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ASTM D6121-12

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricants Under Conditions of Low Speed and High Torque Used for Final Hypoid Drive Axles

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricants Under Conditions of Low Speed and High Torque Used for Final Hypoid Drive Axles

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method measures a lubricant's ability to protect final drive axles from abrasive wear, adhesive wear, plastic deformation, and surface fatigue when subjected to low-speed, high-torque conditions. Lack of protection can lead to premature gear or bearing failure, or both.
This test method is used, or referred to, in the following documents:
American Petroleum Institute (API) Publication 1560.  
STP-512A.  
SAE J308.
Military Specification MIL-PRF-2105E.
SAE J2360.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is commonly referred to as the L-37 test. This test method covers a test procedure for evaluating the load-carrying, wear, and extreme pressure properties of a gear lubricant in a hypoid axle under conditions of low-speed, high-torque operation.
1.2 This test method also provides for the running of the low axle temperature (Canadian) L-37 test. The procedure for the low axle temperature (Canadian) L-37 test is identical to the standard L-37 test with the exceptions of the items specifically listed in Annex A6. The procedure modifications listed in Annex A6 refer to the corresponding section of the standard L-37 test method.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3.1 Exceptions—In Table A9.1, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Also, no SI unit is provided where there is not a direct SI equivalent.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning information is given in Sections 4 and 7.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Apr-2012
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.B0.03 - Automotive Gear Lubricants & Fluids
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6121-11 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricants Under Conditions of Low Speed and High Torque Used for Final Hypoid Drive Axles
Effective Date
15-Apr-2012
Replaced By
ASTM D6121-12a - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricants Under Conditions of Low Speed and High Torque Used for Final Hypoid Drive Axles
Effective Date
01-Nov-2012
Referred By
ASTM D7450-19 - Standard Specification for Performance of Rear Axle Gear Lubricants Intended for API Category GL-5 Service
Effective Date
15-Apr-2012
Referred By
ASTM D8165-22 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricants Used in Hypoid Final-Drive Axles Operated under Low-Speed and High-Torque Conditions
Effective Date
15-Apr-2012

