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ASTM F2531-05(2009)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Load Capacity of Treestand Seats

Standard Test Method for Load Capacity of Treestand Seats

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended for quality assurance and production control purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the static load capacity of treestand seats in terms of a factor of safety relative to the manufacturers rated capacity.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2009
ICS
11.180.10 - Aids and adaptation for moving
Technical Committee
F08 - Sports Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities
Drafting Committee
F08.16 - Archery Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM F2531-05 - Standard Test Method for Load Capacity of Treestand Seats
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Referred By
ASTM F2275-21 - Standard Practice for Treestand Manufacturer Quality Assurance Program
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Referred By
ASTM F3249-20 - Standard Specification for Treestands, Climbing Sticks, and Tripod or Tower Stands
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009

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ASTM F2531-05(2009) - Standard Test Method for Load Capacity of Treestand SeatsASTM F2531-05(2009) - Standard Test Method for Load Capacity of Treestand Seats
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ASTM F2531-05(2009) - Standard Test Method for Load Capacity of Treestand Seats
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F2531 − 05(Reapproved 2009) An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Load Capacity of Treestand Seats
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2531; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope used. (The user usually ascends the tree by some means and
then lifts the treestand to the desired position and secures it for
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the static
use.)
load capacity of treestand seats in terms of a factor of safety
relative to the manufacturers rated capacity.
2.1.7 treestand—a device designed to be affixed to a tree or
its branches so as to permit an individual to sit or stand on for
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
the purpose of attaining an elevated position from which to
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
observe, photograph or hunt.
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
2.1.8 treestand seat—the portion or area of a treestand on
which the user sits.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2.1.9 tripod or tower stand—a tripod or tower stand (free
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
standing platform) is constructed to be self-supporting and is
priate safety and health practices and to determine the
not required to be secured to a tree.
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Summary of Test Method
2. Terminology
3.1 A treestand is mounted so that its platform is perpen-
2.1 Definitions:
dicular or slightly above horizontal to a rigid wood or metal
2.1.1 backbar or V-bar—adjustable component of a climb-
pole when the rated load is applied parallel to the mounting
ing treestand or hand climber that engages the tree to provide
pole. The treestand seat frame is equipped with deflection
support.
measurement devices. The ladder and tripod do not require
2.1.2 climbing stick—a device to assist climbing a tree
deflection measurements to be taken. The load is applied
primarily to a fixed position treestand. A structure that is
incrementally and recordings are made of the load and deflec-
secured to the tree and allows the user to support his weight
tion at each increment until yielding or permanent deflection
and climb to the desired height on the tree.
occurs, or until 1 ⁄2 × (2× for two piece stand/sit climbing
2.1.3 climbing treestand—treestand that provides both the
treestands) the rated load is applied.
means to ascend the tree and allows the user to remain at a
desired elevation.
4. Significance and Use
2.1.4 hand climber or climbing aid—a device to assist
4.1 This test method is intended for quality assurance and
climbing with a climbing treestand.Astructure that allows the
production control purposes.
user to support his weight when lifting a climbing treestand
with his legs.
5. Apparatus
2.1.5 ladder treestand—treestand that is secured to the tree
5.1 A rigid, round, wood or metal pole, preferably vertical,
at the elevation where the platform is located. (The ladder
is used to mount the subject (except tripod) treestand product
treestand may be secured to the tree at other locations and has
such that pole deflection is minimized.
steps that are used to reach the platform or hunting position).
5.1.1 The mounting pole diameter shall be 10 6 1 in. (254
2.1.6 non-climbing, fixed position or hang-on treestand—
6 25.4 mm).
treestand that is secured to the tree at the elevation where it is
5.2 Theloadshallbeappliedusingeithercalibratedweights
1 or a mechanical device in conjunction with a calibrated load
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports
EquipmentandFacilitiesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeF08.16on cell.
Archery Products.
5.2.1 The use of calibrated weights requires that weight
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published February 2010. Originally
placement be accurate to assure that the load application
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F2531–05. DOI:
10.1520/F2531-05R09. centroid is coincident with the boundaries defined and meets
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2531 − 05 (2009)
the requirements given in 5.4. Caution should be exercised for asgivenin5.4andmustbecontinuouslyappliedinthevertical
operator protection with the use of weights in case of slippage direction throughout the entire test.
or premature failure.
6.4 Locate and mount deflection measurement devices, or
5.2.2 The use of a mechanical device such as a tensile
reference points using optical laser, as given in 5.3.
testing machine or hydraulic power, in combination with
6.5 Theinitialloadforbeginningthetestshallbeone-fourth
pulleys, fulcrums, or bearings to redirect forces, requires the
of the test subjects’rated capacity. For example, a test subject
useofacalibratedloadcellattachedadjacenttothetestsubject
witharatedcapacityof400lbs(181.44kg)shallbeginthetest
to account for friction losses.
at a load of 100 lbs (45.36 kg). Loads shall be increased by
5.3 Calibrated deflection measuring devices (such as dial
25% increments up to the test subjects’ rated capacity, after
indicators or optical laser) shall be used to measure movement
which the load shall be increased as appropriate to 125%,
of the test subject under load. The accuracy of the measuring
150%, and so forth, lb increments. After the load meets or
devices shall be within .010 in. (0.25 mm) and repeatable
exceeds the rated capacity, it shall be returned to zero and
within .005 in. (0.13 mm). The devices shall measure move-
checked for yielding.
ment parallel to the direction of the applied load and shall be
6.6 At each load value equal to or exceeding the rated
mounted in such a manner as to eliminate deflection of the test
capacity (test point) the load and all deflection measurements
apparatus and be placed, as a minimum, as follows:
shall be recorded. The load shall then be removed and the
5.3.1 There shall be at least two measurements taken at the
deflection measurements re-recorded. A note shall be made of
load, one on each side and 6 in. (152.4 mm) from the center of
any measurement that does not return to within .200 in. (5.08
load application.
mm)ofitsinitialvalue.Aftertheloadisremoved,alldeflection
5.3.2 Adeflection measurement shall be taken at two points
measurements shall be checked, and the test subject visually
furthest from the mounting pole, one on
...

