ASTM G164-99e1

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e1
Designation: G 164 – 99
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Surface Lubrication on Flexible Webs
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G 164; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Editorial corrections were made to Table 1 in April 2000.
1. Scope Roller Friction Characteristics
2.2 ANSI/ISO Standards:
1.1 This test method has been used since 1988 as an
ANSI/ISO 5769-1984, ANSI/NAPM IT9.4-1992 for
ANSI/ISO standard test for determination of lubrication on
photography-Processed Films-Method for Determining
processed photographic films. Its purpose was to determine the
Lubrication
presence of process-surviving lubricants on photographic
films. It is the purpose of this test method to expand the
3. Terminology
applicability of this test method to other flexible webs that may
3.1 Definitions:
need lubrication for suitable performance. This test measures
3.1.1 coeffıcient of friction, μ, n, in tribology—the dimen-
the breakaway (static) coefficient of friction of a metal rider on
sionless ratio of the friction force (F) between two bodies to the
the web by the inclined plane method. The objectives of the test
normal force (N) pressing these bodies together.
is to determine if a web surface has a lubricant present or not.
3.1.2 friction force, n—the resisting force tangential to the
It is not intended to assign a friction coefficient to a material.
interface between two bodies when, under the action of
It is not intended to rank lubricants.
external force, one body moves or tends to move relative to the
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
other.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.3 static coeffıcient of friction, n—the coefficient of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
friction corresponding to the maximum friction force that must
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
be overcome to initiate macroscopic motion between two
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
bodies.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.4 triboelement, n—one of two or more solid bodies
which comprise a sliding, rolling, or abrasive contact, or a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
body subjected to impingement or cavitation.
D 1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of
3.1.5 tribosystem, n—any system that contains one or more
Plastic Film and Sheeting
triboelements, including all mechanical, chemical, and envi-
E 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate a
ronmental factors relevant to tribological behavior.
Measure of Quality for a Lot of Process
3.1.6 tribology, n—the science and technology concerned
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
with interacting surfaces in relative motion, including friction,
ASTM Test Methods
lubrication, wear, and erosion.
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
3.1.7 lubricant, n—any substance interposed between two
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
4 surfaces for the purpose of reducing the friction and wear
G 40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
between them.
G 115 Guide for Measuring and Reporting Friction Coeffi-
cients
4. Summary of Test Method
G 117 Guide for Calculation and Reporting Measures of
4.1 This test method can be used to measure the friction
Precision Using Data from Interlaboratory Wear or Ero-
4 characteristics of the surfaces of a flexible web sliding against
sion Tests
the curved smooth surface of a paper clip.
G 143 Standard Test Method for Measurement of Web/
4.2 This test method is conducted on a narrow strip taken
from a web of interest. The strip is affixed to an inclined plane
1 device with the surface of interest facing up. A paper clip is
This test method is under the jurisdiction of G-2on Wear and Erosion and is the
direct responsibility of G02.50 on Friction.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1999. Published January 2000.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
3 5
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G164–99
balanced on the web surface with the inclined plane in the should be in the range of 0.6 to 0.75 mm. The mass of the slider
horizontal position. The plane is then angled upward until the should be in the range of 50 to 100 g.
rider breaks away.
6.2 Inclined Plane—The dimensions and typical construc-
4.3 The angle at which breakaway occurred is recorded. The
tion of the inclined plane test rig are shown in Fig. 1. The
tangent of that angle is the friction coefficient for that tribo-
essential requirements of the inclined plane are:
system.
6.2.1 The surface of the inclined plane should be smooth (<
0.2 μm Ra surface roughness) rigid and not deformable under
5. Significance and Use
test conditions. Acrylic sheet has been determined to be an
5.1 Many web materials do not convey satisfactorily in
acceptable surface.
manufacture or work, or both, as intended in service unless
6.2.2 It shall be narrow and high enough to accommodate
their surface contains a very thin layer of lubricant in the form
unobstructed slider motion.
of a wax, particulate, thin film coating, or fluid. It is often very
6.2.3 It shall have a device for test material attachment or it
expensive and time consuming to use surface chemical analysis
shall have sufficient room to allow attachment with two-sided
techniques to quantify the presence of these films. A simple
pressure sensitive adhesive.
friction test like this one performs this function.
6.2.4 It shall be capable of being raised and lowered with
5.2 This test has been used for over twenty years to detect
smooth uninterrupted motion and it shall have a means of
the presence of lubricants on the surface of photographic films
clamping the plane at the angle at which rider breakaway
at various stages in manufacture. In this instance the surfaces
occurs.
are lubricated with waxes and this test reliably detects if the
6.3 Angle Measurement—The test metric is the angle incli-
wax is present. It is not used to quantify the amount of wax,
nation of the inclined plane (u) when rider motion occurs. This
only if it is present. This test can be used as a quality test to
angle can be measured by a protractor or by calibration of a
make sure that a lubricant is present. Test samples are normally
gage on the device. A suitable device for angle measurement is
compared with an unlubricated reference specimen. The coef-
an electronic
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