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ASTM E1706-19

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates

Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 General:  
5.1.1 Sediment provides habitat for many aquatic organisms and is a major repository for many of the more persistent chemicals that are introduced into surface waters. In the aquatic environment, most anthropogenic chemicals and waste materials including toxic organic and inorganic chemicals eventually accumulate in sediment. Mounting evidences exists of environmental degradation in areas where USEPA Water Quality Criteria (WQC;  (65)) are not exceeded, yet organisms in or near sediments are adversely affected (66) . The WQC were developed to protect organisms in the water column and were not directed toward protecting organisms in sediment. Concentrations of contaminants in sediment may be several orders of magnitude higher than in the overlying water; however, bulk sediment concentrations have not been strongly correlated to bioavailability (67). Partitioning or sorption of a compound between water and sediment may depend on many factors including: aqueous solubility, pH, redox, affinity for sediment organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon, grain size of the sediment, sediment mineral constituents (oxides of iron, manganese, and aluminum), and the quantity of acid volatile sulfides in sediment  (40, 41). Although certain chemicals are highly sorbed to sediment, these compounds may still be available to the biota. Chemicals in sediments may be directly toxic to aquatic life or can be a source of chemicals for bioaccumulation in the food chain.  
5.1.2 The objective of a sediment test is to determine whether chemicals in sediment are harmful to or are bioaccumulated by benthic organisms. The tests can be used to measure interactive toxic effects of complex chemical mixtures in sediment. Furthermore, knowledge of specific pathways of interactions among sediments and test organisms is not necessary to conduct the tests (68). Sediment tests can be used to:  (1) determine the relationship between toxic effects and bioavailability, (2)  investigate ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for testing freshwater organisms in the laboratory to evaluate the toxicity of contaminants associated with whole sediments. Sediments may be collected from the field or spiked with compounds in the laboratory.  
1.1.1 Test methods are described for two toxicity test organisms, the amphipod Hyalella azteca  (H. azteca) (see 13.1.2) and the midge  Chironomus dilutus  (formerly known as C. tentans; Shobanov et al. 1999.(1) (see 14.1.2). The toxicity tests are conducted for 10 days in 300-mL chambers containing 100 mL of sediment and 175 mL of overlying water. Overlying water is renewed daily and test organisms are fed during the toxicity tests. Endpoints for the 10-day toxicity tests are survival and growth. These test methods describe procedures for testing freshwater sediments; however, estuarine sediments (up to 15 ppt salinity) can also be tested with H. azteca.  In addition to the 10-day toxicity test method outlined in 13.1.2 and 14.1.2, general procedures are also described for conducting 10-day sediment toxicity tests with H. azteca (see 13.1.2) and C. dilutus (see 14.1.2).
Note 1: Morphological comparison of populations of Chironomus (Camptochironomus) tentans(Fabricius) from Europe, Asia, and North America have confirmed cytogenetic evidence that two distinct species inhabit the Palearctic and Nearctic under this name. The Palearctic species is the true C. tentans and the Nearctic populations constitute a new species described under the name Chironomus (Camptochironomus) dilutus (Shobanov et al. 1999 (1).”  
