 2 fuels in Specification D396, and to
present in a fuel, whether introduced during manufacture,
Grade Nos. 1-D and 2-D in Specification D975. The viscosity
handling, distribution or storage, that makes the fuel less
range of Grade Nos. 3-GT and 4-GT fuel brackets the Grade
suitable for the intended use.
Nos. 4, 5, and 6 of Specification D396 and Grade No. 4-D of
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Contaminants, which can be soluble in
Specification D975. It is the intent that fuels meeting Specifi-
the fuel or insoluble (suspended liquid droplets or solid or
cation D396 and D975 requirements may also be supplied
semi-solid particles), can be the result of improper processing
under these specifications provided they meet the requirements
or contamination by a wide range of materials including water,
listed in Table 1.
rust,airblowndust,deteriorationofinternalprotectivecoatings
on pipes or vessels and products of fuel degradation and
5.2 Modificationsoflimitingrequirementsandtheinclusion
microbial growth.
of fuel additives to meet special operating conditions may be
3.1.2.2 Discussion—Solid or semisolid contaminants can be
agreed upon between the interested parties.
referred to as silt or sediment.
5.3 The properties listed in this specification are those of
3.1.3 hydrocarbon oil, n—a homogeneous mixture with
greatest significance in obtaining acceptable performance of
elemental composition primarily of carbon and hydrogen that
the turbine. However, trace metals, even in fractional parts per
may also contain sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen from residual
million, are detrimental to gas turbine service life. Information
impurities and contaminants associated with the fuel’s raw
on the maximum concentration of critical metallic elements in
the fuel as it enters the turbine combustor(s) is provided in
Appendix X2. Distillate fuels are usually of satisfactory purity
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC 20402. as refined, but suppliers rarely have control over possible
D2880−14a
A,B,C
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils at Time and Place of Custody Transfer to User
E
ASTM
Grade
Property Test
F F
D
No. 0-GT No. 1-GT No. 2-GT No. 3-GT No. 4-GT
Method
G
Flash point D93 38 (100) 38 (100) 55 (130) 66 (150)
°C (°F) min
Water and sediment D2709 0.05 0.05 0.05 . .
% vol max D1796 . . . 1.0 1.0
Distillation
Temperature D86
°C (°F)
90 % volume recovered
min . . 282 . .
max . 288 338 . .
Kinematic viscosity
H
2 mm/s D445
G
AT 40°C (104°F) min 1.3 1.9 5.5 5.5
max 2.4 4.1 . .
AT 100°C (212°F) max . . 50.0 50.0
Ramsbottom
Carbon residue D524 0.15 0.15 0.35 . .
on
10 % distillation
Residue
% mass, max
Ash
% mass, max D482 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 .
Density at D1298
15°C kg/m
max . 850 876 . .
H
Pour point D97 . −18 −6 . .
°C (°F) max
A
To meet special operating conditions, modifications of individual limiting requirements may be agreed upon between purchaser, seller, and manufacturer.
B
Gas turbines with waste heat recovery equipment may require fuel sulfur limits to prevent cold end corrosion. Environmental limits may also apply to fuel sulfur in selected
areas in the United States and in other countries.
C
See Section 4 and 5 for further statements on gas turbine fuel oil requirements.
D
The test methods indicated are the approved referee methods. Other acceptable methods are indicated in 6.1.
E
No. 0-GT includes naphtha, Jet B fuel and other volatile hydrocarbon liquids. No. 1-GT corresponds in general to specification D396 Grade No. 1 fuel and D975 Grade
1-D diesel fuel in physical properties. No. 2-GT corresponds in general to Specification D396 No. 2 fuel and D975 Grade 2-D diesel fuel in physical properties. No. 3-GT
and No. 4-GT viscosity range brackets specification D396 Grades No. 4, No. 5 (light), No. 5 (heavy), and No. 6, and D975 Grade No. 4-D diesel fuel in physical properties.
