ASTM F1930-23

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F1930 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of Flame-Resistant Clothing for Protection
Against Fire Simulations Using an Instrumented Manikin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1930; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope conversions to inch-pound units or other units commonly used
for thermal testing. If appropriate, round the non-SI units for
1.1 This test method is used to provide predicted human
convenience.
skin burn injury for single-layer garments or protective cloth-
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ing ensembles mounted on a stationary upright instrumented
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
manikin which are then exposed in a laboratory to a simulated
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
fire environment having controlled heat flux, flame
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
distribution, and duration. The average exposure heat flux is 84
2 2
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
kW/m (2 cal ⁄s·cm ), with durations up to 20 s.
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-
1.2 The visual and physical changes to the single-layer
guards for personnel and property shall be employed in
garment or protective clothing ensemble are recorded to aid in
conducting these tests.
understanding the overall performance of the garment or
1.10 This international standard was developed in accor-
protective clothing ensemble and how the predicted human
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
skin burn injury results can be interpreted.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.3 The skin burn injury prediction is based on a limited
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
number of experiments where the forearms of human subjects
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
were exposed to elevated thermal conditions. This forearm
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
information for skin burn injury is applied uniformly to the
entire body of the manikin, except the hands and feet. The
2. Referenced Documents
hands and feet are not included in the skin burn injury
2.1 ASTM Standards:
prediction.
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
1.4 The measurements obtained and observations noted can
D1835 Specification for Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases
only apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) tested
D3776/D3776M Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area
using the specified heat flux, flame distribution, and duration.
(Weight) of Fabric
D5219 Terminology Relating to Body Dimensions for Ap-
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame parel Sizing
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate
ASTM Test Methods
all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the
E457 Test Method for Measuring Heat-Transfer Rate Using
materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
a Thermal Capacitance (Slug) Calorimeter
1.6 This method is not a fire test response test method.
E511 Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Copper-
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Constantan Circular Foil, Heat-Flux Transducer
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Personal
Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F23.80 on Flame and Thermal. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2023. Published June 2023. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as F1930 – 18. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI:10.1520/F1930-23. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1930 − 23
E2683 Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using Flush- 3.2.3 flame distribution, n—in the fire testing of clothing, a
Mounted Insert Temperature-Gradient Gages spatial distribution of incident flames from burners to provide
F1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing
a controlled heat flux over the surface area of the manikin.
2.2 AATCC Standards:
3.2.4 heat flux, n—the heat flow rate through a surface of
Test Method 135 Dimensional Changes of Fabrics after
unit area perpendicular to the direction of heat flow (kW/m )
Home Laundering
(cal/s·cm ).
Test Method 158 Dimensional Changes on Dry-Cleaning in
3.2.4.1 Discussion—Two different heat fluxes are referred to
Perchloroethylene: Machine Method
in this test method: incident and absorbed. The incident heat
2.3 Canadian Standards:
flux refers to the energy striking the nude manikin, or the
CAN/CGSB-4.2 No. 58-M90 Textile Test Methods Color-
exterior of the test specimen when mounted on the manikin,
fastness and Dimensional Change in Domestic Launder-
during flame engulfment. The absorbed heat flux refers to only
ing of Textiles
the portion of the incident heat flux which is absorbed by each
CAN/CGSB-3.14 M88 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane)
thermal energy sensor based on its absorption characteristics.
The incident heat flux is used in setting the required exposure
2.4 NFPA Standards:
conditions, while the absorbed heat flux is used in calculating
NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code, 2009 Edition
the predicted skin burn injury.
NFPA 58 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code 2008 Edition
NFPA 85 Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code,
3.2.5 instrumented manikin, n—in the fire testing of
2007 Edition
clothing, a structure designed and constructed to represent an
NFPA 86 Standard for Ovens and Furnaces, 1999 Edition
adult-size human and which is fitted with thermal energy (heat
flux) sensors at its surface.
3. Terminology
3.2.5.1 Discussion—The manikin is fabricated to specified
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, use the
dimensions from a high-temperature-resistant material (see
following documents. For terms related to textiles, refer to
6.1). The instrumented manikin used in fire testing of clothing
Terminology D123; for terms related to protective clothing,
is fitted with at least 100 thermal energy sensors, distributed
refer to Terminology F1494; and for terms related to body
over the manikin surface. The feet and hands are not normally
dimensions, refer to Terminology D5219.
fitted with sensors. If the feet and hands are equipped with
sensors, it is up to the user to define a procedure to interpret the
3.2 Definitions:
results.