1.1.2 Guidance for conducting sediment toxicity tests is outlined in Annex A1 for Chironomus riparius,  in Annex A2 for Daphnia magna  and Ceriodaphnia dubia,  in Annex A3 for Hexagenia  spp., in Annex A4 for Tubifex tubifex,  and in Annex A5 for the Diporeia  spp. Guidance is also provided in Annex A6 for conducting long-term sediment toxicity tests with H. azteca  ...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2019
ICS
07.100.20 - Microbiology of water
Technical Committee
E50 - Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action
Drafting Committee
E50.47 - Biological Effects and Environmental Fate
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1706-05(2010) - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates (Withdrawn 2019)
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Referred By
ASTM E1439-12(2019) - Standard Guide for Conducting the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX)
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Referred By
ASTM E2552-23 - Standard Guide for Assessing the Environmental and Human Health Impacts of New Compounds for Military Use
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Referred By
ASTM E1563-21a - Standard Guide for Conducting Short-Term Chronic Toxicity Tests with Echinoid Embryos
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Referred By
ASTM E3163-18 - Standard Guide for Selection and Application of Analytical Methods and Procedures Used during Sediment Corrective Action
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Referred By
ASTM E1295-22 - Standard Guide for Conducting Three-Brood, Renewal Toxicity Tests with <emph type="ital">Ceriodaphnia dubia</emph>
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Referred By
ASTM E1391-03(2023) - Standard Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, and Manipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing and for Selection of Samplers Used to Collect Benthic Invertebrates
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Referred By
ASTM E1023-23 - Standard Guide for Assessing the Hazard of a Material to Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Referred By
ASTM E1676-12(2021) - Standard Guide for Conducting Laboratory Soil Toxicity or Bioaccumulation Tests with the Lumbricid Earthworm <emph type="ital">Eisenia Fetida</emph > and the Enchytraeid Potworm <emph type="ital">Enchytraeus albidus</emph >
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Referred By
ASTM E1850-04(2019) - Standard Guide for Selection of Resident Species as Test Organisms for Aquatic and Sediment Toxicity Tests
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Referred By
ASTM E1192-23 - Standard Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Aqueous Ambient Samples and Effluents with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Referred By
ASTM E1367-03(2023) - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Estuarine and Marine Invertebrates
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Referred By
ASTM E1688-19 - Standard Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Referred By
ASTM E1611-21 - Standard Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests with Polychaetous Annelids
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Referred By
ASTM E2122-22 - Standard Guide for Conducting In-situ Field Bioassays With Caged Bivalves
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019

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ASTM E1706-19 - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater InvertebratesASTM E1706-19 - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates
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ASTM E1706-19 - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1706 − 19
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated
1
Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1706; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* tion. Guidance is also provided in Annex A7 for conducting
long-term sediment toxicity tests with C. dilutus by measuring
1.1 This test method covers procedures for testing freshwa-
effects on survival, growth, emergence, and reproduction. 1.6
ter organisms in the laboratory to evaluate the toxicity of
outlines the data that will be needed before test methods are
contaminantsassociatedwithwholesediments.Sedimentsmay
developed from the guidance outlined in Annex A1 to Annex
be collected from the field or spiked with compounds in the
A7 for these test organisms. General procedures described in
laboratory.
Sections1–14 for sediment testing with H. azteca and C.
1.1.1 Test methods are described for two toxicity test
dilutus are also applicable for sediment testing with the test
organisms, the amphipod Hyalella azteca (H. azteca) (see
organisms described in Annex A1 to Annex A7.
13.1.2) and the midge Chironomus dilutus (formerly known as
C. tentans; Shobanov et al. 1999.(1) (see 14.1.2). The toxicity 1.2 Procedures outlined in this test method are based pri-
testsareconductedfor10daysin300-mLchamberscontaining marily on procedures described in the United States Environ-
2
100mLofsedimentand175mLofoverlyingwater.Overlying mental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2-9) , Test Method
water is renewed daily and test organisms are fed during the E1367, and Guides E1391, E1525 and E1688.
toxicity tests. Endpoints for the 10-day toxicity tests are
1.3 Additional research and methods development are now
survival and growth. These test methods describe procedures
in progress to: (1) evaluate additional test organisms, (2)
for testing freshwater sediments; however, estuarine sediments
further evaluate the use of formulated sediment, (3) refine
(up to 15 ppt salinity) can also be tested with H. azteca. In
sediment dilution procedures, (4) refine sediment toxicity
addition to the 10-day toxicity test method outlined in 13.1.2
identification evaluation (TIE) procedures (10), (5) refine
and 14.1.2, general procedures are also described for conduct-
sediment spiking procedures, (6) develop in situ toxicity tests
ing 10-day sediment toxicity tests with H. azteca (see 13.1.2)
to assess sediment toxicity and bioaccumulation under field
and C. dilutus (see 14.1.2).
