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ASTM D5452-23

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Aviation Fuels by Laboratory Filtration

Standard Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Aviation Fuels by Laboratory Filtration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a gravimetric measurement of the particulate matter present in a sample of aviation turbine fuel delivered to a laboratory for evaluation. The objective is to minimize these contaminants to avoid filter plugging and other operational problems. Although tolerable levels of particulate contaminants have not yet been established for all points in fuel distribution systems, the total contaminant measurement is normally of most interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the gravimetric determination by filtration of particulate contaminant in a sample of aviation turbine fuel delivered to a laboratory.  
1.1.1 The sample is filtered through a test membrane and a control membrane using vacuum. The mass change difference identifies the contaminant level per unit volume.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 4.2, 7.3, 7.5, 11.2, and X1.7.2. Before using this standard, refer to supplier's safety labels, material safety data sheets, and technical literature.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2023
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.J0.05 - Fuel Cleanliness
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D93-20 - Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
Effective Date
01-Aug-2020

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5452 − 23
Designation: 423/10
Standard Test Method for
Particulate Contamination in Aviation Fuels by Laboratory
1,2
Filtration
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5452; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the gravimetric determination
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
by filtration of particulate contaminant in a sample of aviation
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
turbine fuel delivered to a laboratory.
Closed Cup Tester
1.1.1 The sample is filtered through a test membrane and a
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
control membrane using vacuum. The mass change difference
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
identifies the contaminant level per unit volume.
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color
Coordinates
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
D2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Aviation
only.
Fuel by Line Sampling
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Cup Tester
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-
For specific hazard statements, see 4.2, 7.3, 7.5, 11.2, and
tricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
X1.7.2. Before using this standard, refer to supplier’s safety
D6615 Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine
labels, material safety data sheets, and technical literature.
Fuel
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
D8194 Practice for Evaluation of Suitability of 37 mm Filter
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Monitors and 47 mm Filters Used to Determine Particu-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the late Contaminant in Aviation Turbine Fuels
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical 3. Terminology
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 bond, v—to connect two parts of a system electrically
by means of a bonding wire to eliminate voltage differences.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM International Committee
3.1.2 ground, vt—to connect electrically with ground
D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct
(earth).
responsibility of ASTM Subcommittee D02.J0.05 on Fuel Cleanliness. The techni-
cally equivalent standard as referenced is under the jurisdiction of the Energy
3.1.3 membrane filter, n—a porous article of closely con-
Institute Subcommittee SC-B-11.
trolled pore size through which a liquid is passed to separate
Current edition approved May 1, 2023. Published May 2023. Originally
matter in suspension.
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as D5452 – 20. DOI:
10.1520/D5452-23.
This test method has been separated from D2276 and has been modified
primarily to establish improved safety measures.
2 3
This test method has been developed through the cooperative effort between For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ASTM and the Energy Institute, London. ASTM and IP standards were approved by contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ASTM and EI technical committees as being technically equivalent but that does not Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
imply both standards are identical. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5452 − 23
4
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Research Report RR:D02-1012 con- fication D6615 or the military grade known as JP-4. Any fuel
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5452 − 20 D5452 − 23
Designation: 423/97423/10
Standard Test Method for
Particulate Contamination in Aviation Fuels by Laboratory
1,2
Filtration
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5452; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the gravimetric determination by filtration of particulate contaminant in a sample of aviation turbine
fuel delivered to a laboratory.
1.1.1 The sample is filtered through a test membrane and a control membrane using vacuum. The mass change difference identifies
the contaminant level per unit volume.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 4.2, 7.3, 7.5, 11.2, and X1.7.2. Before using this standard,
refer to supplier’s safety labels, material safety data sheets, and technical literature.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell System
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM International Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility
of ASTM Subcommittee D02.J0.05 on Fuel Cleanliness. The technically equivalent standard as referenced is under the jurisdiction of the Energy Institute Subcommittee
SC-B-11.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2020May 1, 2023. Published October 2020May 2023. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 20122020 as
D5452 – 12.D5452 – 20. DOI: 10.1520/D5452-20.10.1520/D5452-23.
This test method has been separated from D2276 and has been modified primarily to establish improved safety measures.
2
This test method has been developed through the cooperative effort between ASTM and the Energy Institute, London. ASTM and IP standards were approved by ASTM
and EI technical committees as being technically equivalent but that does not imply both standards are identical.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5452 − 23
D2276 Test Method for Particulate Contaminant in Aviation Fuel by Line Sampling
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup Tester
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
D6615 Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation Turbine Fuel
D8194 Practice for Evaluation of Suitability of 37 mm Filter Monitors and 47 mm Filters Used to Determine Particulate
Contaminant in Aviation Turbine Fuels
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 bond, v—to connect two parts of a system electrically by means of a bonding wire to eliminate voltage differences.
3.1.2 ground, vt—to connect electrically with ground (earth).
3.1.3 membrane filter, n—a porous article of closely controlled pore size th
...