3.2.1 burn injury, n—thermal damage which occurs to
human skin at various depths and is a function of local
3.2.6 predicted second-degree burn injury, n—a calculated
temperature and time.
second-degree burn injury to skin based on measurements
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Burn injury in human tissue occurs
made with a thermal energy sensor.
when the tissue is heated above a critical temperature (44 °C
3.2.6.1 Discussion—For the purposes of this standard, pre-
(317.15 K or 111 °F)). Thermal burn damage to human tissue
dicted second-degree burn injury is defined by the burn injury
depends on the magnitude of the temperature rise above the
model parameters (see Section 12 and Appendix X1). Some
critical value and the duration that the temperature is above the
laboratories have unequally spaced sensors and assign an area
critical value. Thus, damage can occur during both the heating
to each sensor over which the same burn injury prediction is
and cooling phases of an exposure. The degree of burn injury
assumed to occur; others, with equally spaced sensors, have
(second or third degree) depends on the maximum depth within
equal areas for each sensor.
the skin layers to which tissue damage occurs. The first-degree
burn injury is considered minor relative to second-degree and
3.2.7 predicted third-degree burn injury, n—a calculated
third-degree burn injuries. It is not included in the evaluation of
third-degree burn injury to skin based on measurements made
test specimens in this test method (see Appendix X1).
with a thermal energy sensor.
3.2.2 fire exposure, n—in the fire testing of clothing, the fire 3.2.7.1 Discussion—For the purposes of this standard, pre-
exposure is a propane-air diffusion flame with a controlled heat dicted third-degree burn injury is defined by the burn injury
flux and spatial distribution, engulfing the manikin for a model parameters (see Section 12 and Appendix X1). Some
controlled duration. laboratories have unequally spaced sensors and assign an area
3.2.2.1 Discussion—The flames are generated by propane to each sensor over which the same burn injury prediction is
jet diffusion burners. Each burner produces a reddish-orange
assumed to occur; others, with equally spaced sensors, have
flame with accompanying black smoke (soot).
equal areas for each sensor.
3.2.8 predicted total burn injury, n—in the fire testing of
clothing, the manikin surface area represented by all thermal
Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
energy sensors registering a predicted second-degree or pre-
(AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http://
dicted third-degree burn injury, expressed as a percentage (see
www.aatcc.org.
13.5).
Available from Standards Council of Canada, Suite 1200, 45 O’Conor St.,
Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6N7.
3.2.9 second-degree burn injury, n—complete necrosis (liv-
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org. ing cell death) of the epidermis skin layer (see Appendix X1).
F1930 − 23
3.2.10 thermal energy sensor, n—a device which produces computer-based data acquisition system is used to store the
an output suitable for calculating incident and absorbed heat time varying output from the sensors over a preset time
fluxes. interval.
3.2.10.1 Discussion—Types of sensors which have been
4.4 Computer software uses the stored data to calculate the
used successfully include slug calorimeters, surface and buried
incident heat flux and the absorbed heat flux and their variation
temperature measurements, and circular foil heat flux gauges.
with time for each sensor. The calculated absorbed heat flux
Some types of sensors approximate the thermal inertia of
and its variation with time is used to calculate the temperature
human skin and some do not. The known sensors in current use
within human skin and subcutaneous layers (adipose) as a
have relatively small detection areas. An assumption is made
function of time. The temperature history within the skin and
for the purposes of this method that thermal energy measured
subcutaneous layers (adipose) is used to predict the onset and
in these small areas can be extrapolated to larger surrounding
severity of human skin burn injury. The computer software
surface areas so that the overall manikin surface can be
calculates the predicted second-degree and predicted third-
approximated by a minimum number of sensors. The resulting
degree burn injury and the total predicted burn injury resulting
sensor-predicted burn injury applies to the extrapolated cover-
from the exposure.
age area. Some laboratories assign different coverage areas to
4.5 The overall percentage of predicted second-degree,
each sensor over which the same burn injury prediction is
predicted third-degree, and predicted total burn injury is
assumed to apply; others, with equally spaced sensors, have
calculated by dividing the total number of sensors indicating
equal areas for each sensor (see 6.2.2.1).
each of these conditions by the total number of sensors on the
3.2.11 thermal protection, n—the property that characterizes
manikin. Alternately, the overall percentages are calculated
the overall performance of a garment or protective clothing using sensor area-weighted techniques for facilities with non-
ensemble relative to how it retards thermal energy that is
uniform sensor coverage. A reporting is also made of the above
sufficient to cause a predicted second-degree or predicted conditions where the areas that are not covered by the test
third-degree burn injury.
specimen are excluded (see 13.5.1 and 13.5.2). This test
method does not include the ~12 % of body surface area
3.2.11.1 Discussion—Thermal protection of a garment or
represented by the unsensored manikin feet and hands. No
ensemble and the consequential predicted burn injury (second-
corrections are applied for their exclusion.
