ASTM C231/C231M-24
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method
Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method covers the determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete. The test determines the air content of freshly mixed concrete exclusive of any air that may exist inside voids within aggregate particles. For this reason, it is applicable to concrete made with relatively dense aggregate particles and requires determination of the aggregate correction factor (see 6.1 and 9.1).
3.2 This test method and Test Method C138/C138M and C173/C173M provide pressure, gravimetric, and volumetric procedures, respectively, for determining the air content of freshly mixed concrete. The pressure procedure of this test method gives substantially the same air contents as the other two test methods for concretes made with dense aggregates.
3.3 The air content of hardened concrete may be either higher or lower than that determined by this test method. This depends upon the methods and amount of consolidation effort applied to the concrete from which the hardened concrete specimen is taken; uniformity and stability of the air bubbles in the fresh and hardened concrete; accuracy of the microscopic examination, if used; time of comparison; environmental exposure; stage in the delivery, placement and consolidation processes at which the air content of the unhardened concrete is determined, that is, before or after the concrete goes through a pump; and other factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete from observation of the change in volume of concrete with a change in pressure.
1.2 This test method is intended for use with concretes and mortars made with relatively dense aggregates for which the aggregate correction factor can be satisfactorily determined by the technique described in Section 6. It is not applicable to concretes made with lightweight aggregates, air-cooled blast-furnace slag, or aggregates of high porosity. In these cases, Test Method C173/C173M should be used. This test method is also not applicable to nonplastic concrete such as is commonly used in the manufacture of pipe and concrete masonry units.
1.3 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C231/C231M − 24
Standard Test Method for
Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure
1
Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C231/C231M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1 This test method covers determination of the air content
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
of freshly mixed concrete from observation of the change in
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
volume of concrete with a change in pressure.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 This test method is intended for use with concretes and
mortars made with relatively dense aggregates for which the 3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
aggregate correction factor can be satisfactorily determined by
C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
the technique described in Section 6. It is not applicable to
Specimens in the Field
concretes made with lightweight aggregates, air-cooled blast-
C138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield,
furnace slag, or aggregates of high porosity. In these cases, Test
and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete
Method C173/C173M should be used. This test method is also
C143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement
not applicable to nonplastic concrete such as is commonly used
Concrete
in the manufacture of pipe and concrete masonry units.
C172/C172M Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Con-
1.3 The text of this test method references notes and crete
C173/C173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed
footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes
and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not Concrete by the Volumetric Method
C192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
be considered as requirements of this standard.
Specimens in the Laboratory
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
C1758/C1758M Practice for Fabricating Test Specimens
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
with Self-Consolidating Concrete
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
with the standard.
3. Significance and Use
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 This test method covers the determination of the air
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
content of freshly mixed concrete. The test determines the air
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
content of freshly mixed concrete exclusive of any air that may
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
exist inside voids within aggregate particles. For this reason, it
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
is applicable to concrete made with relatively dense aggregate
(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic
particles and requires determination of the aggregate correction
and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon
factor (see 6.1 and 9.1).
2
prolonged exposure. )
3.2 This test method and Test Method C138/C138M and
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
C173/C173M provide pressure, gravimetric, and volumetric
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
procedures, respectively, for determining the air content of
freshly mixed concrete. The pressure procedure of this test
1
method gives substantially the same air contents as the other
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
two test methods for concretes made with dense aggregates.
C09.60 on Testing Fresh Concrete.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2024. Published March 2024. Originally
3
approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as C231/C231M – 22. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/C0231_C0231M-24. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing, Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
An
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C231/C231M − 22 C231/C231M − 24
Standard Test Method for
Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure
1
Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C231/C231M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete from observation of the change in volume
of concrete with a change in pressure.
1.2 This test method is intended for use with concretes and mortars made with relatively dense aggregates for which the aggregate
correction factor can be satisfactorily determined by the technique described in Section 6. It is not applicable to concretes made
with lightweight aggregates, air-cooled blast-furnace slag, or aggregates of high porosity. In these cases, Test Method C173/C173M
should be used. This test method is also not applicable to nonplastic concrete such as is commonly used in the manufacture of pipe
and concrete masonry units.
1.3 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns
2
to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure. )
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
C138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.60 on
Testing Fresh Concrete.
Current edition approved June 1, 2022Jan. 1, 2024. Published June 2022March 2024. Originally approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 20172022 as
C231/C231M – 17a. DOI: 10.1520/C0231_C0231M-22.22. DOI: 10.1520/C0231_C0231M-24.
2
Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C231/C231M − 24
C143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete
C172/C172M Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete
C173/C173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method
C192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials
C1758/C1758M Practice for Fabricating Test Specimens with Self-Consolidating Concrete
3. Significance and Use
3.1 This test method covers the determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete. The test determines the air content of
freshly mixed concrete exclusive of any air that may exist inside voids within aggregate particles. For this reason, it is ap
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.