ASTM D4848-98(2004)

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Designation:D4848–98 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Terminology Related to
Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4848; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
TABLE 1 Relationship of Force and Deformation Terms
1. Scope
Mathematical
1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of defini-
Term Symbol Unit
Expression
tions of technical terms related to force and deformation
Length L mm (in.)
properties when evaluating a stress-strain curve of a textile.
Extension DL mm (in.)
(See Figs. X1.1 and X1.2.)Achart showing the relationship of
Strain DL/L
Elongation DL/L 3 100 %
the basic terms is shown in Table 1. Terms that are generally
A
Linear density D tex (den)
understood or adequately defined in other readily available
2 2
Cross-sectionalAmm (in. )
sources are not included.
area
Force F N (lbf)
1.2 For other terms associated with textiles, refer to Termi-
Tension T N (lbf)
nology D123.
Strength S N (lbf)
A B
Tenacity F/D mN/tex (lbf/den)
2 2 B
2. Referenced Documents
Stress F/A N/m (lbf/yd )
2 A
2.1 ASTM Standards: In computers, this may be given as “LD” instead of “D ”.
B 2
For fibers, these inch-pound units are usually gf/den and gf/in.
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
breaking toughness, n—toughness up to the breaking force of
3. Terminology
a material.
breaking elongation—See elongation at break.
DISCUSSION—Breaking toughness is represented by the area and the
breaking force, n—the maximum force applied to a material
stress-strain curve from the origin to the breaking force per unit length,
carried to rupture. (Compare breaking point, breaking
and, in textile strands, is expressed as work (joules) per unit of linear
strength. Syn. force-at-break)
density of the material. In textile fabrics, the unit is joules per gram.
DISCUSSION—Materials that are brittle usually rupture at the maxi-
chord modulus, n—in a stress-strain curve, the ratio of the
mum force. Materials that are ductile usually experience a maximum
changeinstresstothechangeinstrainbetweentwospecified
force before rupturing.
points on the curve.
breaking load—deprecated term. Use the preferred term
compression, n—the act, process, or result of compacting,
breaking force.
condensing, or concentrating.
breaking point, n—on a force-elongation curve, or stress-
compressive force, n—the perpendicular force applied to
strain curve,thepointcorrespondingwiththebreakingforce
surface(s) of a material in compaction.
or the breaking stress in a tensile test. (Compare breaking
compression recovery, n—the degree to which a material
force.)
returns to its original dimension(s) after removal of a
breaking strength, n—strengthexpressedintermsofbreaking
compressive force.
force. (See also breaking force and strength. Syn., strength
compression resistance, n—the ability of a material to oppose
at break)
deformation under a compressive force.
breaking tenacity, n—the tenacity at the breaking force. (See
corresponding elongation—See elongation at specified force.
also breaking force, tenacity.)
corresponding force—See force-at-specified-elongation.
deformation, n—a change in shape of a material caused by
forces of compression, shear, tension, or torsion.
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers
DISCUSSION—Deformation may be immediate or delayed. Delayed
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originally
deformation may be either recoverable or nonrecoverable.
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D4848 – 98. DOI:
10.1520/D4848-98R04.
deformation, permanent, n—the net long-term change in a
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
dimension of a specimen after deformation and relaxation
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
under specified conditions. (Syn. permanent set, nonrecov-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. erable deformation, and nonrecoverable stretch.
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D4848–98 (2004)
DISCUSSION—Permanent deformation is usually expressed as a per- DISCUSSION—Forceisproperlyexpressedinnewtons(N)ormultiples
centage of the original dimension. and submultiples of newtons, for example kilonewtons (kN) and
millinewtons (mN). Force is also expressed as grams-force (gf),
delayed deformation, n—deformation which is time-
kilograms-force (kgf), or pounds-force (lbf), but the use of these terms
dependload of a skein of yarn adjusted for the linear density
is deprecated.
of the yarn expressed in an indirect system.
force at break, n—See breaking force.