degree and third-degree), is quantified from the response of the
thermal energy sensors and use of a skin burn injury prediction
4.6 The visual and physical changes to the test specimen are
model. In addition to the calculated results, the physical
recorded to aid in understanding overall performance and how
response and degradation of the garment or protective clothing
the resulting burn injury results can be interpreted.
ensemble is an observable phenomenon useful in understand-
4.7 Identification of the test specimen, test conditions,
ing garment or protective clothing ensemble thermal protec-
comments and remarks about the test purpose, and response of
tion.
the test specimen to the exposure are recorded and are included
3.2.12 third-degree burn injury, n—complete necrosis (liv-
as part of the report.
ing cell death) of the epidermis and dermis skin layers (see
4.8 The performance of the test specimen is indicated by the
Appendix X1).
calculated burn injury area, expressed as a percentage, and
subjective observations of material response to the test expo-
4. Summary of Test Method
sure.
4.1 This test method covers quantitative measurements and
4.9 Appendix X1 contains a general description of human
subjective observations that characterize the performance of
burn injury, its calculation, and historical notes.
single-layer garments or protective clothing ensembles
mounted on a stationary upright instrumented manikin. The
5. Significance and Use
conditioned test specimen is placed on the instrumented
5.1 Use this test method to measure the thermal protection
manikin at ambient atmospheric conditions and exposed to a
provided by different materials, garments, clothing ensembles,
propane-air diffusion flame with controlled heat flux, flame
and systems when exposed to a specified fire (see 3.2.2, 3.2.3,
distribution, and duration. The average incident heat flux is
2 2
4.1, and 10.4).
84 kW ⁄m (2 cal/s·cm ), with durations up to 20 s.
5.1.1 This test method does not simulate high radiant
4.2 The test procedure, data acquisition, calculation of
exposures, for example, those found in electric arc flash
results, and preparation of parts of the test report are performed
exposures, some types of fire exposures where liquid or solid
with computer hardware and software programs. The complex-
fuels are involved, nor exposure to nuclear explosions.
ity of the test method requires a high degree of technical
5.2 This test method provides a measurement of garment
expertise in the test setup and operation of the instrumented
and clothing ensemble performance on a stationary upright
manikin and the associated data collection and analysis soft-
manikin of specified dimensions. This test method is used to
ware.
provide predicted skin burn injury for a specific garment or
4.3 Thermal energy transferred through and from the test protective clothing ensemble when exposed to a laboratory
specimen during and after the exposure is measured by thermal simulation of a fire. It does not establish a pass/fail for material
energy sensors located at the surface of the manikin. A performance.
F1930 − 23
5.2.1 This test method is not intended to be a quality 6.1.2 The manikin shall be constructed of flame-resistant,
assurance test. The results do not constitute a material’s thermally stable, nonmetallic materials which will not contrib-
performance specification. ute fuel to the combustion process. A flame-resistant, thermally
5.2.2 The effects of body position and movement are not stable, glass fiber-reinforced vinyl ester resin at least 3 mm
addressed in this test method. ( ⁄8 in.) thick has proven effective.
5.3 The measurement of the thermal protection provided by 6.2 Apparatus for Burn Injury Assessment:
clothing is complex and dependent on the apparatus and 6.2.1 Thermal Energy Sensors—Each sensor shall have the
techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope capacity to measure the incident heat flux over a range from 0.0
2 2
to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Depar- to 165 kW/m (0.0 to 4.0 cal/s·cm ). This range permits the use
tures from the instructions in this test method have the potential of the sensors to set the exposure level by directly exposing the
to lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowl- instrumented manikin to the controlled fire in a test without the
edge concerning the theory of heat transfer and testing prac- test specimen and also have the capability to measure the heat
tices is needed to evaluate if, and which departures from the transfer to the manikin when covered with a test specimen.
instructions given in this test method are significant. Standard- 6.2.1.1 The sensors shall be constructed of a material with
ization of the test method reduces, but does not eliminate, the known thermal and physical characteristics that shall be used to
need for such technical knowledge. Report any departures
indicate the time varying heat flux received by the sensors.
along with the results. Types of sensors which have been used successfully include
slug calorimeters, surface and buried temperature
6. Apparatus
measurements, and circular foil heat flux gauges. Some types
of sensors approximate the thermal inertia of human skin and
6.1 Instrumented Manikin—An upright manikin with speci-
some do not. The minimum response time for the thermal
fied dimensions that represents an adult human form shall be
energy sensor-data acquisition system shall be ≤0.2 s.
used (see Fig. 1).
