ASTM D4171-22

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it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4171 − 21 D4171 − 22
Standard Specification for
Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4171; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers additives for aviation fuels (for example, Specifications D910, D7547, and D1655) used to inhibit
ice formation in aircraft fuel systems.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious
medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution
when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional
information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national
law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
D268 Guide for Sampling and Testing Volatile Solvents and Chemical Intermediates for Use in Paint and Related Coatings and
Material
D891 Test Methods for Specific Gravity, Apparent, of Liquid Industrial Chemicals
D910 Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
D1078 Test Method for Distillation Range of Volatile Organic Liquids
D1209 Test Method for Color of Clear Liquids (Platinum-Cobalt Scale)
D1296 Test Method for Odor of Volatile Solvents and Diluents (Withdrawn 2021)
D1353 Test Method for Nonvolatile Matter in Volatile Solvents for Use in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Products
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.J0.04 on Additives and Electrical Properties.
Current edition approved April 1, 2021July 1, 2022. Published April 2021August 2022. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 20162021 as
D4171 – 16a.D4171 – 21. DOI: 10.1520/D4171-21.10.1520/D4171-22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4171 − 22
D1364 Test Method for Water in Volatile Solvents (Karl Fischer Reagent Titration Method)
D1476 Test Method for Heptane Miscibility of Lacquer Solvents (Withdrawn 2021)
D1613 Test Method for Acidity in Volatile Solvents and Chemical Intermediates Used in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related
Products
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
D1722 Test Method for Water Miscibility of Water-Soluble Solvents
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup Tester
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels
D5386 Test Method for Color of Liquids Using Tristimulus Colorimetry
D7547 Specification for Hydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
D8005 Test Method for Color of Clear Liquids (Platinum-Cobalt Scale)
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With the Glass Electrode
E203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration
E300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals
E450 Test Method for Measurement of Color of Low-Colored Clear Liquids Using the Hunterlab Color Difference Meter
(Withdrawn 1993)
E1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
E2877 Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers
3. Classification
3.1 Two types of fuel system icing inhibitors are provided as follows:
3.1.1 Type II—Anhydrous isopropanol, also described as 99 % grade 2-Propanol or isopropyl alcohol, is used as an anti-icing
additive in aviation gasoline. (Warning—Isopropanol (2-Propanol) is both flammable and an irritant; use with caution.)
3.1.2 Type III—Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DiEGME) is used as an anti-icing additive in both aviation gasoline and
aviation turbine fuel. (Warning—Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, (DiEGME). Combustible, toxic material.)
3.1.2.1 Test Method D5006 can be used to determine the concentration of DiEGME in aviation fuels.
NOTE 1—Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) was previously included in this specification as Type I, last appearing in D4171 – 94. EGME is
considered technically satisfactory for this application, but has been generally replaced by DiEGME due to availability, reduced toxicological concerns,
and lack of widely available methodology to determine FSII concentration in aviation fuels when a mixture is known to be present, or when the identity
of the FSII present in the fuel is not clearly known.
4. Properties
4.1 Type II—Isopropanol anti-icing additive shall conform to the requirements of Table 1, as manufactured.
4.2 Type III—Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether shall conform to the requirements of Table 2, as manufactured.
5. Sampling
5.1 The material shall be sampled in accordance with Practice E300.
6. Test Methods
6.1 Determine the properties enumerated in this specification in accordance with the following ASTM methods:
6.1.1 Relative Density—Determine the relative density (that is, specific gravity) at 20 °C or 25 °C with respect to water by a
method accurate to the third decimal place. See Section 5 of Test Method D268, Test Method D4052, or Method A or B of Test
Methods D891.