DISCUSSION—Deformation may be recoverable or nonrecoverable
force at rupture, n—the force applied to a material immedi-
following removal of the applied force.
ately preceding rupture. (Compare breaking force. See also
rupture.)
elastic limit, n—in mechanics, the maximum stress which can
be obtained in a material without causing permanent defor-
DISCUSSION—Materials that are brittle usually rupture at the maxi-
mation of the material. (Compare yield point.)
mum force. Materials that are ductile usually experience a maximum
force before rupturing.
DISCUSSION—Elastic limit is a property of a material whereas yield
point is a specific point on a stress-strain curve.
force at specified elongation (FASE), n—the force associated
with a specific elongation on the force-extension or force-
elasticity, n—that property of a material by virtue of which it
elongation curve. (Syn. corresponding force.)
tends to recover its original size and shape immediately after
force-deformation curve, n—agraphicalrepresentationofthe
removal of the force causing deformation.
force and deformation relationship of a material under
elongation, n—the ratio of the extension of a material to the
conditions of compression, shear, tension or torsion. (Com-
length of the material prior to stretching, expressed as a
pare force-elongation curve, force-extension curve and
percent.
stress-strain curve.)
DISCUSSION—Elongationmaybemeasuredatanyspecifiedforceorat
DISCUSSION—Force-deformation related curves include force-
rupture.
extension, force-compression, force-shear (displacement), force-torque
elongation at break, n—the elongation corresponding to the
and stress-strain curves. The shape of the force-extension curve of a
breaking force. (Compare elongation at rupture. See also material and the shape of the corresponding stress-strain curve are the
same, only the units are different. Force is expressed in such units as
elongation.) Syn. breaking elongation.
newton, kilogram-force, pound force. In tension, shear or compression
elongation at the breaking load, n—deprecated term. Use the
tests, deformation is expressed in such units of length as metre,
preferred term elongation at break.
millimetre or inches. In torsion tests, deformation is expressed in such
elongation at specified force, (EASF), n—the elongation
units for plane angles as radians or degrees.
associated with a specified force on the force-extension
force-elongation curve, n—a graphical representation of the
curve. (Syn. corresponding elongation).
forceandelongationrelationshipofamaterialundertension.
elongation at rupture, n—the elongation corresponding to the
(Compare force-deformation curve, force-extension curve
force-at-rupture. (Compare elongation at break.)
and stress-strain curve.)
DISCUSSION—Theelongationatruptureforabrittlematerialisusually
force-extension curve, n—a graphical representation of the
equaltotheelongationatbreak;butforductilematerialsthiselongation
force and extension relationship of a material under tension.
may be greater.
(Compare force-deformation curve, force-elongation
extensibility, n—that property by virtue of which a material
curve and stress-strain curve.)
can undergo extension or elongation following the applica-
immediate elastic recovery, n—recoverable deformation
tion of sufficient force.
whichisessentiallyindependentoftime,thatis,occurringin
extension, n—the change in length of a material due to
(a time approaching) zero time and recoverable in (a time
stretching. (Compare elongation.)
approaching) zero time after removal of the applied force.
(Compare delayed deformation and delayed elastic recov-
DISCUSSION—Extension may be measured at any specified force or at
ery.)
ruptureandisexpressedinunitsoflength,forexample,millimetresand
initial modulus, n—in a stress-strain curve, the slope of the
inches.
initial straight-line portion of the curve.
extension-recovery cycle, n—in tension testing, the continu-
knot breaking force, n—in tensile testing, the breaking force
ous extension of a specimen, with a momentary hold at a
of a strand having a specified knot configuration tied in the
specifiedextension,followedbyacontrolledrateofreturnto
portion of the strand mounted between the clamps of a
zero extension.
tensile testing machine. (Compare knot breaking strength.
failure, n—an arbitrary point beyond which a material ceases
See also breaking force.)
to be functionally capable of its intended use. (Compare
knot breaking load, n—deprecated term. Use the preferred
rupture.)
term, knot breaking force.
DISCUSSION—A material may be considered to have failed without
knot breaking strength, n—strength expressed in terms of
having ruptured.
knot breaking force. (See also knot breaking force.)
linear density, n—mass per unit length.
force, n—a physical influence exerted by one body on another
load—deprecated term. Use the preferred term, force.
which produces acceleration of bodies that are free to move
load, vt—to apply a force.
and deformation of bodies that are not free to move.