F
Under United States regulations, Grades No. 1-GT and No. 2-GT are required by 40 CFR Part 80 to contain a sufficient amount of dye Solvent Red 164 so its presence
is visually apparent. At or beyond terminal storage tanks, they are required by 26 CFR Part 48 to contain the dye Solvent Red 164 at a concentration spectrally equivalent
to 3.9 lb per thousand barrels of the solid dye standard Solvent Red 26.
G 2
When the flash point is below 38°C (100°F) or when kinematic viscosity is below 1.3 mm /s at 40°C (104°F) or when both conditions exist, the turbine manufacturer
should be consulted with respect to safe handling and fuel system design.
H
For cold weather operation, the pour point should be specified 6°C below the ambient temperature at which the turbine is to be operated except where fuel heating
facilities are provided. When a pour point less than −18°C is specified for Grade No. 2-GT, the minimum viscosity shall be 1.7 mm /s and the minimum 90 % recovered
temperature shall be waived.
contamination by trace metals in distribution and storage. The at 40°C. This test method will give slightly lower values. In
limits in Appendix X2, although required as the fuel enters the case of dispute, Test Method D93 shall be used as the referee
combustor(s), do not apply to the fuel as delivered unless method.
mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Fuels may,
6.1.2 Pour Point—Test Method D97. For all grades, the
therefore, require on-site clean-up, quality control procedures,
automatic Test Methods D5949, D5950,or D5985 can be used
special handling, or other arrangements.
as alternates with the same limits. In case of dispute, Test
Method D97 shall be used as the referee method.
6. Test Methods
6.1.3 Water and Sediment—Test Method D2709 is used for
6.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shall
Grades 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT. Test Method D1796 is used for
be determined in accordance with the following ASTM meth-
Grades 3-GT and 4-GT.
ods except as noted:
6.1.4 Carbon Residue—Test Method D524.
6.1.1 Flash Point—Test Methods D93, except where other
6.1.5 Ash—Test Method D482.
methods are prescribed by law. For all grades, Test Method
6.1.6 Distillation—Test Method D86.
D3828 and D7094 may be used as an alternative with the same
6.1.7 Viscosity—Test Method D445. Bias-corrected values
limits. For Grades No. 1-GT and No. 2-GT, Test Method D56
fromTest Method D7042 may be used as alternative results for
maybeusedasanalternativewiththesamelimitsprovidedthe
Test Method D445 on Grades No. 1-GTand No. 2-GTwith the
flash po
...


This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2880 − 14 D2880 − 14a
Standard Specification for
Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2880; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers the selection of fuels for gas turbines, excepting gas turbines used in aircraft, for the guidance of
interested parties such as turbine manufacturers and the suppliers and purchasers of fuel oils. The specification sets forth the
properties of fuels at the time and place of custody transfer to the user.
1.2 Three appendixes are provided for informational purposes only and do not constitute a requirement of this specification
unless mutually agreed upon between the interested parties.
1.2.1 Appendix X1 describes the five grades of gas turbine fuels covered by this specification. Further, it states the significance
of various test methods used in inspecting the fuels.
1.2.2 Appendix X2 discusses the sources of fuel contaminants and notes the significance of such contaminants in the operation
of gas turbines and gas turbine fuel systems. The particular significance of trace metals in gas turbine fuels is noted. Upper limits
of trace metals are recommended for the various grades of gas turbine fuels, but these recommended limits do not constitute a
requirement of the specification unless mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Limitations due to the use of used or
recycled oil are also noted.
NOTE 1—The gas turbine operator should consult Practice D4418 for methods of ensuring fuels of adequate cleanliness and for guidance on long-term
storage of distillate fuels and on liquids from non-petroleum sources as gas turbine.
NOTE 2—Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which may be more restrictive.