6.1.2 Color—Test Method D1209, D8005, or E450D5386.
D4171 − 22
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Isopropanol (99 % Grade)
(Type II) FSII
ASTM Test
Property Requirement
Method
Acidity, max, mg KOH/g 0.019 D1613
Relative density:
20 °C ⁄20 °C 0.785 to 0.787 D268
25 °C ⁄25 °C 0.782 to 0.784 D268
Color, platinum-cobalt, max 10 D1209 or E450
Color, platinum-cobalt, max 10 D1209, D8005,
or D5386
Distillation range, max, °C 1.5 (including 82.3 °C) D1078
Nonvolatile matter, max, 5 D1353
mg/100 mL
Odor characteristic, nonresidual D1296
Water, max, mass % 0.2 D1364
Heptane miscibility at 20 °C miscible without turbidity with D1476
19 vol heptane (99 % Grade)
Water miscibility at 25 °C miscible without turbidity when D1722
diluted with 10 vol distilled
water
TABLE 2 Detailed Requirements for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
(Type III)
Requirement
Property ASTM Test
DiEGME
Method
(Type III)
Acid number, max, mg 0.09 D1613
KOH/g
Color, platinum-cobalt, 10 D1209 or
max E450
Color, platinum-cobalt, 10 D1209, D8005, or
max D5386
Purity, min, mass % 99.0 Annex A1
A
pH of 25 % solution in 5.5–7.5 E70
water (25 °C ± 2 °C)
Relative density, 1.020– D891 (Method A or
20 °C ⁄20 °C 1.025 B) or D4052
Water, max, mass % D1364, E1064, or
E203
Point of manufacture 0.10
Point of use 0.8
Flash point, min, °C 85 °C D93, D56, or
D3828
B
Antioxidant, mg/kg 50–150
A
Pipette 25 mL of the inhibitor into a 100 mL volumetric flask and filled with freshly
boiled and cooled distilled water having a pH of 6.5 to 7.5. Measure the pH value
with a pH meter calibrated in accordance with Test Method E70.
B
Acceptable antioxidants are: 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-
tertiary-butyl phenol, 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol, and 75 % min 2,6-ditertiary-butyl
phenol plus 25 % max tertiary and tritertiary butyl phenols.
6.1.3 Distillation Range—Test Method D1078 using ASTM Solvents Distillation Thermometers (40C with a range from 72 °C to
126 °C for isopropanol) conforming to the requirements of Specification E1 or any other temperature measuring device that cover
the temperature range of interest, such as thermocouples, thermistors, or resistance temperature detectors (RTDs). An instrument
meeting Guide E2877 or Specification E2251 may be used in preference to 40C if the instrument provides equivalent or better
accuracy and precision.
6.1.4 Nonvolatile Matter—Test Method D1353.
6.1.5 Odor—Test Method D1296.
6.1.6 Water—Test Method D1364, E1064, or E203.
6.1.7 Heptane Miscibility—Test Method D1476.
D4171 − 22
6.1.8 Acidity—Test Method D1613.
6.1.9 Water Miscibility—Test Method D1722.
6.1.10 Flash Point—Test Methods D56, D93, or D3828.
7. Keywords
7.1 additives; aircraft fuel systems; aviation fuels; fuel system icing inhibitors; ice formation
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
A1. TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINING PURITY OF FUEL SYSTEM ICING INHIBITOR (TYPE III)
A1.1 Scope
A1.1.1 This test method measures the purity of fuel system icing inhibitors (Type III). The test results are used to determine if
the inhibitor meets the purity requirements listed in Table 2.
A1.2 Summary of Test Method
A1.2.1 A representative sample of fuel system icing inhibitor (Type III) is injected into a capillary gas chromatograph and the
components of the inhibitor are separated and measured with a flame ionization detector. Quantitation is made by peak area
measurement using external standardization and a computing integrator. As the linear dynamic range of many gas chromatographic
detectors is often exceeded for the major component, the sum of all impurities (all components other than the inhibitor) are
subtracted from 100 to calculate the purity of the icing inhibitor.
A1.3 Significance and Use
A1.3.1 Fuel system icing inhibitor performance (Type III) is based upon test results using the pure inhibitor in a specific
concentration range. Impurities affect inhibitor solubility in the fuel and reduce the effective concentration. Methods are therefore
needed to check additive purity to ensure adequate performance in the aircraft.
A1.4 Apparatus
A1.4.1 Gas Chromatograph—Any gas chromatographic instrumentation can be used that meets the requirements described below.
A1.4.2 Temperature Control—The chromatograph must be capable of programmed temperature operation.
A1.4.3 Sample Inlet System—An automatic sampler with split injection is recommended, however, manual split injection is
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