ASTM D7547-09

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An American National Standard
Designation: D7547 – 09
Standard Specification for
Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
primarily for use by purchasing agencies.
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
1.2 This specification defines a specific type of aviation
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
gasoline, containing no lead. It does not include all gasolines
D2624 TestMethodsforElectricalConductivityofAviation
satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equip-
and Distillate Fuels
ment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a
D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-
narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this
Ignition Engine Fuel
specification.
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
1.3 Thisspecification,unlessotherwiseprovided,prescribes
tion of Aviation Fuels
the required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at the
D4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of
time and place of delivery.
Liquids by Digital Density Meter
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Petroleum Products
standard.
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Petroleum Products
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
2. Referenced Documents tion of Aviation Fuels
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
Method)
Atmospheric Pressure
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Pe-
Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
troleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels
ucts (Reid Method)
D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability ofAviation Fuels
ucts (Automatic Method)
(Potential Residue Method)
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
D1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
ucts (Mini Method)
D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Fuel Systems
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
D02.J0.02 on Aviation Gasoline.
Determine Conformance with Specifications
Current edition approved July 15, 2009. Published November 2009. DOI:
10.1520/D7547-09.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 3. Terminology
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.1 Definitions:
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D7547 – 09
3.2 unleaded aviation gasoline, n—gasolinepossessingspe- 5.2.2.3 Test Method D5006 may be used to determine the
cific properties suitable for fueling aircraft powered by recip- concentration of Di-EGME in aviation fuels.
rocating spark ignition engines, where lead is not intentionally
5.2.3 Electrical Conductivity Additive—Stadis 450 in con-
added for the purpose of enhancing octane performance.
centrations up to 3 mg/L is permitted. When loss of fuel
3.2.1 Discussion—Principal properties include volatility
conductivity necessitates retreatment with electrical conductiv-
limits, stability, detonation-free performance in the engine for
ity additive, further addition is permissible up to a maximum
which it is intended, and suitability for low temperature 4
cumulative level of 5 mg/L of Stadis 450.
performance.
5.2.4 Corrosion Inhibitor Additive—The following corro-
sion inhibitors may be added to the gasoline in concentrations
4. Classification
not to exceed the maximum allowable concentration (MAC)
4.1 One grade of unleaded aviation gasoline is provided,
listed for each additive.
known as: Grade UL 91.
DCI-4A MAC = 22.5 g/m
NOTE 1—Grade UL 91 is based on its octane number as measured by DCI-6A MAC = 9.0 g/m
HITEC 580 MAC = 22.5 g/m
Test Method D2700 motor method.
NALCO 5403 MAC = 22.5 g/m
NALCO 5405 MAC = 11.0 g/m
5. Materials and Manufacture
PRI-19 MAC = 22.5 g/m
5.1 Unleaded aviation gasoline, except as otherwise speci- UNICOR J MAC = 22.5 g/m
SPEC-AID 8Q22 MAC = 24.0 g/m
fied in this specification, shall consist of blends of refined
TOLAD 351 MAC = 24.0 g/m
hydrocarbons derived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline, 3
TOLAD 4410 MAC = 22.5 g/m
or blends, thereof, with synthetic hydrocarbons or aromatic
hydrocarbons, or both.
6. Detailed Requirements
5.2 Additives—These may be added to each grade of un-
6.1 The unleaded aviation gasoline shall conform to the
leaded aviation gasoline in the amount and of the composition
requirements prescribed in Table 1.
specified in the following list of approved materials. The
6.2 Test results shall not exceed the maximum or be less
quantities and types shall be declared by the manufacturer.
than the minimum values specified in Table 1. No allowance
Additives added after the point of manufacture shall also be
shall be made for the precision of the test methods. To
declared.
determine the conformance to the specification requirement, a
5.2.1 Antioxidants—Thefollowingoxidationinhibitorsmay
test result may be rounded to the same number of significant
be added to the gasoline separately, or in combination, in total
figures as in Table 1 using Practice E29. Where multiple
concentration not to exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not including
determinationsaremade,theaverageresult,roundedaccording
weight of solvent) per litre of fuel.
to Practice E29, shall be used.
5.2.1.1 2,6-ditertiary butyl-4-methylphenol.
5.2.1.2 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol.
5.2.1.3 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol. 7. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance
5.2.1.4 75 % minimum 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol plus 25 %
7.1 The unleaded aviation gasoline specified in this speci-
maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary butylphenols.
fication shall be free from undissolved water, sediment, and
5.2.1.5 75 % minimum di- and tri-isopropyl phenols plus 25
suspended matter. The odor of the fuel shall not be nauseating
% maximum di- and tri-tertiary butylphenols.
or irritating. No substances of known dangerous toxicity under
5.2.1.6 72 % minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol
usual conditions of handling and use shall be present.
plus 28 % maximum monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary bu-
tylphenols.
8. Sampling
5.2.1.7 N,N’-di-isopropyl-para-phenylenediamine.
5.2.1.8 N,N’-di-secondary-butyl-para-phenylenediamine. 8.1 Because of the importance of proper sampling proce-
5.2.2 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII)—One of the fol- dures in establishing fuel quality, use the appropriate proce-
lowing may be used: dures in Practice D4057 or Practice D4177.
5.2.2.1 Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA, propan-2-ol), in accordance
8.1.1 Although automatic sampling following Practice
with the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type II). May
D4177 may be useful in certain situations, initial refinery
be used in concentrations recommended by the aircraft manu-
specification compliance testing shall be performed on a
facturer when required by the aircraft owner/operator.
sample taken following procedures in Practice D4057.
