ASTM C747-16

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
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Designation: C747 − 93 (Reapproved 2010) C747 − 16 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Moduli of Elasticity and Fundamental Frequencies of
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Carbon and Graphite Materials by Sonic Resonance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C747; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Updated 9.1 and 9.2 editorially in May 2010.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the fundamental transverse, longitudinal, and torsional frequencies
determination of the dynamic elastic properties of isotropic and anisotropic near isotropic carbon and graphite materials. These
measured resonant frequencies are used to calculate dynamic elastic moduli for any grain orientations.materials at ambient
temperatures. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies that are determined by the elastic
modulus, mass, and geometry of the test specimen. The dynamic elastic properties of a material can therefore be computed if the
geometry, mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable (rectangular or cylindrical) test specimen of that material can
be measured. Dynamic Young’s modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in the flexural or longitudinal mode of
vibration. The dynamic shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonant vibrations. Dynamic Young’s
modulus and dynamic shear modulus are used to compute Poisson’s ratio.
1.2 This test method determines elastic properties by measuring the fundamental resonant frequency of test specimens of
suitable geometry by exciting them mechanically by a singular elastic strike with an impulse tool. Specimen supports, impulse
locations, and signal pick-up points are selected to induce and measure specific modes of the transient vibrations. A transducer (for
example, contact accelerometer or non-contacting microphone) senses the resulting mechanical vibrations of the specimen and
transforms them into electric signals. (See Fig. 1.) The transient signals are analyzed, and the fundamental resonant frequency is
isolated and measured by the signal analyzer, which provides a numerical reading that is (or is proportional to) either the frequency
or the period of the specimen vibration. The appropriate fundamental resonant frequencies, dimensions, and mass of the specimen
are used to calculate dynamic Young’s modulus, dynamic shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio. Annex A1 contains an alternative
approach using continuous excitation.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
C215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse, Longitudinal, and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of Concrete Specimens
C559 Test Method for Bulk Density by Physical Measurements of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles
C885 Test Method for Young’s Modulus of Refractory Shapes by Sonic Resonance
C1161 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
E111 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord Modulus
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.F0 on Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products.
Current edition approved May 1, 2010Oct. 1, 2016. Published May 2010January 2017. Originally approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 as
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C747–93(2005).C747 – 93 (2010) . DOI: 10.1520/C0747-93R10E01.10.1520/C0747-16.
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For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Stand
...

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C747 − 16
Standard Test Method for
Moduli of Elasticity and Fundamental Frequencies of
1
Carbon and Graphite Materials by Sonic Resonance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C747; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers determination of the dynamic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
elastic properties of isotropic and near isotropic carbon and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
graphite materials at ambient temperatures. Specimens of these
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies that
are determined by the elastic modulus, mass, and geometry of
2. Referenced Documents
the test specimen. The dynamic elastic properties of a material
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
can therefore be computed if the geometry, mass, and mechani-
C215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse,
cal resonant frequencies of a suitable (rectangular or cylindri-
Longitudinal, and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of
cal) test specimen of that material can be measured. Dynamic
Concrete Specimens
Young’s modulus is determined using the resonant frequency
C559 Test Method for Bulk Density by Physical Measure-
in the flexural or longitudinal mode of vibration. The dynamic
ments of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles
shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional
C885 Test Method for Young’s Modulus of Refractory
resonant vibrations. Dynamic Young’s modulus and dynamic
Shapes by Sonic Resonance
shear modulus are used to compute Poisson’s ratio.
C1161 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced
1.2 This test method determines elastic properties by mea-
Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
suring the fundamental resonant frequency of test specimens of
E111 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus,
suitable geometry by exciting them mechanically by a singular
and Chord Modulus
elastic strike with an impulse tool. Specimen supports, impulse
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
locations, and signal pick-up points are selected to induce and
ASTM Test Methods
measure specific modes of the transient vibrations. A trans-
E228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
ducer (for example, contact accelerometer or non-contacting
Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
microphone) senses the resulting mechanical vibrations of the
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
specimen and transforms them into electric signals. (See Fig.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.) The transient signals are analyzed, and the fundamental
3. Terminology
resonant frequency is isolated and measured by the signal
analyzer, which provides a numerical reading that is (or is
3.1 Definitions:
proportional to) either the frequency or the period of the
3.1.1 antinodes, n—two or more locations that have local
specimen vibration. The appropriate fundamental resonant
maximum displacements, called antinodes, in an unconstrained
frequencies, dimensions, and mass of the specimen are used to
slender rod or bar in resonance. For the fundamental flexure
calculate dynamic Young’s modulus, dynamic shear modulus,
resonance, the antinodes are located at the two ends and the
and Poisson’s ratio. Annex A1 contains an alternative approach
center of the specimen.
using continuous excitation.
3.1.2 elastic modulus—the ratio of stress to strain, in the
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
stress range where Hooke’s law is valid.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1.3 flexural vibrations, n—the vibrations that occur when
standard.
the displacements in a slender rod or bar are in a plane normal
to the length dimension.
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
2
Subcommittee D02.F0 on Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published January 2017. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ɛ1
approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C747 – 93 (2010) . Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/C0747-16. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes
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