NOTE 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate gas turbine fuel oils. For more information
on the subject, see Guide D4865.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
D524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method
D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (High-Temperature Method)
D1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2014Dec. 1, 2014. Published August 2014January 2015. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 20132014 as
D2880 – 13b.D2880 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/D2880-14.10.1520/D2880-14A.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2880 − 14a
D2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
D3605 Test Method for Trace Metals in Gas Turbine Fuels by Atomic Absorption and Flame Emission Spectroscopy
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup Tester
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D4418 Practice for Receipt, Storage, and Handling of Fuels for Gas Turbines
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,
and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
D5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)
D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Automatic Tilt Method)
D5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products (Rotational Method)
D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
D6728 Test Method for Determination of Contaminants in Gas Turbine and Diesel Engine Fuel by Rotating Disc Electrode
Atomic Emission Spectrometry
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic
Viscosity)
D7094 Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continuously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) Tester
D7220 Test Method for Sulfur in Automotive, Heating, and Jet Fuels by Monochromatic Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence
Spectrometry
2.2 Other Documents:
26 CFR Part 48 Diesel Fuel Excise Tax; Dye Color and Concentration
40 CFR Part 80 Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 contamination, n—any process which introduces contaminants into the fuel.
3.1.2 fuel contaminant, n—material not intended to be present in a fuel, whether introduced during manufacture, handling,
distribution or storage, that makes the fuel less suitable for the intended use.
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
Contaminants, which can be soluble in the fuel or insoluble (suspended liquid droplets or solid or semi-solid particles), can be the
result of improper processing or contamination by a wide range of materials including water, rust, airblown dust, deterioration of
internal protective coatings on pipes or vessels and products of fuel degradation and microbial growth.
3.1.2.2 Discussion—
Solid or semisolid contaminants can be referred to as silt or sediment.
3.1.3 hydrocarbon oil, n—a homogeneous mixture with elemental composition primarily of carbon and hydrogen that may also
contain sulfur, oxygen, or nitrogen from residual impurities and contaminants associated with the fuel’s raw materials and
manufacturing processes and excluding added oxygenated materials.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
Neither macro nor micro emulsions are included in this definition since neither are homogeneous mixtures.
3.1.3.2 Discussion—
Examples of excluded oxygenated materials are alcohols, esters, ethers, and triglycerides.
3.1.3.3 Discussion—
D2880 − 14a
The hydrocarbon oil may be manufactured from a variety of raw materials, for example, petroleum (crude oil), oil sands, natural
gas, coal and biomass. Appendix X3 discusses some matters for consideration regarding the use of fuel oils from feedstocks other
than petroleum.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 fuel contaminants—fuel components other than hydrocarbon oils. In the present context the contaminants are foreign
materials that make the fuel less suitable or even unsuitable for the intended use.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
The contaminants of primary interest are foreign materials introduced subsequent to the manufacture of specification quality fuel.
Hence they are materials introduced in the distribution system (that is, storage tanks, pipelines, tank trucks, barges, etc.) or in the
user’s storage and handling system, or generated within these systems (rust generated in steel pipes and tanks by moist fuel, and
so forth). Contaminants may be soluble or insoluble in the fuel.
3.2.1 fuel entering the combustor(s)—the fuel that is actually burned in the gas turbine. Fuel may be sampled at a point upstream
from the point of entry into the combustor(s), provided the sample is representative of the fuel actually entering the combustor(s).
4. General Requirements
4.1 The grades of gas turbine fuels herein specified shall be hydrocarbon oils with the use of additives to enhance performance
properties, if required. The hydrocarbon oils shall be free of inorganic acid, and free of excessive amounts of solid or fibrous
foreign matter likely to make frequent cleaning of suitable strainers necessary.
NOTE 4—Additives are generally included in finished gas turbine fuel oil to improve performance properties (corrosion and anti-corrosion, and so
forth).
4.2 All grades containing residual components shall remain homogeneous in normal storage and not separated by gravity into
light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade.
5. Detailed Requirements
5.1 The various grades of gas turbine fuel oil shall conform to the limiting requirements shown in Table 1. As noted in the
supplementary footnotes to Table 1, the requirements for Grade Nos. 1-GT and 2-GT conform in most respects to corresponding
Grade Nos. 1 and 2 fuels in Specification D396, and to Grade Nos. 1-D and 2-D in Specification D975. The viscosity range of
Grade Nos. 3-GT and 4-GT fuel brackets the Grade Nos. 4, 5, and 6 of Specification D396 and Grade No. 4-D of Specification
D975. It is the intent that fuels meeting Specification D396 and D975 requirements may also be supplied under these specifications
provided they meet the requirements listed in Table 1.