6.1.1 Size and Shape—The manikin shall be constructed
NOTE 1—Technical information on the different types of sensors can be
with a head, neck, chest/back, abdomen/buttocks, arms, hands,
found in Test Methods E457, E511, and E2683.
legs, and feet. The manikin’s dimensions shall correspond to
6.2.1.2 The sensor surface shall have an absorptivity of at
those required for standard sizes of garments because devia-
least 0.9. Coating the sensor with a thin layer of flat black,
tions in fit will affect the results. A male manikin consisting of
high-temperature paint with an absorptivity of at least 0.9 has
the sizes given in Table 1 has been found satisfactory to
been found effective.
evaluate garments or protective ensembles. The sizes for a
6.2.2 Manikin Thermal Energy Sensor Layout—A minimum
female manikin have not yet been set.
of 100 thermal energy sensors shall be used. The percentage
distribution is given in Table 2. They shall be distributed as
uniformly as possible within each area on the manikin.
6.2.2.1 It is acceptable to have the sensor layout as one of
uniform spacing or of nonuniform spacing. With uniform
spacing, each sensor is located in the center of an area, the
areas being of uniform size over the surface of the manikin.
The nonuniform spacing results in sensors being located in the
center of an area, but the areas are not uniform over the surface
of the manikin. With the nonuniform spacing, laboratories shall
report area-weighted values of predicted second-degree, pre-
dicted third-degree, and predicted total burn injury and the
percentages as required in 13.5. Laboratories shall state the
basis on which the calculations are made.
6.3 Apparatus for Calibration of the Thermal Energy Sen-
sors:
6.3.1 Energy Sources—Pure radiant or a combination
convective-radiant energy source has been found effective for
these calibrations.
6.3.1.1 Understanding the interaction between the energy
source and the thermal energy sensor is critical to obtaining
accurate calibrations. If the temperature of either the source or
Krylon #1618 BBQ and Stove, Krylon #1316 Sandable Primer, and Krylon
#1614 High Heat and Radiator Paint have been found to be effective. See ASTM
NOTE 1—Only six of eight burners are shown.
Study “Evaluation of Black Paint and Calorimeters used for Electric Arc Testing,”
ASTM contract #F18-103601, Kinectrics Report:8046-003-RC-0001-R00, August
FIG. 1 Schematic of Instrumented Manikin and Burner Placement 22, 2000.
F1930 − 23
TABLE 1 Measurements for Male Manikin
Measurement Location Centimetres Inches
Height 180.3 ± 1.3 71 ± 0.5
Chest circumference at largest value (chest girth) 102.9 ± 1.9 40.5 ± 0.75
Center of base of rear neck to wrist measured across shoulder and along outside of arm (cervicale 79.4 ± 2.5 31.25 ± 1.0
to wrist length)
Top of shoulder to wrist along arm (arm length). 61 ± 2.5 24 ± 1.0
Arm circumference at largest diameter between shoulder and elbow (upper-arm girth) 30.5 ± 0.6 12 ± 0.25
Waist circumference at narrowest position (waist girth) 85 ± 1.3 33.5 ± 0.5
Crotch to heel along the inside of the leg (crotch height minus ankle height) 86.4 ± 2.5 34 ± 1.0
Hips circumference at the largest dimension (hip girth) 101.6 ± 1.9 40 ± 0.75
Base of center of rear neck to waist (center back waist length) 42.5 ± 1.9 16.75 ± 0.75
Waist to base of heel (waist height) 115.6 ± 5.0 45.5 ± 2.0
Thigh circumference at largest dimension between crotch and knee (thigh girth) 58.4 ± 1.3 23 ± 0.5
TABLE 2 Percentage Area of Male Manikin Form Represented by
6.5 Software Programs:
Sensors
6.5.1 Logging of Recorded Data—The software shall log the
Body Area Percent
output from the thermal energy sensors in identifiable files for
Head 7
A
the preset time at or above the minimum specified data
Trunk 40
Arms 16
acquisition rate.
Thighs 22
6.5.2 Heat Flux Calculations—The software shall convert
Lower legs/Shanks 15
Hands/Feet 0
the recorded thermal sensor outputs into a measured heat flux
Total 100
using a method appropriate for the thermal energy sensor
A
The trunk of the body includes the back, buttocks, chest, and pelvic areas.
design. This shall include accounting for the heat losses from
the surface and sides of the sensor, as appropriate.
6.5.2.1 Incident Heat Flux—The incident heat flux at each
the sensor changes during calibration, this will affect the
sample point for each thermal energy sensor shall be calculated
energy transfer to the sensor and the resulting calibration.
using the calibration characteristics determined in 10.2. These
6.3.2 Calibration Heat Flux Sensor—A traceable heat flux
values shall be stored for use in calculating the average
measuring device used to confirm the output of the energy
incident heat flux and its standard deviation for nude exposures
source used to calibrate the thermal energy sensors over a
as required in 10.4.
range of heat fluxes.
