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ASTM C651-91(2000)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of manufactured carbon and graphite articles using a simple beam in four-point loading at room temperature.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound values may be approximate.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Apr-2000
ICS
71.100.99 - Other products of the chemical industry
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.F0 - Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM C651-91(2005)e1 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Referred By
ASTM D8377-21a - Standard Guide for High Temperature Strength Measurements of Graphite Impregnated with Molten Salt
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM C198-09(2019) - Standard Test Method for Cold Bonding Strength of Refractory Mortar
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM C783-85(2020) - Standard Practice for Core Sampling of Graphite Electrodes
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM C1025-15(2020) - Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture in Bending of Electrode Graphite
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6354-23 - Standard Guide for Sampling Plan and Core Sampling of Carbon Cathode Blocks Used in Aluminum Production
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM C781-20 - Standard Practice for Testing Graphite Materials for Gas-Cooled Nuclear Reactor Components
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D7846-21 - Standard Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced Graphites
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D7775-21 - Standard Guide for Measurements on Small Graphite Specimens
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000
Referred By
ASTM D8255-19 - Standard Guide for Work of Fracture Measurements on Small Nuclear Graphite Specimens
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000

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ASTM C651-91(2000) - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room TemperatureASTM C651-91(2000) - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature
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ASTM C651-91(2000) - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:C 651–91(Reapproved 2000)
Standard Test Method for
Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite
Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 651; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.2 Definitions— For definitions of terms relating to manu-
factured carbon and graphite, see Terminology C 709.
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural
strength of manufactured carbon and graphite articles using a
4. Apparatus
simple beam in four-point loading at room temperature.
4.1 The testing machine shall conform to the requirements
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
of PracticesE4.
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
4.2 The four-point loading fixture shall consist of bearing
information only.
blocks which ensure that forces applied to the beam are normal
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
only and without eccentricity. (See Test MethodC78.)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.2.1 The bearing block diameter shall be between 1/10 and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1/20 of the specimen support span. A hardened steel bearing
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
block or its equivalent is necessary to prevent distortion of the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
loading member.
2. Referenced Documents 4.3 The directions of loads and reactions may be maintained
parallel by judicious use of linkages, rocker bearings, and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
flexure plates. Eccentricity of loading can be avoided by the
C78 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using
use of spherical bearings. Provision must be made in fixture
Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)
design for relief of torsional loading to less than 5 % of the
C 709 Terminology Relating to Manufactured Carbon and
nominal specimen strength. Refer to the attached figure for a
Graphite
4 suggested four-point loading fixture.
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
5. Test Specimen
ASTM Test Methods
5.1 Preparation—The test specimen shall be prepared to
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
5 yield a parallelepiped of rectangular cross section. The faces
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
shall be parallel and flat within 0.001 in. (0.025 mm)/in. of
3. Terminology length. In addition, the samples having a maximum particle
size less than 0.006-in. (0.152-mm) diameter must be finished
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
so that the surface roughness is less than 125 µin.AA. Sample
3.1.1 flexural strength—a measure of the ultimate load-
edges should be free from visible flaws and chips.
carrying capacity of a specified beam in bending.
5.2 Size—The size of the test specimen shall be selected
such that the minimum dimension of the specimen is greater
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
than 5 times the largest particle dimension. The test specimen
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
shall have a length to thickness ratio of at least 8, and a width
D02.F on Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products.
to thickness ratio not greater than 2.
Current edition approved June 15, 1991. Published December 1991. Originally
5.3 Measurements—All dimensions shall be measured to
published as C 651 – 70. Last previous edition D 651 – 70 (1989).
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
the nearest 0.5 %.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.05.
5.4 Orientation—The specimen shall be marked on the end
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
to denote its orientation with respect to the parent stock.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 651–91 (2000)
5.5 Drying—Each specimen must be dried in a vented oven 8.2 If the fracture occurs outside of the span length between
at 120 to 150°C for a period of 2 h. The sample must then be load bearing blocks, the results of the test shall be discarded
cooled to room temperature in a desiccator and held there prior but reported. If fracture occurs in less than 5 s, the results shall
to testing. be discarded but reported.
8.3 Amultiplyingfactorof6.89
...