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ASTM D6121-12 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricants Under Conditions of Low Speed and High Torque Used for Final Hypoid Drive AxlesASTM D6121-12 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricants Under Conditions of Low Speed and High Torque Used for Final Hypoid Drive Axles
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ASTM D6121-12 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricants Under Conditions of Low Speed and High Torque Used for Final Hypoid Drive Axles
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REDLINE ASTM D6121-12 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricants Under Conditions of Low Speed and High Torque Used for Final Hypoid Drive AxlesREDLINE ASTM D6121-12 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricants Under Conditions of Low Speed and High Torque Used for Final Hypoid Drive Axles
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6121 − 12
StandardTest Method for
Evaluation of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricants Under
Conditions of Low Speed and High Torque Used for Final
1
Hypoid Drive Axles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6121; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
3
1.1 This test method is commonly referred to as the L-37 2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
test. This test method covers a test procedure for evaluating D235Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)
the load-carrying, wear, and extreme pressure properties of a (Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
gear lubricant in a hypoid axle under conditions of low-speed, E29Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
high-torque operation. Determine Conformance with Specifications
4
2.2 Military Specification:
1.2 Thistestmethodalsoprovidesfortherunningofthelow
MIL-PRF-2105ELubricating Oil, Gear, Multipurpose
axle temperature (Canadian) L-37 test. The procedure for the
5
2.3 AGMA National Standard:
low axle temperature (Canadian) L-37 test is identical to the
Nomenclature of Gear Tooth Failure Modes
standard L-37 test with the exceptions of the items specifically
6
2.4 SAE Standard:
listed in Annex A6. The procedure modifications listed in
SAE J308Information Report on Axle and Manual Trans-
Annex A6 refer to the corresponding section of the standard
mission Lubricants
L-37 test method.
SAE J2360Lubricating Oil, Gear Multipurpose (Metric)
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Military Use
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
3. Terminology
and are not considered standard.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.3.1 Exceptions—In Table A9.1, the values stated in SI
3.1.1 abrasive wear, n—on ring and pinion gears, removal
units are to be regarded as standard. Also, no SI unit is
of material from the operating surface of the gear caused by
provided where there is not a direct SI equivalent.
lapping of mating surfaces by fine particles suspended in
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
lubricant,fuel,orairorimbeddedinasurface. ASTM Distress
7
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Rating Manual No. 21
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.2 adhesive wear, n—on ring and pinion gears, removal
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
of material from the operating surface of the gear caused by
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning
shearing of junctions formed between operating surfaces in
information is given in Sections 4 and 7.
1 3
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
D02.B0.03 on Automotive Gear Lubricants & Fluids. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 15, 2012. Published June 2012. Originally the ASTM website.
4
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D6121–11. DOI: AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg4,SectionD,700
10.1520/D6121-12. Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111–5098.
2 5
Until the next revision of this test method, the ASTM Test Monitoring Center American Gear Manufacturers Assn. (AGMA), 1500 King St., Suite 201,
(TMC) will update changes in this test method by means of Information Letters. Alexandria, VA 22314.
6
This edition includes all Information Letters through No. 11–3. Information Letters Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth
may be obtained from the ASTM Test Monitoring Center, 6555 Penn Ave, Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.
7
Pittsburgh, PA15206,Attn:Administrator.TheTMC is also the source of reference Formerly known as CRC Manual 21. Available from the ASTM website,
oils. www.astm.org, (TMCMNL21).
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6121 − 12
direct metal-to-metal contact; sheared-off particles either re- repeated surface or subsurface stresses that are beyond the
mainaffixedtotheharderofthematingsurfacesoractaswear endurance limit of the materia
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D6121–11 Designation:D6121–12
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricants Under
Conditions of Low Speed and High Torque Used for Final
1
Hypoid Drive Axles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6121; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
2
1.1 This test method is commonly referred to as the L-37 test. This test method covers a test procedure for evaluating the
load-carrying, wear, and extreme pressure properties of a gear lubricant in a hypoid axle under conditions of low-speed,
high-torque operation.
1.2 This test method also provides for the running of the low axle temperature (Canadian) L-37 test. The procedure for the low
axle temperature (Canadian) L-37 test is identical to the standard L-37 test with the exceptions of the items specifically listed in
Annex A6. The procedure modifications listed in Annex A6 refer to the corresponding section of the standard L-37 test method.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3.1 Exceptions—InTableA9.1, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.Also, no SI unit is provided where
there is not a direct SI equivalent.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific warning information is given in Sections 4 and 7.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits) (Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
4
2.2 Military Specification:
MIL-PRF-2105E Lubricating Oil, Gear, Multipurpose
5
2.3 AGMA National Standard:
Nomenclature of Gear Tooth Failure Modes
6
2.4 SAE Standard:
SAE J308 Information Report on Axle and Manual Transmission Lubricants
SAE J2360 Lubricating Oil, Gear Multipurpose (Metric) Military Use
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 abrasive wear, n—on ring and pinion gears, removal of material from the operating surface of the gear caused by lapping
of mating surfaces by fine particles suspended in lubricant, fuel, or air or imbedded in a surface.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.B0.03
on Automotive Gear Lubricants & Fluids.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published November 2011. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D6121–10. DOI:
10.1520/D6121-11.
Current edition approved April 15, 2012. Published June 2012. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D6121–11. DOI:
10.1520/D6121-12.
2
Untilthenextrevisionofthistestmethod,theASTMTestMonitoringCenter(TMC)willupdatechangesinthistestmethodbymeansofInformationLetters.Thisedition
includes all Information Letters through No. 11–2.11–3. Information Letters may be obtained from theASTM Test Monitoring Center, 6555 PennAve, Pittsburgh, PA15206,
Attn: Administrator. The TMC is also the source of reference oils.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111–5098.
5
American Gear Manufacturers Assn. (AGMA), 1500 King St., Suite 201, Alexandria, VA 22314.
6
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6121–12
7
ASTM Distress Rating Manual No. 21
3.1.2 adhes
...