6.5.2.2 Absorbed Heat Flux—Using the absorption charac-
6.3.2.1 Understanding the interaction between the energy
source and the calibration heat flux sensor is critical to teristics of the thermal energy sensors, calculate and store the
obtaining accurate calibrations. Different calibration heat flux absorbed heat flux for each sensor for each sample point.
sensor designs respond differently to different modes of heat
6.5.3 Burn Injury Calculations—The computer software
transfer. For example, a thin foil or Gardon heat flux gauge
program used shall have the capability of using the calculated
responds well to pure radiant heat transfer, but not convection
time-dependent absorbed heat flux files to calculate the tem-
heat transfer. Schmidt-Boelter gauges respond well to both
peratures within the skin and subcutaneous layers (adipose) as
modes of heat transfer.
a function of depth and time, and calculating the time when a
6.3.3 The calibrations determined in 10.2 for each thermal
predicted second-degree or third-degree burn injury will occur
energy sensor shall be recorded and the most recent calibration
for each sensor utilizing a skin burn injury model. The total
results used to carry out the burn injury analysis.
predicted burn injury and the percentage predicted burn injury
shall be calculated using only the sensors having a calculated
6.4 Data Acquisition Hardware—A system shall be pro-
vided with the capability of acquiring and storing the results of second-degree and third-degree burn injury. The calculation
the measurement from each sensor at least five times per requirements of this program are identified in Section 12.
second for the data acquisition period.
6.5.3.1 The computer software program shall, as a
6.4.1 The data acquisition rate of five readings per second
minimum, calculate the predicted skin burn injury at the
from each sensor is the minimum necessary to obtain adequate
epidermis/dermis interface and the dermis/subcutaneous (adi-
data. Higher sampling rates are desirable during the flame
pose) interface (see Section 12 and Appendix X1).
exposure period. Laboratories sample up to ten samples per
6.5.4 Burn Injury Assessment—The area-weighted sum of
sensor during this period. The minimum rate of five samples
the sensors that received sufficient energy to result in a
per second per sensor is adequate after the flame exposure. The
predicted second-degree burn shall be the predicted second-
accuracy of the measurement system shall be less than 2 % of
degree burn assessment. The area-weighted sum of the sensors
the reading or 61.0 °C (61.8 °F) for temperature measure-
that received sufficient energy to result in a predicted third-
ments.
degree burn shall be the predicted third-degree burn assess-
ment. The area-weighted sum of all sensors registering a
second-degree or third-degree burn injury shall be the total
7 predicted burn injury resulting from the exposure to the fire
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) or similar standards
body. condition.
F1930 − 23
6.5.4.1 The calculated results report the burn injury assess- apparatus. Examples of these safety devices, detectors, and
ment as a percentage (%) based on the total number of sensors suppression systems include propane gas detectors, motion
(entire manikin) and the total covered by the test specimen only detectors, door closure detectors, handheld fire extinguishers,
(see 13.5). For manikin systems that do not have a uniformly and any other devices necessary to meet the requirements of
spaced sensor layout, the laboratory shall area weight the local codes. A water deluge system and an interlocked “LEL/
results. Exhaust” system have been found effective. LEL is the Lower
Explosion Limit. For pure propane gas in air, the value is 2.1 %
6.5.5 Additional Computer Software Requirements—In ad-
dition to monitoring and controlling the operation of the fire, by volume (1).
data acquisition systems, and carrying out the incident heat 6.6.5.1 Additional information on safety devices is available
flux, absorbed heat flux, and skin burn injury calculations, the from NFPA 54 and NFPA 85 or equivalent local standards.
computer software shall be used to prepare some of the
6.7 Fuel and Delivery System—The chamber shall be
materials for the report, sensors calibrations, etc. Appendix X2
equipped with fuel supply, delivery, and burner systems to
is a list of recommended safety, control, data acquisition,
provide reproducible fire exposures.
calculation, report preparation, and supporting programs.
6.7.1 Fuel—The propane fuel used in the system shall be
6.6 Exposure Chamber—A ventilated, fire-resistant enclo- from a liquefied petroleum (LP) gas supply with sufficient
sure with viewing windows and access door(s) shall be purity and constancy to provide a uniform exposure.
provided to contain the manikin and exposure apparatus.