conditions, (7) evaluate relative sensitivities of endpoints
measured in tests, (8) develop methods for new species, (9)
NOTE 1—Morphological comparison of populations of Chironomus
(Camptochironomus) tentans(Fabricius) from Europe, Asia, and North
evaluate relationships between toxicity and bioaccumulation,
America have confirmed cytogenetic evidence that two distinct species
and (10) produce additional data on confirmation of responses
inhabitthePalearcticandNearcticunderthisname.ThePalearcticspecies
in laboratory tests with natural populations of benthic organ-
isthetrue C. tentansandtheNearcticpopulationsconstituteanewspecies
isms. Some issues that may be considered in interpretation of
describedunderthename Chironomus (Camptochironomus) dilutus(Sho-
test results are the subject of continuing research including the
banov et al. 1999 (1).”
influenceoffeedingonbioavailability,nutritionalrequirements
1.1.2 Guidance for conducting sediment toxicity tests is
of the test organisms, and additional performance criteria for
outlined in Annex A1 for Chironomus riparius, in Annex A2
organism health. See Section 6 for additional detail. This
for Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia, in AnnexA3 for
information will be described in future editions of this stan-
Hexageniaspp.,inAnnexA4for Tubifex tubifex,andinAnnex
dard.
A5 for the Diporeia spp. Guidance is also provided in Annex
A6 for conducting long-term sediment toxicity tests with H. 1.4 The USEPA (2) and Guide E1688 also describes 28-day
aztecabymeasuringeffectsonsurvival,growth,andreproduc-
bioaccumulation methods for the oligochaete Lumbriculus
variegatus.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on 1.5 Results of tests, even those with the same species, using
Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and are the
procedures different from those described in the test method
direct responsibility of Subcommittee E50.47 on Biological Effects and Environ-
may not be comparable and using these different procedures
mental Fate.
Current edit
...

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5.1 Polychaetes are an important component of the benthic community, in which they generally comprise 30 to 50 % of the macroinvertebrate population. They are preyed upon by many species of fish, birds, and larger invertebrate species. Larger polychaetes feed on small invertebrates, larval stages of invertebrates, and algae. Polychaetes are especially sensitive to inorganic toxicants and, to a lesser extent, to organic toxicants (1).4 The ecological importance of polychaetes and their wide geographical distribution, ability to be cultured in the laboratory, and sensitivity to contaminants make them appropriate acute and chronic toxicity test organisms. Their relatively short life cycle enables the investigator to measure the effect of contaminants on reproduction.  
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5.1 An acute toxicity test is conducted to assess the effects of a short term exposure of organisms to a test material under specific experimental conditions. An acute toxicity test does not provide information concerning whether delayed effects will occur and typically evaluates effects on survival. A chronic test is typically longer in duration and includes a sublethal endpoint to assess effects on a population that might occur beyond the exposure period. Because the bivalve embryo development test includes a sublethal endpoint, but is also short in duration, these tests are considered to be short-term chronic tests.  
5.2 Because embryos and larvae are usually assumed to be the most sensitive life stages of these bivalve mollusc species and because these species are commercially and recreationally important, results of these acute tests are often considered to be a good indication of the acceptability of pollutant concentrations to saltwater molluscan species in general. Results of these acute toxicity tests are often assumed to be an important consideration when assessing the hazard of materials to other saltwater organisms (see Guide E1023) or when deriving water quality criteria for saltwater organisms (3) .  
5.3 Results of short-term chronic toxicity tests might be used to predict effects likely to occur to aquatic organisms in field situations as a result of exposure under comparable conditions, except that toxicity to benthic species might depend on sorption or settling of the test material onto the substrate.  
5.4 Results of short-term chronic tests might be used to compare the sensitivities of different species to different test materials, and to determine the effects of various environmental factors on results of such tests.  
5.5 Results of short-term chronic toxicity tests might be useful for studying biological availability of, and structure activity relationships between, test materials.  