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Standard Practice for Recording the Exoskeleton User Information

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The significance of the information to be recorded in a test report allows for exoskeleton safety and performance to be contextualized with the exoskeleton user. Exoskeleton test results can be compared across users to determine exoskeleton usefulness, exoskeleton capability for particular users or groups of users, and standardized reporting of user information allows organizations to better replicate tests.  
5.2 Limitations of the practice are that not all exoskeletons can or have the same fit to all users and therefore may change the exoskeleton capabilities. For example, as users vary in size, shape, gender, etc., an exoskeleton that fits one user may allow an increase or decrease in torque applied to the arms, legs, etc. as compared to another user, especially users at the upper and lower limits of manufacturer-suggested exoskeleton sizing. Another example is that prior surgeries or pain may affect measured exoskeleton performance as the user may, for example, favor use of one limb to another or may move different when tested with the exoskeleton versus without the exoskeleton.  
5.3 Additional user measurement information may be found in the following references:
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5.3.1 2012 Anthropometric Survey (ANSUR II6) of U.S. Army Personnel: Methods and Summary Statistics,  
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5.3.3 Tables D6240/D6240M,  
5.3.4 Tables D8077/D8077M,  
5.3.5 Tables D7878/D7878M,  
5.3.6 Tables D6960/D6960M,  
5.3.7 Terminology D5219,  
5.3.8 Tables D8241/D8241M,  
5.3.9 Practice E3003,  
5.3.10 Practice F1731, and  
5.3.11 ISO 7250-1.
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5.1 Obstacles can vary greatly in, for example: length, width, height, quantity, geometry, and for a variety of industries. Fig. 2 shows examples of various obstacles.  
FIG. 2 Example Obstacles in: (a) Road Construction; (b) Warehouse; (c) Manufacturing: Floor; (d) Manufacturing: Overhead; (e) Military Obstacle Course  
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5.1 Beams and beams with platforms can vary greatly in, for example: length, width, height, quantity, geometry, surface coatings, and for a variety of industries. Fig. 2 shows examples of various beams and beams with platforms.
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5.1 The significance of the information to be recorded in a test report allows for exoskeleton safety and performance to be contextualized with the exoskeleton fit to the user. Exoskeleton tests can also be replicated across similar or different exoskeletons by using this practice to record the exoskeleton fit to the user for a test in a standardized way.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Hurdle designs can vary greatly in, for example: hurdle geometry, surface coatings, and coverings for a variety of industries. Fig. 1 shows examples of various hurdles.  
5.2 Exoskeletons are being used in the industrial/occupational, military, response, medical, and recreational sectors to enhance safety and effectiveness of the user to perform tasks. Hurdles are used in many tasks performed and may include, for example, upper, lower, or full body movement in order to complete the task. For example, an exoskeleton may be used to help rehabilitate a patient who suffered a traumatic injury. And in manufacturing, warehousing, and other occupations, and other similar environments, workers in exoskeletons may traverse hurdles (for example, obstacles) in the walkways while carrying or not carrying loads, indoors or outdoors, as part of their daily activities. The testing results of exoskeletons shall describe, in a statistically significant way, how reliably the exoskeleton is able to support tasks within the specified types of environments, confinements, and terrains, and thus provide sufficiently high levels of confidence to determine the applicability of the exoskeleton.  
5.3 This test method addresses exoskeleton safety and performance requirements expressed by manufacturing, emergency responders, military, or other organizations requesting this test. The safety and performance data captured within this test method are indicative of the test exoskeleton’s and the exoskeleton user’s capabilities. Having available direct information from tested exoskeleton(s) with associated performance data to guide procurement and deployment decisions is essential to exoskeleton purchasers and users.  
5.4 The testing results of the candidate exoskeleton(s) shall describe, in a statistically significant way, how reliably the exoskeleton user is able to negotiate hurdles. The test apparatus described in Section 6 is intended to be a single or set of hurdles where repeatable re...
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose:  
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Standard Test Method for Exoskeleton Use: Gaps