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This specification describes the various characteristics and requirements of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions in ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The spark-ignition engine fuels covered here are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols and ethers, and not fuels that contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such as fuel methanol (M85). This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the legal requirements, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements as well.
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers seven grades of diesel fuel suitable for various types of diesel engines. These grades are described as follows:  
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1.1 This specification covers Grades UL82 and UL87 unleaded aviation gasolines, which are defined by this specification and are only for use in engines and associated aircraft that are specifically approved by the engine and aircraft manufacturers, and certified by the National Certifying Agencies to use these fuels. Components containing hetro-atoms (oxygenates) may be present within the limits specified.  
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SCOPE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
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5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria.  
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5.4 This guide does not purport to specify an all-inclusive listing of test and analysis requirements to achieve ASTM International approval ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
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1.4 The procedures, tests, selection of materials, engines, and aircraft detailed in this guide are based on industry expertise to give appropriate data for review. Because of the diversity of aviation hardware and potential variation in fuel/additive formulations, not every aspect may be encompassed and further work may be required. Therefore, additional data beyond that described in this guide may be requested by the ASTM task force, Subcommittee J, or Committee D02 upon review of the specific composition, performance, or other characteristics of the candidate fuel or additive.  
1.5 While it is beyond the scope of this guide, investigation of the future health and environmental impacts of the new aviation gasoline or new aviation gasoline additive and the requirements of environmental agencies is recommended.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
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Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

ABSTRACT
This specification covers purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for reciprocating aviation turbine engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation fuel for civil use: Jet A; and Jet A-1. The fuels shall be sampled and tested appropriately to examine their conformance to detailed requirements as to composition, volatility, fluidity, combustion, corrosion, thermal stability, contaminants, and additives.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for Jet A and Jet A-1 aviation turbine fuel and lists acceptable additives for use in civil and military operated engines and aircraft. Specification D1655 was developed initially for civil applications, but has also been adopted for military aircraft. Guidance information regarding the use of Jet A and Jet A-1 in specialized applications is available in the appendix.  
1.3 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103.  
1.4 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.5 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel.  
1.6 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specification D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specification for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. However, other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8147-17(2023)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Special-Purpose Test Fuels for Aviation Compression-Ignition Engines

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the material, manufacturing, and specialized property requirements for producing special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. It deals with special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. Aviation distillate fuel, except as otherwise specified in this specification, shall consist predominantly of refined hydrocarbons derived from conventional sources such as crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, and oil sands. The use of middle distillate fuel blends containing components from other sources is permitted. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. It is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification is intended to support purchasing agencies when formulating specifications for purchases of aviation distillate fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines specialized property requirements to produce special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. Its use is at the discretion of the aircraft manufacturer, engine manufacturer, or certification authorities when determining criteria for validation of aircraft equipment design.  
1.3 This specification defines special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. The aviation distillate test fuels defined in this specification are not intended for general purpose use in aircraft. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels.  
1.4 Specification D8147 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation distillate fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel continues to comply with this specification after batch certification.  
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation compression-ignition (CI) engines.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.7.1 Exception—Other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7544-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Pyrolysis Liquid Biofuel

ABSTRACT
This specification details the physical and chemical requirements for pyrolysis liquid biofuels produced from biomass that are intended for use in industrial burners equipped to handle these types of fuels. The type of biofuel covered here is not intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, engines, or marine applications. It shall remain uniform in medium-term storage and shall not separate into layers due to gravity. Properly sampled test specimens shall undergo test procedures to determine their adherence to the following requirements: gross heat of combustion; water content; pyrolysis solids content; kinematic viscosity; density; sulfur content; ash content; pH; flash point; and pour point.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers grades of pyrolysis liquid biofuel produced from biomass intended for use in various types of fuel-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:  
1.1.1 Grade G is intended for use in industrial burners equipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting the requirements listed for Grade G in Table 1. The pyrolysis liquid biofuel listed under Grade G in Table 1 is not intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, engines, or marine applications.  
1.1.2 Grade D is intended for use in commercial/industrial burners requiring lower solids and ash content and which are equipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting the requirements listed for Grade D in Table 1. The pyrolysis liquid biofuel listed under Grade D in Table 1 is not intended for use in residential heaters, engines, or marine applications not modified to handle these types of fuels.
Note 1: For information on the significance of the physical, chemical, and performance properties identified in this specification, see Appendix X1.  
1.2 This specification is for use in contracts for the purchase of pyrolysis liquid biofuel and for guidance of consumers of this type of fuel.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification should preclude observance of national or local regulations, which may be more restrictive.
Note 2: The generation and dissipation of static electricity may create problems in the handling of pyrolysis liquid biofuel. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 Exception—BTU units are included for information only in 3.2.3.1.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3241-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test results are indicative of fuel performance during gas turbine operation and can be used to assess the level of deposits that form when liquid fuel contacts a heated surface that is at a specified temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for rating the tendencies of gas turbine fuels to deposit decomposition products within the fuel system.  
1.2 The differential pressure values in mm Hg are defined only in terms of this test method.  
1.3 The deposition values stated in SI units shall be regarded as the referee value.  
1.4 The pressure values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The psi comparison is included for operational safety with certain older instruments that cannot report pressure in SI units.  
1.5 No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1.1, 7.1, 7.3, 12.1.1, and Annex A6.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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