ASTM E3268-21
(Guide)Standard Guide for NAPL Mobility and Migration in Sediment—Sample Collection, Field Screening, and Sample Handling
Standard Guide for NAPL Mobility and Migration in Sediment—Sample Collection, Field Screening, and Sample Handling
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Many contaminants, including chlorinated solvents and petroleum products, enter the subsurface in the form of an immiscible liquid, known as a NAPL. Understanding the potential emplacement and transport mechanism for NAPL in sediment is an important element of an overall conceptual site model (CSM) that forms a basis for (1) investigating the nature and extent of NAPL, (2) evaluating if (and how) human and ecological receptors may be exposed to NAPL, and (3) assessing remedial alternatives. In addition, demonstrating the potential movement of NAPL in sediments is hampered by the lack of standardized terminology and characterization protocols, thus necessitating this guide.
4.1.1 Understanding the presence and movement of NAPL in sediments is complicated by the lack of standardized protocols for characterizing NAPL movement in the diverse range of sediment environments. Literature searches have indicated that there is a limited body of available, applicable research. Current research has focused on site-specific sediment NAPL mobility assessment approaches, but application of common methods or decision-making processes identified across sites were limited.
4.1.2 The movement (or lack of movement) of NAPL in sediments is a key factor in developing protective remedial options for NAPL-impacted sediments and for the long-term management of sediment sites. Typical exposure pathways that are addressed through risk management decisions at upland sites are usually not applicable to sediment sites. Rather, “contaminants in the biologically active layer of the surface sediment at a site often drive exposure” (1)5, because in aquatic environments, benthic organisms live in the surface sediment to maintain access to oxygenated overlying water. NAPL that is present in subsurface sediment below the biologically active layer that is not migrating and has an overlying sediment that is expected to remain in place (that is, is not dredged or eroded) does not pose a risk to ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides considerations to inform sample collection, field screening, and sample handling of sediments impacted with non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) to assist in data collection for the evaluation of NAPL movement in sediment. The conditions affecting NAPL emplacement and movement in sediments are significantly different than in upland soils. As such, the framework for the assessment of NAPL movement in upland soils has been determined to have limited applicability for sediments.
1.2 This guide is applicable to sediment sites where the presence or suspected presence of NAPL has been identified. Sediments are the subject media considered in this guide, not surface water or groundwater.
1.3 The goal of this guide is to provide a technical framework for sample collection, field screening, and sample handling activities used to evaluate NAPL conditions, in particular NAPL movement (that is, mobility at the pore scale and migration at the NAPL body scale) in sediments, which can be used to inform the development and selection of remedial options and post-remedial monitoring activities.
1.4 This guide discusses sample collection procedures, including direct methods (that is, core and grab samples) and indirect methods (that is, DART®2, laser-induced florescence, and porewater samplers) for assessing NAPL presence or absence in sediment.
1.5 This guide discusses field characterization procedures for assessment of NAPL-impacted sediments including visual screening, stratification assessment, shake test, ultraviolet (UV) light test, NAPL FLUTe™3, and headspace vapor monitoring.
1.6 This guide discusses considerations to obtain samples representative of in situ conditions. This includes methods used to evaluate sediment integrity, sample retrieval from the sediment bed, core identification, sample storage onboard the vessel, sample retrieval from the coring device, sufficient sample recovery, core cut...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E3268 − 21
Standard Guide for
NAPL Mobility and Migration in Sediment—Sample
1
Collection, Field Screening, and Sample Handling
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3268; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.6 This guide discusses considerations to obtain samples
representativeof in situconditions.Thisincludesmethodsused
1.1 This guide provides considerations to inform sample
to evaluate sediment integrity, sample retrieval from the
collection, field screening, and sample handling of sediments
sediment bed, core identification, sample storage onboard the
impacted with non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) to assist in
vessel, sample retrieval from the coring device, sufficient
data collection for the evaluation of NAPL movement in
samplerecovery,corecuttingtechniques,sampleremovalfrom
sediment. The conditions affecting NAPL emplacement and
the core, and sample freezing/cooling considerations.
movement in sediments are significantly different than in
1.7 This guide discusses the objectives, approaches, and
upland soils. As such, the framework for the assessment of
materials for the storage and transport of NAPL-impacted
NAPL movement in upland soils has been determined to have
sediment, focusing on samples taken for laboratory NAPL
limited applicability for sediments.
mobility and geotechnical tests. Considerations include sample
1.2 This guide is applicable to sediment sites where the
packaging and handling, storage temperature, and hold times.
presence or suspected presence of NAPL has been identified.