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Exoskeletons are being used in the industrial/occupational, military, response, medical, and recreational sectors to enhance safety and effectiveness of the user to perform tasks. Traversing gaps is a component of many tasks that someone would do with an exoskeleton. For example, an exoskeleton may be used to help a worker in building construction where gaps in ground surfaces are prevalent. In the military, and other similar environments, soldiers using exoskeletons may traverse gaps along paths carrying loads. Fig. 1 shows examples of gaps typically found in various environments in which persons using exoskeletons may be required to step over gaps. The testing results of exoskeletons shall describe, in a statistically significant way, how reliably the exoskeleton is able to support tasks within the specified types of environments, confinements, and terrains, and thus provide sufficiently high levels of confidence to determine the applicability of the exoskeleton to a given task.  
5.2 This test method addresses exoskeleton safety and performance requirements expressed by manufacturing, medical, emergency responders, military, or other organizations requesting this test. The safety and performance data captured within this test method are indicative of the test exoskeleton’s and the exoskeleton user’s capabilities. The safety and performance data from these tests are essential to guiding the procurement and deployment decisions of exoskeleton purchasers and users.  
5.3 The standard test setup and apparatus (see Section 6) is specified to be easily fabricated. This facilitates evaluation and replication of gap tests by exoskeleton sectors. The standard test setup and apparatus can also be used to support training (see Practice F3444/F3444M) and to establish proficiency of exoskeleton users, as well as provide manufacturers with information about the usefulness of their exoskeleton(s) for tasks.  
5.4 Although the test method was developed for the sectors lis...
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1.1 Purpose:  
1.1.1 The purpose of this test method, as a part of a suite of exoskeleton use test methods, is to quantitatively evaluate an exoskeleton’s (see Terminology F3323) performance or safety, or both, of usage by the exoskeleton user (see 1.4) for gaps.  
1.1.2 Exoskeletons shall possess a certain set of allowable exoskeleton user movement capabilities, including user-motion adaptability, to suit operations such as: industrial/occupational, military, response, medical, or recreational. Environments in these typical sectors often pose constraints to exoskeleton user movement to various degrees. Being able to step over gaps, as intended by the user or test requestor, while using an exoskeleton is essential for exoskeleton deployment for a variety of tasks. This test method specifies test setup, procedure, and recording to standardize this gaps task for testing exoskeleton user movement.  
1.1.3 Exoskeletons need to function as intended, regardless of types of tasks and terrain complexities (for example, carpet, metal, masonry, rock, wood). Required movement capabilities may include, for example: walking, running, crawling, climbing; traversing gaps, stairs, slopes, various types of floor surfaces or terrains, or confined spaces, or combinations thereof. Standard test methods are required to evaluate whether or not exoskeletons meet these requirements.  
1.1.4 ASTM Subcommittee F48.03 develops and maintains international standards for task performance and environmental considerations that include but are not limited to, standards for safety, quality, and efficiency. This subcommittee aims to develop standards for any exoskeleton application as exemplified as in 1.1.2. The F48.03 test suite consists of a set of test methods for evaluating exoskeleton capability requirements. This gaps test method is a part of the test suite. The setup, procedure, and apparatuses associated with the test methods challenge speci...