8.2 A number of unleaded aviation gasoline properties,
NOTE 2—Addition of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) can reduce knock ratings
below minimum specification values (see X1.2.3).
including copper corrosion, electrical conductivity, and others
are very sensitive to trace contamination which can originate
5.2.2.2 Di-Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (Di-EGME),
from sample containers. For recommended sample containers,
conforming to the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type
refer to Practice D4306.
III) may be used in concentrations of 0.10 to 0.15 volume %
when required by the aircraft owner/operator.
3 4
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may Stadis is a registered trademark marketed by Innospec, Inc., Innospec Manu-
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1526. facturing Park, Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, CH65 4EY, UK.
D7547 – 09
A
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
B
Octane Ratings Grade 91 ASTM Test Method
C
Knock value, Motor Octane Number min 91.0 D2700
Density at 15°C, kg/m Report D1298 or D4052
Distillation D86
Initial boiling point, °C Report
Fuel Evaporated
10 volume % at °C max 75
40 volume % at °C min 75
50 volume % at °C max 105
90 volume % at °C max 135
Final boiling point, °C max 170
Sum of 10% + 50% evaporated temperatures, °C min 135
Recovery volume % min 97
Residue volume % max 1.5
Loss volume % max 1.5
D
Vapor pressure 38°C, kPa min 38.0 D323, D5190,or D5191
max 49.0
E
Freezing point, °C max –58 D2386
Sulfur, mass % max 0.05 D2622
F
Net heat of combustion, MJ/kg min 43.5 D4529 or D3338
Corrosion, copper strip, 2 h at 100°C max No. 1 D130
G
Oxidation stability (5 h aging) D873
Potential gum, mg/100 mL max 6
Water reaction D1094
Volume change, mL max 62
H
Electrical conductivity, pS/m max 450 D2624
A
For compliance of test results against the requirements of Table 1, see 6.2.
B
The test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 10.
C
Knock ratings shall be reported to the nearest 0.1 octane number.
D
Test Method D5191 shall be the referee vapor pressure method.
E
If no crystals have appeared on cooling to –58°C, the freezing point may be reported as less than –58°C.
F
For all grades use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D4529 or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. Test Method D4809 may be used as an alternative. In case of dispute,
Test Method D4809 shall be used.
G
If mutually agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier, a 16 h aging gum requirement may be specified instead of the 5 h aging gum test; in such case the
gum content shall not exceed 10 mg/100 mL. In such fuel the permissible antioxidant shall not exceed 24 mg/L.
H
Applies only when an electrical conductivity additive is used; when a customer specifies fuel containing conductivity additive, the following conductivity limits shall apply
under the condition at point of use:
Minimum 50 pS/m
Maximum 450 pS/m.
The supplier shall report the amount of additive added.
9. Report 10.1.6 Sulfur—Test Method D2622.
10.1.7 Net Heat of Combustion—Test Methods D4529 or
9.1 The type and number of reports to ensure conformance
D3338.
with the requirements of this specification shall be mutually
agreed to by the purchaser and the supplier of the unleaded
10.1.8 Corrosion (Copper Strip)——Test Method D130,
aviation gasoline. 2 h test at 100°C in bomb.
10.1.9 Potential Gum—Test Method D873 except that
10. Test Methods
wherevertheletterXoccurs(referringtooxidationtime)insert
10.1 Therequirementsenumeratedinthisspecificationshall
the number 5, designating the number of hours prescribed in
be determined in accordance with the following ASTM test
this specification.
methods:
10.1.10 Water Reaction—Test Method D1094.
10.1.1 Knock Value (MON)—Test Method D2700.
10.1.11 Electrical Conductivity—Test Method D2624.
10.1.2 Density—Test Methods D1298 or D4052.
10.1.3 Distillation—Test Method D86.
11. Keywords
10.1.4 Vapor Pressure—Test Methods D323, D5190,or
D5191. 11.1 Avgas; aviation gasoline; gasoline; unleaded Avgas;
10.1.5 Freezing Point—Test Method D2386. unleaded aviation gasoline
D7547 – 09
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF UNLEADED AVIATION GASOLINE
X1.1 Introduction scribedconditions.Resultsareexpressedasoctanenumbersup
to 100. Octane number is defined arbitrarily as the percentage
X1.1.1 Unleaded aviation gasoline is a complex mixture of
of isooctane in that blend of isooctane and n-heptane that the
relatively volatile hydrocarbons that vary widely in their
gasoline matches in knock characteristics when compared by
physical and chemical properties. The engines and aircraft
the procedure specified. The MON of the gasoline can be used
impose a variety of mechanical, physical, and chemical envi-
as a guide to the amount of knock-limited power that may be
ronments. The properties of unleaded aviation gasoline (Table
obtained in a full-scale engine under take-off, climb and cruise
X1.1) shall be properly balanced to give satisfactory engine
conditions.
performance over an extremely wide range of conditions.
X1.2.3 Since isopropyl alcohol is normally added in the
X1.1.2 TheASTM requirements summarized in Table 1 are
field at the point of use, the operator is cautioned that it may
quality limits established on the basis of the broad experience
impact octane performance. Depending on octane grade, the
and close cooperation of producers of unleaded aviation
additionoftheIPAadditivemayincreaseordecreasethemotor
gasoline, manufacturers of aircraft engines, and users of both
octane rating.
commodities.The values given are intended to define unleaded
X1.2.4 Knock Value, MON (Test Method D2700)—The
aviation gasoline suitable for most types of spark-ignition
specification parameter knock value, lists “Motor Octane
aviation engines; however, certain equipment or conditions of
Number” (MON) as determined by Test Method D2700.
use may require fuels having other characteristics.
H
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