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ASTM D3649-23

(Practice)

Standard Practice for High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Water

Standard Practice for High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Water

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Gamma-ray spectrometry is of use in identifying radionuclides and in making quantitative measurements. Use of a semiconductor detector is necessary for high-resolution measurements.  
5.2 Variation of the physical geometry of the sample and its relationship with the detector will produce both qualitative and quantitative variations in the gamma-ray spectrum. To adequately account for these geometry effects, calibrations are designed to duplicate all conditions including source-to-detector distance, sample shape and size, and sample matrix encountered when samples are measured.  
5.3 Since some spectrometry systems are calibrated at many discrete distances from the detector, a wide range of activity levels can be measured on the same detector. For high-level samples, extremely low-efficiency geometries may be used. Quantitative measurements can be made accurately and precisely when high activity level samples are placed at distances of 10 cm or more from the detector.  
5.4 Electronic problems, such as erroneous deadtime correction, loss of resolution, and random summing, may be avoided by keeping the gross count rate below 2000 counts per second (s–1) and also keeping the deadtime of the analyzer below 5 %. Total counting time is governed by the radioactivity of the sample, the detector to source distance and the acceptable Poisson counting uncertainty.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the measurement of gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in water by means of gamma-ray spectrometry. It is applicable to nuclides emitting gamma-rays with energies greater than 45 keV. For typical counting systems and sample types, activity levels of about 40 Bq are easily measured and sensitivities as low as 0.4 Bq are found for many nuclides. Count rates in excess of 2000 counts per second should be avoided because of electronic limitations. High count rate samples can be accommodated by dilution, by increasing the sample to detector distance, or by using digital signal processors.  
1.2 This practice can be used for either quantitative or relative determinations. In relative counting work, the results may be expressed by comparison with an initial concentration of a given nuclide which is taken as 100 %. For quantitative measurements, the results may be expressed in terms of known nuclidic standards for the radionuclides known to be present. This practice can also be used just for the identification of gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in a sample without quantifying them. General information on radioactivity and the measurement of radiation has been published (1,2).2 Information on specific application of gamma spectrometry is also available in the literature (3-5). See also the referenced ASTM Standards in 2.1 and the related material section at the end of this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitation prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-May-2023
ICS
71.040.50 - Physicochemical methods of analysis
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.04 - Methods of Radiochemical Analysis
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D7902-20 - Standard Terminology for Radiochemical Analyses
Effective Date
01-May-2020

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ASTM D3649-23 - Standard Practice for High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of WaterASTM D3649-23 - Standard Practice for High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Water
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ASTM D3649-23 - Standard Practice for High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Water
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D3649 − 23
Standard Practice for
1
High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3649; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This practice covers the measurement of gamma-ray
emitting radionuclides in water by means of gamma-ray
2. Referenced Documents
spectrometry. It is applicable to nuclides emitting gamma-rays
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
with energies greater than 45 keV. For typical counting systems
D1066 Practice for Sampling Steam
and sample types, activity levels of about 40 Bq are easily
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
measured and sensitivities as low as 0.4 Bq are found for many
D2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of
nuclides. Count rates in excess of 2000 counts per second
Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on Water
should be avoided because of electronic limitations. High
D3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Flowing Process
count rate samples can be accommodated by dilution, by
Streams
increasing the sample to detector distance, or by using digital
D3648 Practices for the Measurement of Radioactivity
signal processors.
D4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells
1.2 This practice can be used for either quantitative or
D7902 Terminology for Radiochemical Analyses
relative determinations. In relative counting work, the results
E181 Guide for Detector Calibration and Analysis of Radio-
may be expressed by comparison with an initial concentration
nuclides in Radiation Metrology for Reactor Dosimetry
of a given nuclide which is taken as 100 %. For quantitative
measurements, the results may be expressed in terms of known
3. Terminology
nuclidic standards for the radionuclides known to be present.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
This practice can also be used just for the identification of
practice, refer to Terminology D1129 and Terminology D7902.
gamma-ray emitting radionuclides in a sample without quan-
For terms not defined in this practice or in Terminology D1129
tifying them. General information on radioactivity and the
2 or Terminology D7902, reference may be made to other
measurement of radiation has been published (1,2). Informa-
published glossaries.
tion on specific application of gamma spectrometry is also
available in the literature (3-5). See also the referenced ASTM
4. Summary of Practice
Standards in 2.1 and the related material section at the end of
4.1 Gamma ray spectra are measured with modular equip-
this standard.
ment consisting of a detector, high-voltage power supply,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety
preamplifier, amplifier and analog-to-digital converter (or digi-
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
tal signal processor), multichannel analyzer, as well as a
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety,
computer with display.
health, and environmental practices and determine the appli-
4.2 High-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors, p-type or
cability of regulatory limitation prior to use.
n-type, are used for the analysis of complex gamma-ray spectra
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
because of their excellent energy resolution. These germanium
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
systems, however, are characterized by high cost and require
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
cooling. Liquid nitrogen or electromechanical cooling, or both,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
can be used.
4.3 In a germanium semiconductor detector, gamma-ray
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and
photons produce electron-hole pairs. The charged pair is then
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.04 on Methods of Radiochemical
Analysis.
Current edition approved June 1, 2023. Published July 2023. Originally approved
3
in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D3649 – 06 (2014) which was For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
withdrawn January 2023 and reinstated in June 2023. DOI: 10.1520/D3649-23. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of Stand
...

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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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FIG. 1 Activity/Industry that may be Sources of PFAS Use and Release
Source: AEI Consultants  
4.2 The user should note that PFAS regulatory management framework at the federal and state level are evolving quickly. Therefore, consultation with legal and technical representatives with knowledge of federal, state, and local PFAS regulations is advised prior to use of this guide. Environmental audit policies or privileges may be applicable to some of the steps described in this guide (see EPA, 2000).  
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SCOPE
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