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ASTM F3578-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluating Exoskeleton Fall Risk due to Stumbling

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 There is strong evidence that exoskeletons can physically augment and assist users. They are typically designed and optimized with specific tasks in mind and initially tested in controlled lab or field settings. However, in the real world exoskeletons encounter less structured environments and situations (for example, hospital rooms, factory floors, construction sites, or even personal homes). In order to accelerate the adoption of exoskeletons in society, understanding their safety in the presence of perturbations is helpful. The testing results of the exoskeleton shall describe the extent to which the exoskeleton improves, inhibits, or maintains a user’s ability to recover from stumbles, thus providing exoskeleton wearers and prescribers (for example, patients, clinicians, industry leaders, factory workers) with additional information about device performance and expectations.  
5.2 The standard test apparatus and setup (see Section 6) is specified to be easily fabricated and implemented in gait or motion analysis laboratories. Variants of the apparatus, control algorithm, and test setup are acceptable to allow implementation in various lab settings with ranging experimental capabilities. The standard test setup and apparatus can also be used to support training and establish proficiency of exoskeleton users, as well as provide manufacturers with information about the performance of their exoskeleton(s) for tasks.
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose:  
1.1.1 The purpose of this test method is to evaluate the extent to which an exoskeleton (see Section 3) improves, inhibits, or maintains (that is, does not affect) a user’s ability to recover from a stumble perturbation.  
1.1.2 Exoskeletons are designed to assist specific tasks and initially tested in controlled lab or controlled field settings. However, in the real world exoskeletons encounter less structured environments and situations (for example, hospital rooms, factory floors, construction sites). Even without exoskeletons people will stumble (that is, trip) or scuff their foot. It would be helpful to understand how wearing an exoskeleton affects a person’s ability to recover from a stumble perturbation. Is one’s ability to recover hampered, enhanced, or unaltered when using an exoskeleton? This test method specifies test setup, procedure, and recording to standardize testing exoskeleton user stumble recovery.  
1.2 Performing Location—This test method shall be performed in a testing laboratory where the specified apparatus and environmental conditions are available and implemented.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are not precise mathematical conversions to inch-pound units. They are close approximate equivalents for the purpose of specifying material dimensions or quantities that are readily available to avoid excessive fabrication costs of test apparatuses while maintaining repeatability and reproducibility of the test method results. These values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM F3518-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Quantitative Measures for Establishing Exoskeleton Functional Ergonomic Parameters and Test Metrics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides a set of recommended quantitative measures which can be used to assess the task or human readiness, or both, of exoskeletons. All of the quantitative measures are used in ergonomic research to assist in objectively concluding the efficacy of an assessed metric.  
4.2 Not every element of this guide may be applicable to all exoskeleton components or configurations. Nor are all the quantitative measures herein exhaustive. Selection of quantitative measures should be done based on the uncertainties surrounding the end use application of the exoskeleton. It is the manufacturer’s responsibility to determine which portions of this guide, and the corresponding measures, are applicable to their exoskeletons.  
4.3 The ability to reproduce analysis between exoskeleton usage vs. non-exoskeleton usage is critical criteria in using a quantitative measures approach. A control method for reproducibility in a quantitative measures approach is a repeated measures design. A repeated measures design involves multiple measures of the same variable taken on the same end user, either under different conditions or over two or more time periods. The salient aspect of a repeated measures design is using the end user as the control.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides quantitative measures for assessing one or more specific ergonomic parameters with respect to exoskeletons. Furthermore, this guide should be used in conjunction with Practice F3474, Guide F3519, and Standard Guide for The Application of Ergonomics to Prevent Injury During Exoskeleton Use2.  
1.2 This guide provides quantitative measures for the design, use, and construction of exoskeletons within the domains of industry, military, medical, first responders, and recreational.  
1.2.1 Quantitative measures are a type of data that can be put into a numerical value. This type of measure allows statistical analysis to be performed on the data to yield an objective result.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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