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ASTM D7547-09

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline

Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for purchases of Grade UL 91 unleaded aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. It does not cover any other gasolines satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. The unleaded aviation gasoline, except as otherwise specified here, shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbons derived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline, or blends thereof, with synthetic hydrocarbons or aromatic hydrocarbons, or both. Additives for electrical conductivity and corrosion inhibition, as well as certain types of antioxidants may be added separately, or in combination, in specified compositions and concentrations. Properly sampled specimens shall undergo test procedures and conform, accordingly, to the following requirements: knock value (motor octane number); density; distillation (initial boiling point, fuel evaporated, and final boiling point); recovery, residue and loss volumes; vapor pressure; freezing point; sulfur content; net heat of combustion; corrosion (copper strip); oxidation stability (potential gum); water reaction (volume change); and electrical conductivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies.
1.2 This specification defines a specific type of aviation gasoline, containing no lead. It does not include all gasolines satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.
1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes the required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at the time and place of delivery.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jul-2009
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.J0.02 - Aviation Piston Engine Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7547-11 - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM D910-21 - Standard Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
Effective Date
15-Jul-2009
Referred By
ASTM D7826-23a - Standard Guide for Evaluation of New Aviation Gasolines and New Aviation Gasoline Additives
Effective Date
15-Jul-2009
Referred By
ASTM D4529-17 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
Effective Date
15-Jul-2009
Referred By
ASTM D4304-22 - Standard Specification for Mineral and Synthetic Lubricating Oil Used in Steam or Gas Turbines
Effective Date
15-Jul-2009
Referred By
ASTM F2245-23 - Standard Specification for Design and Performance of a Light Sport Airplane
Effective Date
15-Jul-2009
Referred By
ASTM D4171-22 - Standard Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
Effective Date
15-Jul-2009

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ASTM D7547-09 - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation GasolineASTM D7547-09 - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
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ASTM D7547-09 - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: D7547 – 09
Standard Specification for
1
Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
primarily for use by purchasing agencies.
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
1.2 This specification defines a specific type of aviation
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
gasoline, containing no lead. It does not include all gasolines
D2624 TestMethodsforElectricalConductivityofAviation
satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equip-
and Distillate Fuels
ment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a
D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-
narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this
Ignition Engine Fuel
specification.
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
1.3 Thisspecification,unlessotherwiseprovided,prescribes
tion of Aviation Fuels
the required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at the
D4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of
time and place of delivery.
Liquids by Digital Density Meter
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Petroleum Products
standard.
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Petroleum Products
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
2. Referenced Documents tion of Aviation Fuels
2
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
Method)
Atmospheric Pressure
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Pe-
Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
troleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels
ucts (Reid Method)
D5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability ofAviation Fuels
ucts (Automatic Method)
(Potential Residue Method)
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
D1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
ucts (Mini Method)
D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Fuel Systems
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
D02.J0.02 on Aviation Gasoline.
Determine Conformance with Specifications
Current edition approved July 15, 2009. Published November 2009. DOI:
10.1520/D7547-09.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 3. Terminology
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.1 Definitions:
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7547 – 09
3.2 unleaded aviation gasoline, n—gasolinepossessingspe- 5.2.2.3 Test Method D5006 may be used to determine the
cific properties suitable for fueling aircraft powered by recip- concentration of Di-EGME in aviation fuels.
4
rocating spark ignition engines, where lead is not intentionally
5.2.3 Electrical Conductivity Additive—Stadis 450 in con-
added for the purpose of enhancing octane performance.
centrations up to 3 mg/L is permitted. When loss of fuel
3.2.1 Discussion—Principal properties include volatility
conductivity necessitat
...

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5.1 The combustion quality of aviation turbine fuel has traditionally been controlled in specifications by such tests as smoke point (see Test Method D1322), smoke volatility index, aromatic content of luminometer number (see Test Method D1740). Evidence is accumulating that a better control of the quality may be obtained by limiting the minimum hydrogen content of the fuel.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels.  
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5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria.  
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1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
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1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.”  
1.4 The procedures, tests, selection of materials, engines, and aircraft detailed in this guide are based on industry expertise to give appropriate data for review. Because of the diversity of aviation hardware and potential variation in fuel/additive formulations, not every aspect may be encompassed and further work may be required. Therefore, additional data beyond that described in this guide may be requested by the ASTM task force, Subcommittee J, or Committee D02 upon review of the specific composition, performance, or other characteristics of the candidate fuel or additive.  
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5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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1.4 This test method uses inter-element correction factors calculated from XRF theory, the fundamental parameters (FP) approach, or best fit regression.  
1.5 Samples containing higher concentrations than shown in Table 1 must be diluted to bring the elemental concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method.  
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5.2 This test method provides a simple and more precise alternative to existing test methods, specifically combustion techniques (Test Methods D5291) for determining the hydrogen content on a range of petroleum products.
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5.1 The tendency of a fuel to vaporize in automotive engine fuel systems is indicated by the vapor-liquid ratio of the fuel.  
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1.2 This test method is applicable to both gasoline and gasoline-oxygenate blends.  
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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
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1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

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5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
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1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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