NOTE 2—Fuels meeting the HD-5 specifications (See Specification
6.6.1 Exposure Chamber Size—The chamber size shall be
D1835, CAN/CGSB 3.14 M88, or equivalent) have been found satisfac-
sufficient to provide a uniform flame engulfment of the
tory. Liquefied petroleum (LP) gas is commonly referred to as propane
fuel or propane gas. “Propane gas” are the words used in this standard to
manikin and shall have sufficient space to allow safe movement
identify the LP gas.
around the manikin for dressing without accidentally jarring
and displacing the burners. The minimum interior dimensions
6.7.2 Delivery System—A system of piping, pressure
of the chamber shall be 2.1 by 2.1 by 2.4 m (7.0 by 7.0 by regulators, valves, and pressure sensors, including a double
8.0 ft). There is no limitation on a maximum chamber size,
block and bleed burner management scheme (see NFPA 58) or
provided the operators are safely isolated from the chamber similar system consistent with local codes, shall be provided to
during and after the exposure, when combustion products and
safely deliver gaseous propane to the ignition system and
toxic gases are likely to be present. All chambers and burner exposure burners. This delivery system shall be sufficient to
systems shall meet the requirements in 4.1 and 10.4 in repeated
provide an average heat flux of at least 84 kW/m
exposures. (2.0 cal ⁄s·cm ) for an exposure time of at least 8 s. Fuel
6.6.2 Burner and Manikin Alignment—Apparatus and pro- delivery shall be controlled to provide known exposure dura-
cedures for checking the alignment of the burners and manikin tion within 60.1 s of the set exposure time.
position prior to each test shall be available. 6.7.3 Burner System—The burner system shall consist of
6.6.3 Chamber Temperature—The chamber temperature one ignition system for each exposure burner and sufficient
prior to a test shall be between 15 and 30 °C (58 and 85 °F). burners to provide the required range of heat fluxes, with a
flame distribution uniformity to meet the requirements in 10.4,
6.6.4 Chamber Air Flow—The chamber shall be isolated
10.4.1, 10.4.2, and 10.4.3.
from air movement other than the natural air flow required for
6.7.3.1 Exposure Burners—Large, induced combustion air,
the combustion process so that the pilot flames, if fitted, and the
exposure flames are not affected before and during the test industrial-style propane burners are positioned around the
manikin to produce a uniform laboratory simulation of a fire.
exposure. The isolation from air movement shall continue
during the data acquisition period after the exposure flames are These burners produce a large, fuel-rich, reddish-yellow flame.
extinguished. A forced-air exhaust system for rapid removal of If necessary, enlarge the burner gas jet, or remove it, to yield a
combustion products after the data acquisition period shall be fuel-to-air mixture for a long luminous reddish-yellow flame
provided. that engulfs the manikin. A minimum of eight burners shall be
used and positioned to yield the exposure level and uniformity
6.6.4.1 The unaided air flow within the chamber shall be
as described in 10.4, 10.4.1, 10.4.2, and 10.4.3. A satisfactory
sufficient to permit the combustion process needed for the
exposure has been achieved with eight burners, one positioned
required heat flux during the exposure period and shall be
at each quadrant of the manikin at the knee level, and one
controlled to provide a quiet atmosphere for the data acquisi-
positioned at each quadrant at the upper thigh level (see Fig. 1).
tion period. Openings to the exterior of the test chamber shall
Variations in exposure chamber size and air flow detail might
be provided for the passive supply of adequate amounts of air
require use of additional burners to achieve the desired flame
for safe combustion of the fuel during the exposure. The
distribution. Some laboratories have found it necessary to use
forced-air exhaust system for rapid removal of combustion
twelve burners with two each on six stands positioned at
products after the data acquisition period shall conform to
approximately 60° intervals around the manikin to achieve the
NFPA 86 (1999), Section 5–4.1.2. Due to their nature, the
desired flame distribution.
products of combustion from diffusion flames contain toxic
materials such as unburned fuel, carbon monoxide, and soot.
6.6.5 Chamber Safety Devices—The exposure chamber
shall be equipped with sufficient safety devices, detectors, and
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
suppression systems to provide safe operation of the test this standard.
F1930 − 23
6.7.3.2 Ignition System—Each exposure burner shall be 7.2 The exposure chamber shall be equipped with an ap-
equipped with a remotely operated ignition system positioned proved fire suppression system.
near the exit of the burner, but not in the direct path of the
7.3 Care shall be taken to prevent personnel contact with
flames so as to interfere with the exposure flame pattern. The
combustion products, smoke, and fumes resulting from the
ignition system shall be interlocked to the burner gas supply
flame exposure. Exposure to gaseous products shall be pre-
valves to prevent premature or erroneous opening of these
vented by adequate ventilation of the chamber. Appropriate
valves. Any electrical magnetic field generated by the ignition
personal protective equipment shall be worn when working in
system shall be small enough so as not to interfere with the
the exposure chamber, handling the exposed garments, and
quality of the data acquisition and recording process. Standing
cleaning the manikin after the test exposure.
pilot flames have been found to perform satisfactorily.