5.6 Results of any toxicity test will depend on temper...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the acute effects of a test material on embryos and the resulting larvae of four species of saltwater bivalve molluscs (Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg; eastern oyster,  Crassostrea virginica Gmelin; quahog or hard clam,  Mercenaria mercenaria Linnaeus; and the mussel species complex (Mytilus spp.) including the blue mussel,  Mytilus edulis Linnaeus; the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamark; and the Northern Bay Mussel, Mytilus trossulus Gould) during static 48-h exposures. These procedures will probably be useful for conducting static short-term chronic toxicity tests starting with embryos of other bivalve species (1)2 although modifications might be necessary.  
1.2 Other modifications of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using procedures appropriate to a particular species or special needs and circumstances is more important than following prescribed procedures, results of tests conducted by using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to results of many other tests. Comparison of results obtained by using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information concerning new concepts and procedures for conducting 48-h acute tests starting with embryos of bivalve molluscs.  
1.3 These procedures are applicable to most chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, or known mixtures. With appropriate modifications these procedures can be used to conduct acute tests on temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH and on such materials as aqueous effluents (see also Guide E1192), leachates, oils, particulate matter, sediments, and surface waters. Renewal tests might be preferable to static tests for materials that have a high oxygen demand, are highly volatile, are rapidly biologically or chemically transformed...

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ASTM
ASTM E1193-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Conducting Daphnia magna Life-Cycle Toxicity Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Protection of an aquatic species requires prevention of unacceptable effects on populations in natural habitats. Toxicity tests are conducted to provide data that may be used to predict what changes in numbers and weights of individuals might result from similar exposure to the test material in the natural aquatic environment. Information might also be obtained on the effects of the material on the health of the species.  
5.2 Results of life-cycle tests with D. magna are used to predict chronic effects likely to occur on daphnids in field situations as a result of exposure under comparable conditions.  
5.2.1 Life-cycle tests with D. magna are used to compare the chronic sensitivities of different species, the chronic toxicities of different materials, and study the effects of various environmental factors on the results of such tests.  
5.2.2 Life-cycle tests with D. magna are used to assess the risk of materials to aquatic organisms (see Guide E1023) or derive water quality criteria for aquatic organisms (1).3  
5.2.3 Life-cycle tests with D. magna are used to extrapolate the results of chronic toxicity tests on the same test material with the same species in another water or with another species in the same or a different water. Most such predictions take into account the results of acute toxicity tests, and so the usefulness of the results of a life-cycle test with D. magna may be increased by reporting the results of an acute toxicity test (see Guide E729) conducted under the same conditions. In addition to conducting an acute toxicity test with unfed D. magna, it may be relevant to conduct an acute test in which the daphnids are fed the same as in the life-cycle test to see if the presence of that concentration of that food affects the results of the acute test and the acute-chronic ratio (ACR) (see 10.3.1).  
5.2.4 Life-cycle tests are used to evaluate the biological availability of, and structure-activity relationships between, test materials and t...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the adverse effects of a test material (added to dilution water, but not to food) on Daphnia magna Straus, 1820, during continuous exposure throughout a life-cycle using the renewal or flow-through techniques. These procedures also should be useful for conducting life-cycle toxicity tests with other invertebrate species and cladocerans from the same genus (for example, Daphnia pulex), although modifications might be necessary.  
1.2 These procedures are applicable to most chemicals, either individually or in formulations, commercial products, or known mixtures. With appropriate modifications, these procedures can be used to conduct tests on temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and on such materials as aqueous effluents (also see Guide E1192), leachates, oils, particulate matter, sediments, and surface waters. The technique, (renewal or flow-through), will be selected based on the chemical characteristics of the test material such as high oxygen demand, volatility, susceptibility to transformation (biologically or chemically), or sorption to glass.  
1.3 Modification of these procedures might be justified by special needs or circumstances. Although using appropriate procedures is more important than following prescribed procedures, results of tests conducted using unusual procedures are not likely to be comparable to results of standard test procedures. Comparison of results obtained using modified and unmodified versions of these procedures might provide useful information on new concepts and procedures for conducting life-cycle toxicity tests with D. magna. Appendix X3 provides modifications for conducting the chronic toxicity test method with D. pulex Leydig, 1860.  
