ASTM C945-81(2000)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:C945–81 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Practice for
Design Considerations and Spray Application of a Rigid
Cellular Polyurethane Insulation System on Outdoor Service
Vessels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C945; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope “Anchor Pattern Standard”
2.4 National Association of Corrosion Engineers Standard:
1.1 This practice concerns itself with the substrate prepara-
TM-01-70 Visual Surface Preparation Panels
tion and priming, the selection of the rigid cellular polyure-
thanesystem,andtheprotectiveinsulationcoatingsforoutdoor
3. Terminology
service equipment.
3.1 Definitions—Definitions included in Terminology
NOTE 1—For the purpose of this practice, polyurethane is defined to
C168, Definitions D883, and Abbreviations D1600 apply to
mean either polyurethane or polyisocyanurate and is hereafter referred to
the terms used in this standard.
as “PUR/PIR.”
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 Thevaluesgivenininch-poundaretoberegardedasthe
3.2.1 blasting—the process of cleaning surfaces by use of
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
abrasiveparticlespropelledathighvelocityuponthesurfaceto
only.
be cleaned.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-
3.2.2 coatings/coverings—ultraviolet ray-absorbing and
tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
water-shedding protective materials applied over the urethane
address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is
foam.
the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
3.2.3 density:
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
3.2.3.1 in-place density— the weight per unit volume of the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
cross section of foam from substrate to exposed surface,
including all skins (or surfaces).
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.3.2 core density—theweightperunitvolumeofasingle
2.1 ASTM Standards:
layer of foam excluding top and bottom skins or (if present)
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulating Materi-
interlayer skins.
als
3.2.4 foam system—appropriate formulations of two liquid
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
components, polyisocyanate, or A side, and polyol, or B side,
D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to
for intended applications.
Plastics
3.2.5 ignition barrier—cement plaster or equivalent
D2200 PictorialSurfacePreparationStandardsforPainting
coating/covering providing a resistance to ignition of the foam
Steel Surfaces
insulation acceptable to the concerned building or fire depart-
2.2 American National Standards:
ment(s), or both. (Designated UL test is optional.)
Z87.1 Practice for Occupational and Educational Eye and
4. Significance and Use
Face Protection
2.3 Clemtex Limited Standard:
4.1 This practice facilitates the selection and application of
an insulation system for use at service temperatures be-
tween−30 and+107°C (−22 and+225°F). Although the
successful installation of spray-applied PUR/PIR is influenced
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal
by many factors, this practice treats those four areas found to
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.40 on Insulation
Systems.
be of major importance:
Current edition approved Feb. 27, 1981. Published October 1981.
(1) Substrate preparation,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.06.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.02.
5 6
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, Available from Clemtex Ltd., P.O. Box 15214, Houston, TX 77020.
13th Floor, New York, NY 10036. AvailablefromtheNationalAssociationofCorrosionEngineers,1440S.Creek
Dr., Houston, TX 77084.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C945–81 (2000)
(2) Substrate priming, standard. Blast-cleaned surface acceptance will be by one or
(3) Insulation application, and more of the following visual comparison methods:“ Anchor
(4) Protective coatings. Pattern Standards” NACE Visual Surface Preparation Panels
4.2 Abrasive blasting, primer application, spray application (Standard TM-01-70), and Pictorial D2200.
of the insulation, and protective coating application each 6.2 All welding, burning, etc., shall be completed prior to
contribute their unique health and safety hazards to the job site the blasting operation.
and will be dealt with in more detail under their respective 6.3 Remove any grease or oil with a petroleum solvent or
headings. water-detergent solution. All flux, spatter, slag, or other lami-
nations left from welding must be chipped or ground off.
5. Substrate Preparation
Rough welds and other sharp projections should be ground
5.1 Proper substrate preparation is mandatory to obtain a
smooth by the fabricator prior to the blasting operation.
successful foam application. These preparation methods must
6.4 Sandblast sand shall be sharp, graded flint or silica sand
remove any contaminants that will interfere with development
(16to30mesh).Whereinorganiczinccoatingsareapplied,the
ofthemaximumadhesionoftheurethanefoam.Themethod(s)
surface preparation shall be abrasive blasted using 16 to
chosen are dependent upon the contaminants present on the
30-mesh sand, G40 to 50 grit, or an equivalent abrasive that
surface and the end-use design service temperature.