6.8 Image Recording System—A video system for recording 8. Types of Tests, Test Specimens, and Sampling
a visual image of the manikin before, during, and after the
8.1 Types of Tests—This test method is useful for three types
flame exposure shall be provided. The front of the manikin
of evaluations: comparison of the materials of garment
shall be the primary record of the burn exposure, with a
construction, garment design, and end-use garment specifica-
manikin rear record optional.
tion. Each type of appraisal has different garment type and
6.9 Safety Checklist—A checklist shall be included in the style requirements.
8.1.1 Materials of Garment Construction Evaluation—This
computer operating program to ensure that all safety features
have been satisfied before the flame exposure can occur. This evaluation requires garments of the standard garment design
(see 8.2.2) and size (Table 3), constructed with the different
list shall include, but is not limited to, the following: confirm
that the manikin has been properly dressed in the test speci- materials.
8.1.2 Garment Design Evaluation—This evaluation requires
men; confirm that no person is in the burn chamber; confirm
that the chamber doors are closed and all safety requirements garments constructed of the same material, of the standard size
(Table 3), and with the different design characteristics of
are met. The procedural safety checks shall be documented.
interest.
6.10 Test Specimen Conditioning Area—The area shall be
8.1.3 End-Use Garment Specification—This specification
maintained at 21 6 2 °C (70 6 5 °F) and 65 6 5 % relative
requires garments of the standard size (Table 3), constructed
humidity. It shall be large enough to have good air circulation
with the material and design representing the anticipated end
around the test specimens during conditioning.
use.
NOTE 3—The permitted variation in the conditioning temperature and
8.2 Test Specimen—A specimen is a garment (for example,
relative humidity is larger than other ASTM textile testing standards. This
a single-layer coverall) or protective clothing ensemble.
larger range was set to reflect present practice. Some manikin-fire
laboratories are at isolated sites and do not have conditioning rooms that 8.2.1 Fit of Test Specimen—Garment or ensemble fit on the
can meet the more stringent requirements.
manikin (the amount of ease) can be an important issue,
especially for lightweight specimens. Increasing the ease adds
7. Hazards
to the thickness of the insulating layer of air between the
7.1 Procedural operating instructions shall be provided by garment and the manikin surface. Experiments suggest that for
the testing laboratory and strictly followed to ensure safe a single-layer coverall, increasing the coverall by one size
testing. These instructions shall include, but are not limited to: above the nominal value for the manikin reduces the skin burn
exhaust of the chamber prior to any test series; no personnel injury prediction by about 5 %. When using a manikin with the
within the chamber when the ignition system is checked and dimensions given in Table 1, size 42R coveralls (Table 3) have
activated; isolation of the chamber during the test to contain the been found satisfactory.
combustion process and the resulting combustion products; 8.2.2 Standard Garment Design—The standard garment
ventilation of the chamber after the test exposure. shall be a long-sleeved coverall with set-in sleeves and
TABLE 3 Standard Coverall Size Requirements
NOTE 1—All measurements shall be taken with the coverall fully zippered, laid flat, smooth, and before preconditioning. See Fig. 2 for graphical details.
Measurement Location Centimeters (Inches) Description
Chest (A) 57.8 ± 1.9 (22.75 ± 0.75) Across the front at 2.54 cm (1.0 in.) below the armholes from folded edge to folded edge
Waist (B) 51.4 ± 1.9 (20.25 ± 0.75) At the waist of the coverall where the top and bottom sections are joined from folded edge
to folded edge
Hip (C) 61.6 ± 1.9 (24.25 ± 0.75) 20.3 cm (8.0 in.) below the waist of the coverall from folded edge to folded edge
Thigh (D) 36.8 ± 1.3 (14.5 ± 0.5) 2.54 cm (1.0 in.) below crotch seam, from folded edge to folded edge
Sleeve Length (E) 87.6 ± 1.9 (34.5 ± 0.75) From the center back neck to cuff edge
Trouser Leg; Inseam (F) 74.9 ± 1.9 (29.5 ± 0.75) From the crotch seam along leg inseam to bottom of leg
Torso Back Length (G) 96.5 ± 2.5 (38 ± 1.00) From the crotch seam to high point shoulder
Torso Front Length (H) 92.4 ± 3.2 (36.25 ± 1.25) From the crotch seam to high point shoulder
Sleeve Cuff Width (I) 14.0 ± 0.6 (5.5 ± 0.25) From folded edge to folded edge along the bottom of the sleeve
Leg Bottom Width (J) 21.6 ± 0.6 (8.5 ± 0.25) From folded edge to folded edge along the bottom of the leg
Front Rise Length (K) 38.7 ± 0.6 (15.25 ± 0.25) From the front waist seam to the center of the crotch
F1930 − 23
FIG. 2 Standard Coverall Measurement Locations
a point 12 cm (5.0 in.) above the coverall crotch seam has shown to be
full-length slide fastener in the front. Use the digitized pattern
satisfactory.