1.4 This guide is arranged as follows:    
Section  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Guide  
4  
Si...

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ASTM
ASTM E1706-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sediment provides habitat for many aquatic organisms and is a major repository for many of the more persistent chemicals that are introduced into surface waters. In the aquatic environment, most anthropogenic chemicals and waste materials including toxic organic and inorganic chemicals can accumulate in sediment, which can in turn serve as a source of exposure for organisms living on or in sediment. Contaminated sediments may be directly toxic to aquatic life or can be a source of contaminants for bioaccumulation in the food chain.  
5.2 The objective of a sediment test is to determine whether chemicals in sediment are harmful to or are bioaccumulated by benthic organisms. The tests can be used to measure interactive toxic effects of complex chemical mixtures in sediment. Furthermore, knowledge of specific pathways of interactions among sediments and test organisms is not necessary to conduct the tests. Sediment tests can be used to: (1) determine the relationship between toxic effects and bioavailability, (2) investigate interactions among chemicals, (3) compare the sensitivities of different organisms, (4) determine spatial and temporal distribution of contamination, (5) evaluate hazards of dredged material, (6) measure toxicity as part of product licensing or safety testing, (7) rank areas for clean up, and (8) estimate the effectiveness of remediation or management practices.  
5.3 Results of toxicity tests on sediments spiked at different concentrations of chemicals can be used to establish cause and effect relationships between chemicals and biological responses. Results of toxicity tests with test materials spiked into sediments at different concentrations may be reported in terms of a LC50 (median lethal concentration), an EC50 (median effect concentration), an IC50 (inhibition concentration), or as a NOEC (no observed effect concentration) or LOEC (lowest observed effect concentration). However, spiked sediment may not be representative of chemicals a...
SCOPE
1.1 Relevance of Sediment Contamination—Sediment provides habitat for many aquatic organisms and is a major repository for many of the more persistent chemicals that are introduced into surface waters. In the aquatic environment, both organic and inorganic chemicals may accumulate in sediment, which can in turn serve as a source of exposure for organisms living on or in sediment. Contaminated sediments may be directly toxic to aquatic life or can be a source of contaminants for bioaccumulation in the food chain.  
1.2 Sediment Assessment Tools—Several types of information may be useful in assessing the risk, or potential risk, posed by sediment contaminants, including: (1) chemical analysis of sediment contaminants; (2) sediment toxicity tests, (3) bioaccumulation tests; and (4) surveys of benthic community structure. Each of these provides a different type of information to the assessment, and integrating information from all four lines of evidence may often provide the most robust assessments.  
1.3 Strengths of Toxicity Testing of Contaminated Sediments—Directly assessing the toxicity of contaminated sediments provides some of the same advantages to sediment assessment that whole effluent toxicity testing provides to management of industrial and municipal effluents. As for effluent tests, direct testing of sediment toxicity allows the assessment of biological effects even if: (1) the identities of toxic chemicals present are not (or not completely) known; (2) the influence of site-specific characteristics of sediments on toxicity (bioavailability) is not understood; and (3) the interactive or aggregate effects of mixtures of chemicals present are not known or cannot be adequately predicted. In addition, testing the response of benthic or epibenthic organisms exposed via sediment provides an assessment that is based on the same routes of exposure that would exist in nature, rather than only through water column expos...

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ASTM
ASTM D8516-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Quantification of Culturable Waterborne Bacteria Using a Defined Culture Medium Coated Plate

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This plate format is useful for the routine monitoring of culturable, waterborne bacteria in potable and non-potable waters. The significance of finding these bacteria can help with identifying water quality or water system problems or evaluate compliance with maintenance protocols. This test method uses small volumes of water, or dilutions thereof, and provides an easy and reliable method that eliminates media preparation and reduces laboratory waste.