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Standard Practice for Condition Monitoring of In-Service Lubricants by Trend Analysis Using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Periodic sampling and analysis of lubricants have long been used as a means to determine overall machinery health. Atomic emission (AE) and atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy are often employed for wear metal analysis (for example, Test Method D5185). A number of physical property tests complement wear metal analysis and are used to provide information on lubricant condition (for example, Test Methods D445, D2896, and D6304). Molecular analysis of lubricants and hydraulic fluids by FT-IR spectroscopy produces direct information on molecular species of interest, including additives, fluid breakdown products and external contaminants, and thus complements wear metal and other analyses used in a condition monitoring program (1, 2-6).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of FT-IR in monitoring additive depletion, contaminant buildup and base stock degradation in machinery lubricants, hydraulic fluids and other fluids used in normal machinery operation. Contaminants monitored include water, soot, ethylene glycol, fuels and incorrect oil. Oxidation, nitration and sulfonation of base stocks are monitored as evidence of degradation. The objective of this monitoring activity is to diagnose the operational condition of the machine based on fault conditions observed in the oil. Measurement and data interpretation parameters are presented to allow operators of different FT-IR spectrometers to compare results by employing the same techniques.  
1.2 This practice is based on trending and distribution response analysis from mid-infrared absorption measurements. While calibration to generate physical concentration units may be possible, it is unnecessary or impractical in many cases. Warning or alarm limits (the point where maintenance action on a machine being monitored is recommended or required) can be determined through statistical analysis, history of the same or similar equipment, round robin tests or other methods in conjunction with correlation to equipment performance. These warning or alarm limits can be a fixed maximum or minimum value for comparison to a single measurement or can also be based on a rate of change of the response measured (1) .2 This practice describes distributions but does not preclude using rate-of-change warnings and alarms.
Note 1: It is not the intent of this practice to establish or recommend normal, cautionary, warning or alert limits for any machinery. Such limits should be established in conjunction with advice and guidance from the machinery manufacturer and maintenance group.  
1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.  
1.4 This practice is designed as a fast, simple spectroscopic check for condition monitoring of in-service lubricants and can be used to assist in the determination of general machinery health through measurement of properties observable in the mid-infrared spectrum such as water, oil oxidation, and others as noted in 1.1. The infrared data generated by this practice is typically used in conjunction with other testing methods. For example, infrared spectroscopy cannot determine wear metal levels or any other type of elemental analysis. The practice as presented is not intended for the prediction of lubricant physical properties (for example, viscosity, total base number, total acid number, etc.). This practice is designed for monitoring in-service lubricants and can aid in the determination of general machinery health and is not designed for the analysis of lubricant composition, lubricant performance or additive package formulations.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of t...