available from ASTM headquarters to create a more reproduc-
ible standard garment consistent with the dimensions in Table
8.2.2.1 The standard garment shall have a 150 by 150 mm
3. The coverall design shall meet the following requirements:
(6 by 6 in.) swatch attached inside to a seam. This swatch shall
(1) The coverall shall have a two-pointed collar (Note 4).
be used for measuring the area density using Option C of Test
(2) The slide fastener shall extend vertically from the collar
Methods D3776/D3776M. The swatch shall be cut from the
line to a point above the coverall crotch seam (Note 5). A
same lot of material used to make the outer layer of the test
full-length fabric placket on the interior of the slide fastener
specimen.
permanently attached to the garment body shall be provided to
8.2.3 Garment styles that deviate from the type or dimen-
cover the back of the slide fastener, and slide fastener tape to
sions outlined in Table 3 can be used, but shall be described in
prevent direct contact of the slide fastener with any manikin
detail in the test report (see 8.2.1).
sensors. The slide fastener cover shall be no more than 2.54 6
8.3 Laboratory Sample—Garments or ensembles meeting
0.6 cm (1.0 6 0.25 in.) wide and shall be no more than two
the purpose of the evaluation requirements of 8.1.1, 8.1.2, or
layers of self-fabric with no interfacing. The full length of the
8.1.3 shall be the laboratory sampling unit.
metal fastener shall be exposed on the exterior of the garment.
(3) The coverall shall not have pockets or sleeve/pant cuffs. 8.3.1 Test a minimum of three specimens from the labora-
(4) The coverall shall be a single-layer garment with no
tory sampling unit. A greater number of specimens can be used
patches. to improve precision of test results.
(5) The coverall shall have a waist seam but not a waist-
band. There shall be no closures in the waist area such as 9. Preparation of Test Specimen and Cutting Samples for
elastic or strap-type closures to tighten up the waist area.
Area Density Measurements
(6) There shall be no other closures on the coverall except
9.1 Laundering—Launder each garment one wash and dry
for the front zipper closure, that would include buttons, snaps,
cycle prior to conditioning, unless designated not to be
elastic, or strap-type closures.
laundered.
(7) The garment seams shall be sewn with non-melting,
9.1.1 For garments that are designated on the flame-resistant
noncombustible thread.
garment label to be washed, use the AATCC or CAN/CGSB
(8) The test specimens shall meet the size requirements of
procedure identified in 9.1.4.
Table 3.
9.1.2 For garments that are designated on the flame-resistant
(9) The coverall shall not have a biswing in the back.
garment label to be dry cleaned, use the AATCC procedure
(10) The coverall shall not have a crotch gusset.
identified in 9.1.5.
NOTE 4—It is recommended that the two-pointed collar length be 6.35
9.1.3 For garments that are designated on the flame-resistant
6 1.3 cm (2.5 6 0.5 in.).
NOTE 5—The slide fastener extending vertically from the collar line to garment label to be either washed or dry cleaned, specimens
F1930 − 23
shall be tested after one cycle of washing and drying as 10.2.2 Calibrate each sensor prior to startup of a new
specified in 9.1.4, or after one cycle of dry cleaning as specified manikin, whenever a sensor is repaired or replaced, and
in 9.1.5. whenever the results appear to have shifted or to differ from the
9.1.4 Use laundry conditions of AATCC Test Method 135, expected values.
(1, V, A, iii) or CAN/CGSB-4.2 No. 58-M90.
10.3 Confirmation of Burn Injury Prediction—In addition to
9.1.5 Use dry cleaning procedures of Sections 9.2 and 9.3 of
individual sensor calibration, check the thermal energy
AATCC Test Method 158.
sensor—data acquisition—burn injury prediction model as a
9.2 Conditioning—Condition each specimen for at least unit. Expose a randomly selected sensor to a known constant
24 h in an environment controlled to 21 6 2 °C (70 6 5 °F) heat flux, with a duration which will result in a second-degree
and 65 6 5 % relative humidity (see 6.10 and Note 3). Each burn injury being calculated by the manikin burn injury
specimen shall be tested within 30 min of removal from the computer program that meets the requirements in Section 12.
conditioning area. If the specimen cannot be tested within
Table 4 lists a range of absorbed heat fluxes and durations to be
30 min, seal it in a manner that restricts moisture loss or gain used and the required agreement. Use any exposure conditions
until immediately prior to testing. Test such garments within
that will result in absorbed energies within the range listed,
20 min after removal from the bag. Garments shall not remain accounting for sensor surface heat absorption characteristics
isolated for longer than 4 h prior to testing. (for example, absorptivity). Precise matching to a heat flux is
not required. If interpolation is required, account for the highly
9.3 Standard garments come with an attached swatch from
nonlinear behavior of the relationship, or calculat
...