(Compare strength.)
D4848–98 (2004)
DISCUSSION—Although the terms load and force are frequently used the break factor is meaningless. Break factor is frequently given other
interchangeablytodenotethesamephenomena,ASTMhasadopteduse designationssuchasleacountconstant,leaproduct,andbreakingratio.
of the technically correct term force.
skein breaking tenacity, n—the skein breaking strength di-
load at specified elongation (LASE)—deprecated term. Use the
vided by the product of the yarn number in direct numbering
preferred term, force at specified elongation (FASE).
system and the number of strands placed under tension.
load-deformation curve, n—deprecatedterm.Usethepreferred
DISCUSSION—Observed breaking strength can be converted to break-
term, force-deformation curve.
ingtenacitybydividingthebreakingstrengthbytheproductoftheyarn
load-elongation curve, n—deprecated term. Use the preferred
measured in a direct numbering system and the number of strands
term, force-elongation curve.
placed under tension (twice the number of wraps in the skein).
loop breaking force, n—in tensile testing, the breaking force
strain, n—deformation of a material caused by the application
of a specimen consisting of two lengths of strand from the
of an external force.
same supply looped together in a specified configuration and
mounted between the clamps of a tensile testing machine.
DISCUSSION—Strain is usually expressed as a ratio involving exten-
(Compare loop breaking strength. See also breaking sion.
force.)
strength, n—thepropertyofamaterialthatresistsdeformation
loop breaking load, n—deprecated term. Use the preferred
induced by external forces. (Compare force.)
term, loop breaking force.
DISCUSSION—Strength may be expressed in units of force for a
loop breaking strength, n—strength expressed in terms of
specific material or units of stress. Traditionally, some have considered
loop breaking force. (See also loop breaking force,
strength to be an average of individual values rather than the individual
strength.)
values.
modulus, n—the property of a material representative of its
strength at break, n—See breaking strength.
resistance to deformation. (See also chord modulus, initial
modulus, tangent modulus, Young’s modulus). strength at rupture, n—strength expressed in terms of the
force at rupture. (Compare breaking strength.)
pretension, n—the specified tension applied to a specimen
preparatory to making a test. stress, n—the resistance to deformation developed within a
material subjected to an external force.
DISCUSSION—Pretension may be used to establish a uniform baseline
for a test. In tensile testing, the pretension is usually a low force
DISCUSSION—Stress is the result of strain and vice versa. In textiles,
designed to remove kinks, crimp or wrinkles and essentially straighten
stressisexpressedinunitsofforceperunitcross-sectionalarea.Typical
and align the specimen as it is being mounted in the testing machine.
examples are tensile stress, shear stress, or compressive stress.
recovery, delayed elastic—See delayed elastic recovery.
stress decay, n—in mechanics, the reduction in force to hold a
recovery immediate elastic—See immediate elastic recovery.
material at a fixed deformation over a period of time.
recovery tensile strain—See tensile strain recovery.
DISCUSSION—This is a generic definition. Stress is already defined.
rupture, n—the breaking or tearing apart of a material.
The stress decay is due to adsorption of energy.
(Compare failure.)
stress-strain curve, n—a graphical representation of the stress
DISCUSSION—As applied to tensile testing, rupture refers to the total
and strain relationship of a material under conditions of
separation of a material into two parts either all at once or in stages, or
compression, shear, tension, or torsion. (Compare force-
the development of a hole in some materials.
deformation curve, force-elongation curve, and force-
secant modules, n—deprecated term in textile terminology.
extension curve.)
Use the preferred term chord modulus.
DISCUSSION—In tension tests of textile materials, the stress may be
single-strand breaking force, n—in tensile testing, the break-
expressedeitherin(1)unitsofforceperunitcross-sectionalarea,or(2)
ing force of one strand that follows a specified path, usually
units of force per unit linear density of the original specimen, and the
a straight line, between the clamps of a tensile testing
strain may be expressed either as a fraction or as a percentage of the
machine. (Compare breaking force.)
original specimen length.
single-strand strength, n—deprecated term. Use single-strand
tangent modulus,
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