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ASTM
ASTM D7216-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Automotive Engine Oil Compatibility with Typical Seal Elastomers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some engine oil formulations have been shown to lack compatibility with certain elastomers used for seals in automotive engines. These deleterious effects on the elastomer are greatest with new engine oils (that is, oils that have not been exposed to an engine’s operating environment) and when the exposure is at elevated temperatures.  
5.2 This test method requires that non-reference oil(s) be tested in parallel with a reference oil known to be aggressive for some parameters under service conditions. This relative  compatibility permits decisions on the anticipated or predicted performance of the non-reference oil in service.  
5.3 Elastomer materials can show significant variation in physical properties, not only from batch to batch but also within a sheet and from sheet to sheet. Results obtained with the reference oil are submitted by the test laboratories to the TMC to allow it to update continually the total and within-laboratory standard deviation estimates. These estimates, therefore, incorporate effects of variations in the properties of the reference elastomers on the test variability.  
5.4 This test method is suitable for specification compliance testing, quality control, referee testing, and research and development.  
5.5 The reference elastomers, reference oil, and the physical properties involved in this test method address the specific requirements of engine oils. Although other tests exist for compatibility of elastomers with liquids, these are considered too generalized for engine oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers quantitative procedures for the evaluation of the compatibility of automotive engine oils with several reference elastomers typical of those used in the sealing materials in contact with these oils. Compatibility is evaluated by determining the changes in volume, Durometer A hardness, and tensile properties when the elastomer specimens are immersed in the oil for a specified time and temperature.  
1.2 Effective sealing action requires that the physical properties of elastomers used for any seal have a high level of resistance to the liquid or oil in which they are immersed. When such a high level of resistance exists, the elastomer is said to be compatible with the liquid or oil.
Note 1: The user of this test method should be proficient in the use of Test Methods D412 (tensile properties), D471 (effect of rubber immersion in liquids), D2240 (Durometer hardness), and D5662 (gear oil compatibility with typical oil seal elastomers), all of which are involved in the execution of the operations of this test method.  
1.3 This test method provides a preliminary or first order evaluation of oil/elastomer compatibility only. Because seals might be subjected to static or dynamic loads, or both, and they can operate over a range of conditions, a complete evaluation of the potential sealing performance of any elastomer-oil combination in any service condition usually requires tests additional to those described in this test method.  
1.4 The several reference elastomer formulations specified in this test method were chosen to be representative of those used in both heavy-duty diesel engines (detailed in Annex A1) and passenger-car spark-ignition engines (the latter are covered in Annex A2). The procedures described in this test method can, however, also be used to evaluate the compatibility of automotive engine oils with different elastomer types/formulations or different test durations and temperatures to those employed in this test method.
Note 2: In such cases, the precision and bias statement in Section 12 does not apply. In addition to agreeing acceptable limits of precision, where relevant, the user and supplier should also agree:  (1) test temperatures and immersion times to be used; (2) the formulations and typical properties of the elastomers; and (3) the sourcing and quality control of the elastomer sheets.
Note 3: The TMC may also issue In...

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ASTM
ASTM D7918-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear, Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating Grease by Die Extrusion Method and Preparation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Trending the wear, contamination, consistency, and oxidative properties of a lubricating grease is a crucial part of condition-monitoring programs. Changes in these properties or deviations from the new grease can be indicative of problems within the lubricated component, such as the mixing of incompatible thickener types, excessive wear or contaminant levels, or significant depletion of antioxidant levels. These test methods also makes it possible to develop trends that can be used to predict failures before they occur and allow for corrective action to be taken.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination and evaluation of flow properties, wear levels, contaminants, and oxidative condition of new and in-service lubricating grease.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance on evaluating in-service grease samples, NLGI grades 00 to 3, for wear, consistency, contamination, and oxidation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3.1 Exception—The exception to this will be where units of references were developed by the developers of the test equipment and necessary to report the results of the test.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7922-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Glycol for In-Service Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some glycol/antifreeze dilution of in-service engine oil is normal under typical operating conditions. However, excessive glycol dilution can lead to decreased performance, premature wear, or sudden engine failure. This test method provides a means of quantifying the level of glycol based antifreeze dilution, allowing the user to take necessary action.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of glycol based antifreeze for in-service engine oil by derivative headspace/gas chromatography.  
1.2 Sample is derivatized in-situ directly in a headspace sampling vial prior to vapor phase extraction and injection into a gas chromatograph.  
1.3 The chemistry of the derivatization is unique to the detection of the molecules of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol. 1,3-propylene glycol could also be detected but is not used in any known anti-freeze at this time. Other coolant analyses are beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.4 The derivatization process does not affect glycol breakdown products such as glycolate and formate and hence the presence of these compounds in the oil will not be quantified.  
1.5 The test method concentration range is from 50 µg/g to 1000 µg/g. Lower levels are possible by method modifications. Higher levels are possible through sample dilution.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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