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SCOPE
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ABSTRACT
This test method details the standard procedures for determining the flexural strength of manufactured carbon and graphite articles using a simple beam in four-point loading at room temperature. The four-point loading fixture shall consist of spherical bearing blocks of hardened steel or its equivalent to ensure that forces applied to the beam are normal only and without eccentricity, and distortion of the loading member is prevented. Judicious use of linkages, rocker bearings, and flexure plates may maintain the parallel direction of loads and reactions. The test specimens shall be prepared to yield a parallelepiped with cross sections that are rectangular, faces that are parallel and flat, and edges that are free from visible flaws and chips.
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4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes.  
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1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of manufactured carbon and graphite articles using a simple beam in four-point loading at room temperature.  
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4.1 Core sampling is an acceptable way of obtaining a test specimen without destroying the usefulness of the electrode.  
4.1.1 Test specimens obtained by this practice can be used by producers and users of graphite electrodes for the purpose of conducting the tests in Note 1 to obtain comparative physical properties.  
4.2 This practice may not provide a test specimen of the appropriate size (with respect to particle size/sample dimension ratios) to allow the determination of absolute property values.
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1.1 This practice was developed for electric-arc furnace graphite electrodes, and covers a procedure and equipment for obtaining core samples from electrodes in a manner that does not destroy the electrode nor prevent its subsequent use as originally intended. However, the minimum electrode diameter, for which extraction of a core sample using this practice does not influence subsequent use, is influenced by the particular application and must be determined by the user. Graphite electrodes for use in electric arc furnaces are usually solid cylinders of graphite with threaded sockets machined in each end.  
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Note 1: The following ASTM standards are noted as sources of useful information: Test Methods C559, C611, C651, C747, C1025, and C1039.  
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ASTM C559-16(2020)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Bulk Density by Physical Measurements of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles

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4.1 Bulk density as determined by this test method is a basic material property of importance in manufacturing and application of carbon and graphite.  
4.2 This test method can be used for quality and process control, material characterization and description, and other purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bulk density of manufactured articles of carbon and graphite of at least 500 mm3 volume. The bulk density is calculated to an accuracy of 0.25 %, using measurements of mass and dimensions in air at 25 °C ± 5 °C.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7972-14(2020)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Three-Point Loading at Room Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a framework for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. The user needs to assess the applicability of the method on the specific material and for the intended use, as shown by the interlaboratory study.  
4.2 This test method determines the maximum loading on a graphite specimen with simple beam geometry in three–point bending, and it provides a means for the calculation of flexural strength at ambient temperature and environmental conditions.  
4.3 The flexure stress is computed based on simple beam theory with assumptions that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and the material is linearly elastic. For materials with large grains, the minimum specimen dimension should be significantly larger than the maximum grain size (see Guide D7775).  
4.4 Flexural strength of a group of test specimens is influenced by several parameters associated with the test procedure. Such factors include the loading rate, test environment, specimen size, specimen preparation, and test fixtures. Specimen sizes and fixtures should be chosen to reduce errors due to material variability or testing parameters, such as friction and non-parallelism of specimen surfaces.  
4.5 The flexural strength of a manufactured graphite or carbon material is dependent on both its inherent resistance to fracture and the size and severity of flaws. Variations in these cause a natural scatter in test results for a sample of test specimens. Fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces, although beyond the scope of this standard, is highly recommended for all purposes, especially if the data will be used for design as discussed in Practices C1239 and C1322.  
4.6 The three-point test configuration exposes only a very small portion of the specimen to the maximum stress. Therefore, three-point flexural strengths are likely to be much greater than four-po...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of manufactured carbon and graphite articles using a square, rectangular or cylindrical beam in three-point loading at room temperature.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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