ASTM E953-23
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Ash
Standard Test Method for Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Ash
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard is for determining the fusibility of ash produced from RDF.
4.2 Limitations of Ash Fusibility Data—Ash fusibility data are often over-interpreted. In practice, types of burning equipment, rate of burning, temperature and thickness of fire bed or ball, distribution of ash forming mineral matter in the RDF, and viscosity of the molten ash may influence ash behavior more than the ash fusibility characteristics determined by the laboratory test. Also, conditions existing during applied combustion of RDF are so complex that they are impossible to duplicate completely in a small-scale laboratory test. Therefore, the analysis should be considered an empirical one and the data only qualitative.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from RDF ash attain and pass through certain stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specific rate in controlled, mildly reducing, and oxidizing atmospheres.
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain comparable results.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E953 − 23
Standard Test Method for
1
Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Ash
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E953; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 The critical temperature points to be observed are as
follows, denoting the atmosphere used:
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the tempera-
3.1.2 fluid temperature, FT—the temperature at which the
tures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from RDF
fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a
ash attain and pass through certain stages of fusing and flow
1
maximum height of 1.6 mm ( ⁄16 in.) as shown in the fifth cone,
when heated at a specific rate in controlled, mildly reducing,
FT, in Fig. 1.
and oxidizing atmospheres.
3.1.3 hemispherical temperature, HT—the temperature at
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of
which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at
the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain repro-
which point the height is one half the width of the base as
ducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain
shown by the fourth cone, HT, in Fig. 1.
comparable results.
3.1.4 initial deformation temperature, IT—the temperature
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
at which the first rounding of the apex of the cone occurs.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
Shrinking or warping of the cone is ignored if the tip remains
only.
sharp. In Fig. 1, the first cone shown is an unheated one; the
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
second cone, IT, is a typical cone at the initial deformation
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
stage.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.5 softening temperature, ST—the temperature at which
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
the cone has fused down to a spherical lump in which the
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
height is equal to the width at the base as shown by the third
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
cone, ST, in Fig. 1.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.2 For definitions of additional terms used in this test
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
method, refer to Terminology D5681.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4. Significance and Use
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.1 This standard is for determining the fusibility of ash
produced from RDF.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: 4.2 Limitations of Ash Fusibility Data—Ash fusibility data
are often over-interpreted. In practice, types of burning
D5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
E829 Practice for Preparing Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) equipment, rate of burning, temperature and thickness of fire
Laboratory Samples for Analysis bed or ball, distribution of ash forming mineral matter in the
RDF, and viscosity of the molten ash may influence ash
3. Terminology
behavior more than the ash fusibility characteristics determined
by the laboratory test. Also, conditions existing during applied
3.1 Definitions:
combustion of RDF are so complex that they are impossible to
duplicate completely in a small-scale laboratory test.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
Therefore, the analysis should be considered an empirical one
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment,
and the data only qualitative.
Recovery and Reuse.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally
5. Apparatus
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E953/E953M – 16.
DOI: 10.1520/E0953-23.
5.1 Furnace—Any gas-fired or electric furnace conforming
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
to the following requirements may be used.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1.1 The furnace shall be capable of maintaining a uniform
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. temperature zone in which to heat the ash cones. This zone
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E953/E953M − 16 E953 − 23
Standard Practice Test Method for
1
Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Ash
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E953/E953M;E953; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from RDF ash attain
and pass through certain stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specific rate in controlled, mildly-reducing, and oxidizing
atmospheres.
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible
temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain concordant results.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
E829 Practice for Preparing Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Laboratory Samples for Analysis
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions and Symbols—The critical temperature points to be observed are as follows, denoting the atmosphere used:
3.2 initial deformation temperature, IT—the temperature at which the first rounding of the apex of the cone occurs. Shrinking or
warping of the cone is ignored if the tip remains sharp. In Fig. 1, the first cone shown is an unheated one; the second cone, IT,
is a typical cone at the initial deformation stage.
1
This practice test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03 on Treatment,
Recovery and Reuse.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2016Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2016November 2023. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20082016
as E953/E953M – 08.E953/E953M – 16. DOI: 10.1520/E0953_E0953M-16.10.1520/E0953-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E953 − 23
FIG. 1 Critical Temperature Points
3.3 softening temperature, ST—the temperature at which the cone has fused down to a spherical lump in which the height is equal
to the width at the base as shown by the third cone, ST, in Fig. 1.
3.4 hemispherical temperature, HT—the temperature at which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at which point
the height is one half the width of the base as shown by the fourth cone, HT, in Fig. 1.
3.5 fluid temperature, FT—the temperature at which the fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a maximum height
1
of 1.6 mm [ ⁄16 in.] as shown in the fifth cone, FT, in Fig. 1.
3.6 For definitions of additional terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D5681.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The standard is available to producers and users of RDF to use in determining the fusibility of ash produced from RDF.
4.2 Limitations of Ash Fusibility Data—Ash fusibility data are too often over-interpreted. In practice, types of burning equipment,
rate of burning, temperature and thickness of fire bed or ball, distribution of ash forming mineral matter in the RDF, and viscosity
of the molten ash may influence ash beha
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.