willprovideasimilarsurfaceprofile.Allabrasivesshallbefree
5.1.1 Previously Coated Iron and Steel Surfaces—The ad-
ofalldust,dirt,andotherforeignmatter.Theyshallbekeptdry
hesion of spray-applied urethane to previously coated surfaces
and free of oil at all times.
is directly influenced by the age, type, and condition of the
MANDATORY HEALTH AND SAFETY
surface. For this reason any coating that exhibits chalking,
PRECAUTIONS FOR BLASTING OPERATIONS
peeling, or other evidence of failure or damage must be
removedandanappropriateprimerapplied.Abrasiveblasting
6.4.1 Effective oil and water traps shall be used to ensure
is recommended. If blasting is to be accomplished, all items
clean, dry air supply to the abrasive pot. Water shall be
listed under Section 6 should be followed. In all cases, the
continuously bled from the moisture trap.
coated substrate must be cleaned and free of rust, grease, oil,
6.4.2 A“dead-man”valveshallbeusedonallblastnozzles.
dirt,dust,moisture,etc.,immediatelypriortofoamsprayingby
6.4.3 All blast hoses shall have an antistatic lining.
one or more of the following methods: ( a) wash with water
6.4.4 All blast nozzles shall be properly grounded.
and allow to dry, (b) brush, (c) broom, or (d) air blast.
6.4.5 Nozzle blast operators exposed to blasting dust shall
5.1.2 New Iron or Steel Surfaces—Field blasting and prim-
wear a U.S. Bureau of Mines-approved helmet connected to a
ing is recommended. All blasting is to be accomplished in
clean, breathable compressed air source.
accordance with items listed in Section 6. Shop preparation is
6.4.6 All others exposed to blasting dust shall wear a U.S.
also acceptable with proper field surface preparation of the
Bureau of Mines-approved filter-type respirator. Adequate
weld joints and all damaged areas. In all cases, the substrate to
personnel protection from flying particles shall be provided in
be sprayed with foam shall be free of rust, grease, oil, loose
any blasting operation.
particles, and mill scale, moisture, dirt, etc. After priming is
6.4.7 If at any time the blasting equipment and material
complete, all areas that are specified to be insulated shall be
specifications are not being met, the owner may suspend the
washed with water and allowed to dry, brushed, broomed, or
operation.
air-blasted prior to applying the insulation.
6.4.8 Blastedsurfacesshallnotbeallowedtobecomewetor
dulled by oxidation to a point where visible rusting has
NOTE 2—Caution: Be sure the primer is useable at the design tempera-
occurred.
ture and acceptable under the foam insulation.
6.4.9 All surfaces shall be primed during the same day that
5.1.3 Galvanized Metal Surfaces—Cleanwithanacceptable
they are blasted.
solvent, wash with water to remove deposits, spray with an
6.4.10 Surfacecleanlinessandprofiledepthshallbesuitable
acceptable wash primer, and then coat all areas with an
for the metal primer to be used. These conditions shall be
acceptable primer or coating.
monitored in accordance with the visual comparison methods
NOTE 3—Thisprocedureisnotalwaysrequireddependingontheageof
specified herein.
the metal, exposure, and use.
6.4.11 Surfaces inspected and found to not meet the criteria
outlined in 6.1-6.4 must be blasted again.
5.1.4 Aluminum Surfaces—Degrease with appropriate sol-
vents. Coat the clean, dry surface with a recommended primer
7. Selection of Metal Primer
or coating.
7.1 The following items should be considered when choos-
5.1.5 Stainless Steel Surfaces—Degrease with appropriate
ing a metal primer:
solvents. Coat the clean, dry surface with a recommended
7.1.1 Surface preparation required,
primer or coating. (Chloride-free materials are recommended
7.1.2 Foam adhesion, substrate adhesion, and heat resis-
on surfaces operating above 140°F (60°C).)
tanceatthemaximumandminimumvesseloperatingtempera-
6. Recommended Blasting Procedures
tures, and
6.1 All surfaces to be primed or coated shall be prepared to 7.1.3 Corrosion resistance to spilled vessel contents.
the degree of cleanliness and surface profile as recommended 7.2 Listed below are general application recommendations,
by the primer supplier. Pictorial D2200 shall be used as the which may vary depending on the type of primer selected:
C945–81 (2000)
7.2.1 The manufacturer’s recommendations for thinning, 8.4 Listedbelowareseveralitemsthatshouldbeconsidered
mixing, handling, and applying his products shall be consid- in the selection of the foam system:
ered a part of this practice.