5.2 Modifications of limiting requirements and the inclusion of fuel additives to meet special operating conditions may be
agreed upon between the interested parties.
5.3 The properties listed in this specification are those of greatest significance in obtaining acceptable performance of the
turbine. However, trace metals, even in fractional parts per million, are detrimental to gas turbine service life. Information on the
maximum concentration of critical metallic elements in the fuel as it enters the turbine combustor(s) is provided in Appendix X2.
Distillate fuels are usually of satisfactory purity as refined, but suppliers rarely have control over possible contamination by trace
metals in distribution and storage. The limits in Appendix X2, although required as the fuel enters the combustor(s), do not apply
to the fuel as delivered unless mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Fuels may, therefore, require on-site clean-up, quality
control procedures, special handling, or other arrangements.
6. Test Methods
6.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shall be determined in accordance with the following ASTM methods
except as noted:
6.1.1 Flash Point—Test Methods D93, except where other methods are prescribed by law. For all grades, Test Method D3828
and D7094 may be used as an alternative with the same limits. For Grades No. 1-GT and No. 2-GT, Test Method D56 may be
used as an alternative with the same limits provided the flash point is below 93°C and the viscosity is below 5.5 mm /s at 40°C.
This test method will give slightly lower values. In case of dispute, Test Method D93 shall be used as the referee method.
6.1.2 Pour Point—Test Method D97. For all grades, the automatic Test Methods D5949, D5950, or D5985 can be used as
alternates with the same limits. In case of dispute, Test Method D97 shall be used as the referee method.
6.1.3 Water and Sediment—Test Method D2709 is used for Grades 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT. Test Method D1796 is used for
Grades 3-GT and 4-GT.
6.1.4 Carbon Residue—Test Method D524.
6.1.5 Ash—Test Method D482.
Other mutually acceptable methods may be used.
D2880 − 14a
A,B,C
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils at Time and Place of Custody Transfer to User
E
ASTM
Grade
Property Test
F F
D
No. 0-GT No. 1-GT No. 2-GT No. 3-GT No. 4-GT
Method
G
Flash point D93 38 (100) 38 (100) 55 (130) 66 (150)
°C (°F) min
Water and sediment D2709 0.05 0.05 0.05 . .
% vol max D1796 . . . 1.0 1.0
Distillation
Temperature D86
°C (°F)
90 % volume recovered
min . . 282 . .
max . 288 338 . .
Kinematic viscosity
H
2 mm/s D445
G
AT 40°C (104°F) min 1.3 1.9 5.5 5.5
max 2.4 4.1 . .
AT 100°C (212°F) max . . 50.0 50.0
Ramsbottom
Carbon residue D524 0.15 0.15 0.35 . .
on
10 % distillation
Residue
% mass, max
Ash
% mass, max D482 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 .
Density at D1298
15°C kg/m
max . 850 876 . .
H
Pour point D97 . −18 −6 . .
°C (°F) max
A
To meet special operating conditions, modifications of individual limiting requirements may be agreed upon between purchaser, seller, and manufacturer.
B
Gas turbines with waste heat recovery equipment may require fuel sulfur limits to prevent cold end corrosion. Environmental limits may also apply to fuel sulfur in selected
areas in the United States and in other countries.
C
See Section 4 and 5 for further statements on gas turbine fuel oil requirements.
D
The test methods indicated are the approved referee methods. Other acceptable methods are indicated in 6.1.
E
No. 0-GT includes naphtha, Jet B fuel and other volatile hydrocarbon liquids. No. 1-GT corresponds in general to specification D396 Grade No. 1 fuel and D975 Grade
1-D diesel fuel in physical properties. No. 2-GT corresponds in general to Specification D396 No. 2 fuel and D975 Grade 2-D diesel fuel in physical properties. No. 3-GT
and No. 4-GT viscosity range brackets specification D396 Grades No. 4, No. 5 (light), No. 5 (heavy), and No. 6, and D975 Grade No. 4-D diesel fuel in ph
...

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