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ASTM F3606-22

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Additive Manufacturing — Feedstock Materials — Testing Moisture Content in Powder Feedstock

Standard Guide for Additive Manufacturing — Feedstock Materials — Testing Moisture Content in Powder Feedstock

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide will help manufacturers and users of AM powder feedstocks to identify suitable methods for measuring moisture in the feedstocks.  
5.2 This guide will aid control of powder quality and allow powder producers and users of AM machines to assess moisture content of virgin and reused powders.  
5.3 This guide is intended to support acceptance and control tests.  
5.4 Moisture levels are usually relatively low in metallic powder feedstocks (typically lower than 250 µg/g) but could be significantly more important in polymer and ceramic (typically lower than 10 000 µg/g).  
5.5 Moisture may affect powder processability (powder supply and feeding, layer creation) and influence the process and properties of the printed components. As different processes and machines use powders with different characteristics (that is, particle size distribution and shape) and AM machines store and handle powders in different ways, the amount of moisture and its impact may vary significantly depending on the feedstock, process, and machine.  
5.6 A proportion of the water is physisorbed on the surface and can be easily adsorbed and desorbed.  
5.7 A fraction of the water can be strongly bonded to the surface of the powder (that is, chemisorbed) and can be difficult to extract even at temperatures significantly higher than 100 °C. Thus, the water may not all be recovered during the moisture analysis and some water may remain in the samples. Consequently, the values obtained during the tests may be underestimated. As water bonds differently to different materials, the evaporation of water as a function of temperature may vary from one material to another.  
5.8 Because of the reactive nature of powders, water may react with the surface of the powder and form oxides and hydroxides. Thus, the amount of moisture may change with time even if the powder is stored in a tightly sealed container. Reaction of the powder with water may also happen during the analysis as the powder i...
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidelines for measuring moisture in powder feedstock used in additive manufacturing (AM). It applies to metallic, ceramic, and polymer AM powder feedstocks.  
1.2 This guide provides a description of test methods commonly used to measure moisture and references to their associated standards.  
1.3 This guide provides best practice guidance on how to apply the test methods to make them suitable for AM powder characterization.  
1.4 This guide is suitable for measuring moisture in AM powder feedstock over the range of 10 µg/g to 10 000 µg/g.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Oct-2022
ICS
25.030 - Additive manufacturing
Technical Committee
F42 - Additive Manufacturing Technologies
Drafting Committee
F42.01 - Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM E1131-20 - Standard Test Method for Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry
Effective Date
15-Mar-2020

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ASTM F3606-22 - Standard Guide for Additive Manufacturing — Feedstock Materials — Testing Moisture Content in Powder FeedstockASTM F3606-22 - Standard Guide for Additive Manufacturing — Feedstock Materials — Testing Moisture Content in Powder Feedstock
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ASTM F3606-22 - Standard Guide for Additive Manufacturing — Feedstock Materials — Testing Moisture Content in Powder Feedstock
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3606 − 22
Standard Guide for
Additive Manufacturing — Feedstock Materials — Testing
1
Moisture Content in Powder Feedstock
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3606; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D6869 Test Method for Coulometric and Volumetric Deter-
mination of Moisture in Plastics Using the Karl Fischer
1.1 This standard provides guidelines for measuring mois-
Reaction (the Reaction of Iodine with Water)
tureinpowderfeedstockusedinadditivemanufacturing(AM).
D7191 Test Method for Determination of Moisture in Plas-
It applies to metallic, ceramic, and polymer AM powder
tics by Relative Humidity Sensor
feedstocks.
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-
1.2 This guide provides a description of test methods
ology
commonly used to measure moisture and references to their
E1131 Test Method for CompositionalAnalysis by Thermo-
associated standards.
gravimetry
E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
1.3 This guide provides best practice guidance on how to
apply the test methods to make them suitable for AM powder E1409 Test Method for Determination of Oxygen and Nitro-
gen in Titanium and Titanium Alloys by Inert Gas Fusion
characterization.
E1868 Test Methods for Loss-On-Drying by Thermogravi-
1.4 This guide is suitable for measuring moisture in AM
metry
powder feedstock over the range of 10 µg⁄g to 10 000 µg⁄g.
2
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standard:
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
ISO/ASTM 52900 Additive manufacturing — General prin-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
ciples — Fundamentals and vocabulary
standard.
3
2.3 ISO Standards:
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ISO 17034 General requirements for the competence of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
reference material producers
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ISO 3954 Powders for Powder Metallurgy Purposes —
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Sampling
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
3. Terminology
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1 Definitions—Powder metallurgy terms are defined in
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Terminology B243. Additive manufacturing (AM) terms can
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
befoundinISO/ASTM52900.Technicaltermsinrelationwith
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
thermogravimetry(TGA)andlossondrying(LOD)aredefined
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
in Terminologies E473 and E1142, respectively. Relative
humidity sensor terminology is in accordance with Terminol-
2. Referenced Documents
ogy D7191, while terms related to the Karl Fischer method are
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
described in Test Method D6869.
B215 Practices for Sampling Metal Powders
B243 Terminology of Powder Metallurgy
4. Summary of Guide
4.1 Different methods can be used to measure moisture in
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F42 on Additive AM powders. For all methods of interest, the sample of
Manufacturing Technologies and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
powdersareheatedintheinstrumenttovaporizethewater.The
F42.01 on Test Methods.
amount of water is then evaluated using different approaches
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2022. Published December 2022. DOI:
10.1520/F3606-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
the ASTM website. Switzerland, https://www.iso.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F3606 − 22
and procedures, depending on the method, as defined in the hydroxides. Thus, the amount of moisture may change with
referenced standards. In coulometric titration methods (for time even if the powder is stored in a tightly sealed container.
example, Karl Fisher as described in Test
...

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5.1 Particle characterization, especially particle size distribution, has been an important parameter for quality control (QC) and research and development (R&D) in a very wide variety of industries and markets, anywhere a particulate system is a final product or an intermediate constituent somewhere in the process. But size alone is not a sufficient morphological measurement to use to understand many factors of the complete particle morphology of particulate systems and their effects on other properties. This information is expected to contribute to the understanding of the effects of shape on powder spreadability and flowability in the creation of the bed in powder bed fusion AM and the density and porosity of the final AM parts (definitions in ISO/ASTM 52900 and Terminology B243). Ultimately, specifications can be developed for quality control (QC) tolerances for these shape parameters that can be measured with a straightforward, fast automated analysis
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1.1 This guide explains how to characterize the quality of metal powder feedstock to additive manufacturing (AM) relative to the powder shape using automated static or dynamic image analysis by optical photography. This guide will describe the method(s) to measure powder shape parameters that can identify potentially detrimental powder characteristics and specifically describe how to identify and quantify the proportion of agglomerates/satellites and other irregularly shaped non-spherical powder particles in a powder batch.  
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Standard Practice for Additive Manufacturing – General Principles – Part Classifications for Additive Manufactured Parts Used in Aviation

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1.1 This practice is intended to be used to assign part classifications across the aviation industries that use AM to produce parts.  
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