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1.1 This test method describes a simple procedure for the quantification of culturable, waterborne bacteria in potable water (drinking water, bottled water, and dental water, for example) and non-potable waters (cooling towers, for example).  
1.1.1 The EasyDisc2, 3 plate format is designed to test 1 mL of a water sample on a 47 mm gridded plate containing a growth reagent embedded to the plate’s inner surface.  
1.1.2 Detection is based on colorimetric technology in which viable, aerobic, heterotrophic, waterborne bacteria grow when present in the water sample, displaying a color reaction which allows for a simplified visualization of colony growth.  
1.2 Each plate can accurately detect up to 300 colony forming units per 1 mL (CFU/1 mL) of sample. To increase the quantification range, a sample dilution can be used. Adjust the CFU/mL result to reflect dilutions.  
1.3 This test method can be used for potable (for example, drinking, bottled, and dental) waters and non-potable waters such as cooling tower waters. It is the user’s responsibility to adhere to all requirements by local regulations and ensure the validity of this test method for waters other than those tested as part of the Interlaboratory Study (ILS).  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1023-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Assessing the Hazard of a Material to Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Adverse effects on natural populations of aquatic organisms and their uses have demonstrated the need to assess the hazards of many new, and some presently used, materials. The process described herein will help producers, users, regulatory agencies, and others to efficiently and adequately compare alternative materials, completely assess a final candidate material, or reassess the hazard of a material already in use.  
5.2 Sequential assessment and feedback allow appropriate judgments concerning efficient use of resources, thereby minimizing unnecessary testing and focusing effort on the information most pertinent to each material. For different materials and situations, assessment of hazard will appropriately be based on substantially different amounts and kinds of biological, chemical, physical, and toxicological data.  
5.3 Assessment of the hazard of a material to aquatic organisms and their uses should never be considered complete for all time. Reassessment should be considered if the amount of production, use, or disposal increases, new uses are discovered, or new information on biological, chemical, physical, or toxicological properties becomes available. Periodic review will help assure that new circumstances and information receive prompt appropriate attention.  
5.4 If there is substantial transformation to another material, the hazard of both materials may need to be assessed.  
5.5 In many cases, consideration of adverse effects should not end with completion of the hazard assessment. Additional steps should often include risk assessment, decisions concerning acceptability of identified hazards and risks, and mitigative actions.  
5.6 Because this practice deals mostly with adverse effects on aquatic organisms and their uses, it is important that mitigative actions, such as improved treatment of aqueous effluents, not result in unacceptable effects on non-aquatic organisms. Thus, this standard should be used with other information in order to a...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes a stepwise process for using information concerning the biological, chemical, physical, and toxicological properties of a material to identify adverse effects likely to occur to aquatic organisms and their uses as a result of release of the material to the environment. The material will usually be a specific chemical, although it might be a group of chemicals that have very similar biological, chemical, physical, and toxicological properties and are usually produced, used, and discarded together.  
1.2 The hazard assessment process is complex and requires decisions at a number of points; thus, the validity of a hazard assessment depends on the soundness of those decisions, as well as the accuracy of the information used. All decisions should be based on reasonable worst-case analyses so that an appropriate assessment can be completed for the least cost that is consistent with scientific validity.  
1.3 This guide assumes that the reader is knowledgeable in aquatic toxicology and related pertinent areas. A list of general references is provided (1).2  
1.4 This guide does not describe or reference detailed procedures for estimating or measuring environmental concentrations, or procedures for determining the maximum concentration of test material that is acceptable in the food of predators of aquatic life. However, this guide does describe how such information should be used when assessing the hazard of a material to aquatic organisms and their uses.  
1.5 Because assessment of hazard to aquatic organisms and their uses is a relatively new activity within aquatic toxicology, most of the guidance provided herein is qualitative rather than quantitative. When possible, confidence limits should be calculated and taken into account.  
1.6 This guide provides guidance for assessing hazard but does not provide guidance on how to take into account social considerations in order to judge the acceptabil...

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