1.8 NAPLs such as fuels, oils, coal tar, and creosote are the
Sediments are the subject media considered in this guide, not
primary focus of this guide.
surface water or groundwater.
1.9 Units—The values stated in SI or CGS units are to be
1.3 The goal of this guide is to provide a technical frame-
regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are
work for sample collection, field screening, and sample han-
included in this standard.
dling activities used to evaluate NAPLconditions, in particular
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
NAPL movement (that is, mobility at the pore scale and
migration at the NAPLbody scale) in sediments, which can be safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
used to inform the development and selection of remedial
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
options and post-remedial monitoring activities.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This guide discusses sample collection procedures, in-
1.11 This international standard was developed in accor-
cluding direct methods (that is, core and grab samples) and
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
®2
indirect methods (that is, DART , laser-induced florescence,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
and porewater samplers) for assessing NAPL presence or
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
absence in sediment.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.5 This guide discusses field characterization procedures Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
for assessment of NAPL-impacted sediments including visual
2. Referenced Documents
screening, stratification assessment, shake test, ultraviolet
3 4
(UV) light test, NAPL FLUTe™ , and headspace vapor moni- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
toring.
D425 Test Method for Centrifuge Moisture Equivalent of
Soils
D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
Water Pycnometer
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE50onEnvironmental
D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-
Assessment, Risk Management and CorrectiveAction and is the direct responsibil-
ity of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.
Grained Soils for Geotechnical Purposes
Current edition approved July 1, 2021. Published August 2021. Originally
published in 2020. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as E3268–20. DOI:
4
10.1520/E3268–21 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
2
Trademarked by Dakota Technologies. http://www.dakotatechnologies.com/ contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
products/darts Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
3
Trademarked by Flexible Liner
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E3268 − 20 E3268 − 21
Standard Guide for
NAPL Mobility and Migration in Sediment—Sample
1
Collection, Field Screening, and Sample Handling
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3268; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide provides considerations to inform sample collection, field screening, and sample handling of sediments impacted
with non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) to assist in data collection for the evaluation of NAPL movement in sediment. The
conditions affecting NAPL emplacement and movement in sediments are significantly different than in upland soils. As such, the
framework for the assessment of NAPL movement in upland soils has been determined to have limited applicability for sediments.
1.2 This guide is applicable to sediment sites where the presence or suspected presence of NAPL has been identified. Sediments
are the subject media considered in this guide, not surface water or groundwater.
1.3 The goal of this guide is to provide a technical framework for sample collection, field screening, and sample handling activities
used to evaluate NAPL conditions, in particular NAPL movement (that is, mobility at the pore scale and migration at the NAPL
body scale) in sediments, which can be used to inform the development and selection of remedial options and post-remedial
monitoring activities.
1.4 This guide discusses sample collection procedures, including direct methods (that is, core and grab samples) and indirect
®2
methods (that is, DART , laser-induced florescence, and porewater samplers) for assessing NAPL presence or absence in
sediment.
1.5 This guide discusses field characterization procedures for assessment of NAPL-impacted sediments including visual screening,
3
stratification assessment, shake test, ultraviolet (UV) light test, NAPL FLUTe™ , and headspace vapor monitoring.
1.6 This guide discusses considerations to obtain samples representative of in situ conditions. This includes methods used to
evaluate sediment integrity, sample retrieval from the sediment bed, core identification, sample storage onboard the vessel, sample
retrieval from the coring device, sufficient sample recovery, core cutting techniques, sample removal from the core, and sample
freezing/cooling considerations.
1.7 This guide discusses the objectives, approaches, and materials for the storage and transport of NAPL-impacted sediment,
focusing on samples taken for laboratory NAPL mobility and geotechnical tests. Considerations include sample packaging and
handling, storage temperature, and hold times.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibility
of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2020July 1, 2021. Published March 2021August 2021. Originally published in 2020. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as
E3268–20. DOI: 10.1520/E3268–2010.1520/E3268–21
2
Trademarked by Dakota Technologies. http://www.dakotatechnologies.com/products/darts
3
Trademarked by Flexible Liner Underground Technologies.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E3268 − 21
1.8 NAPLs such as fuels, oils, coal tar, and creosote are the primary focus of this guide.
1.9 Units—The values stated in SI or CGS units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included
in this standard.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
4
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D425 Test Method for Centrifuge Moisture Equivalent of Soils
D854
...
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