ASTM D1857-04

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Designation:D1857–04
Standard Test Method for
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Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1857; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the tempera-
tures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal
and coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of
fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled,
mildly reducing, and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres. FIG. 1 Critical Temperature Points
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of
the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain repro-
which point the height is one half the width of the base as
ducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain
shown by the fourth cone, HT, in Fig. 1.
concordant results.
3.1.4 initial deformation temperature, IT—the temperature
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
at which the first rounding of the apex of the cone occurs.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
Shrinkage or warping of the cone ignored if the tip remains
only.
sharp. In Fig. 1, the first cone shown is an unheated one; the
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
secondconeITisatypicalconeattheinitialdeformationstage.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.5 softening temperature, ST—the temperature at which
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the cone has fused down to a spherical lump in which the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
height is equal to the width at the base as shown by the third
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
cone, ST, in Fig. 1.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Significance and Use
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 Design of most coal combustion and coal conversion
D2013 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis
equipment anticipates that the ash either remain solid or
D3174 Test Method forAsh in theAnalysis Sample of Coal
assume some degree of fluidity, depending on the particular
and Coke from Coal
design.Ash fusibility temperatures predict whether the ash will
perform properly in the process for which the coal was chosen.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
5. Apparatus and Materials
3.1.1 The critical temperature points to be observed are as
5.1 Furnace—Any gas-fired or electric furnace conforming
follows, denoting the atmosphere used:
to the following requirements may be used:
3.1.2 fluid temperature, FT—the temperature at which the
5.1.1 Capable of maintaining a uniform temperature zone in
fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a
which to heat the ash cones. This zone shall be such that the
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maximum height of 1.6 mm ( ⁄16 in.) as shown by the fifth
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difference in the melting point of 12.7-mm ( ⁄2-in.) pieces of
cone, FT, in Fig. 1.
pure gold wire when mounted in place of the ash cones on the
3.1.3 hemispherical temperature, HT—the temperature at
cone support shall be not greater than 11°C (20°F) in a
which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at
reducing atmosphere test run.
5.1.2 Capable of maintaining the desired atmosphere sur-
rounding the cones during heating. The composition of the
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal
atmosphere, reducing or oxidizing, shall be maintained within
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of D05.21 on Methods of Analysis.
the limits specified in Section 6. The desired atmosphere in the
Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approved
1961.Lastpreviouseditionapproved2003asD1857 – 03.DOI:10.1520/D1857-04.
gas-fired furnace surrounding the cones shall be obtained by
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For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
regulation of the ratio of gas to air in the combustion mixture.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
The desired atmosphere in the electric furnace shall be ob-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. tained by means of gases introduced into the heating chamber.
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D1857–04
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