8.4.1 Insulation temperature limitation versus vessel oper-
7.2.2 All bolts, welds, faying surfaces, sharp edges, and ating design temperature,
difficult access areas shall receive a primer spot-coat prior to 8.4.2 Dimensional stability under simulated service condi-
primer spray application. tions,
7.2.3 The primer shall be applied in a fashion to obtain 8.4.3 Combustibility characteristics,
complete coverage.
8.4.4 Application conditions (substrate and ambient tem-
7.2.4 Primer shall not be applied during rain, snow, fog, peratures, etc.),
mist, high relative humidity, or low metal temperatures. The 8.4.5 History of similar application or laboratory data relat-
relative humidity and dew point shall be determined at the job
ing to the application in question,
site using a surface thermometer and wet/dry bulb sling 8.4.6 Compressive strength,
psychrometer.
8.4.7 Adhesion to substrate, and
7.2.4.1 Priming of the metal should not be permitted when
8.4.8 Thermal resistance.
the temperature of the metal is at or below the dew point or
8.5 Handling of Foam System Materials:
above the dew point and falling with the temperature expected
8.5.1 Materials shall be stored in accordance with the
to reach the dew point before the application is complete.
manufacturer’s recommendations.
Primingshouldbepermittedwhenthetemperatureisabovethe
8.5.2 Allmaterialsassociatedwiththefoamsystemshallbe
dewpointandrisingorexpectedtoremainabovethedewpoint
delivered to the job site in unopened standard commercial
while application is taking place.
containers bearing the manufacturer’s original label with the
7.2.5 Primershallbeappliedtoaclean,drysubstratefreeof
following information:
dirt, sand, and loose foreign matter.
8.5.2.1 Name of manufacturer,
7.2.6 The substrate shall be prepared in accordance with
8.5.2.2 Name of contents,
Section 5 prior to metal primer application.Any metal oxidiz-
8.5.2.3 Net weight of contents,
ing or developing rust prior to primer application shall be
8.5.2.4 Lot or batch number,
returned to the specified degree of surface preparation.
8.5.2.5 Recommended storage temperature range,
7.2.7 After the primer has been applied and allowed to dry,
8.5.2.6 A “caution” label giving safety instructions for
inspecttheprimerforholidaysandadequatedryfilmthickness.
handling and storage temperature range,
Where inadequate dry film thickness or holidays exist, addi-
8.5.2.7 Mixing instructions, and
tionalmaterialshallbeappliedorthesurfacereconditionedand
8.5.2.8 Listing agency label, if applicable, plus Certificate
the primer reapplied. Same as 7.2.6.
of Conformance. The contractor shall keep a record of this
7.2.8 Primer spray application equipment shall be that
information throughout the guarantee period.
recommended by the coating manufacturer. Compressed air
8.5.3 Containers shall not be opened until ready for imme-
sources shall have moisture traps. Before spray application
diate use. Undue agitation of containers shall be avoided.
begins, all hoses and guns shall be solvent-flushed and in-
8.5.4 In the case of bulk shipments, the spray foam contrac-
spected to ensure that no moisture is present.
tor may transfer each of the urethane components into appro-
7.2.9 All flames, sparks, welding, and smoking shall be
priately sized clean dry containers or containers that have
prohibited in the application area.
previously contained the same material. Care shall be taken to
7.2.10 All affected items, in the surrounding area, shall be
exclude moisture pick-up during transfer operations and each
protected from overspray.
container shall be blanketed with an inert, dry atmosphere.
7.2.11 Spray guns must be held perpendicular to the surface
8.6 Application of Spray Foam:
being painted and adjusted so that dry overspray is minimized.
8.6.1 Manufacturer’s application instructions should be fol-
lowed at all times. Only qualified applicators with prior
8. Selection of the Foam System
experience spraying the specified foam system should be used.
Prior to application of the spray foam, the contractor shall
8.1 A wide range of foam systems is available in various
apply a test area to one of the vessels to be insulated.This area
densities, each exhibiting different temperature limitations,
shall be checked for:
combustibility characteristics, etc. The use of these systems in
8.6.1.1 General foam surface appearance,
combination with each other or with conventional insulation
8.6.1.2 Specified foam thickness,
products offer a broad range of economical installations.
8.6.1.3 Local s
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