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ASTM D4195-88(2003)

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Water Analysis for Reverse Osmosis Application

Standard Guide for Water Analysis for Reverse Osmosis Application

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the analyses that should be performed on any given water sample if reverse osmosis application is being considered.
1.2 This guide is applicable to waters including brackish waters and seawaters but is not necessarily applicable to waste waters.
1.3 This is a guide only and should not be construed as a delineation of all ions known to exist in waters.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-2003
ICS
13.060.50 - Examination of water for chemical substances
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.08 - Membranes and Ion Exchange Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4195-88(1998)e1 - Standard Guide for Water Analysis for Reverse Osmosis Application
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Replaced By
ASTM D4195-08 - Standard Guide for Water Analysis for Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Application
Effective Date
01-May-2008
Referred By
ASTM D7285-06(2017) - Standard Guide for Recordkeeping Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Systems
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM D4692-01(2017) - Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of Sulfate Scaling Salts (CaSO<inf >4</inf>, SrSO<inf>4</inf>, and BaSO<inf>4</inf>) for Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM D3739-19 - Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of the Langelier Saturation Index for Reverse Osmosis
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM D4582-23 - Standard Practice for Calculation and Adjustment of the Stiff and Davis Stability Index for Reverse Osmosis
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003

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ASTM D4195-88(2003) - Standard Guide for Water Analysis for Reverse Osmosis Application
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D 4195–88 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Guide for
Water Analysis for Reverse Osmosis Application
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4195; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 1428 Test Methods for Sodium and Potassium in Water
and Water-Formed Deposits by Flame Photometry
1.1 This guide covers the analyses that should be performed
(Method A)
on any given water sample if reverse osmosis application is
D 1888 Test Methods for Particulate and Dissolved Matter
being considered.
in Water
1.2 This guide is applicable to waters including brackish
D 1889 Test Methods for Turbidity of Water
waters and seawaters but is not necessarily applicable to waste
D 2579 Test Method for Total and Organic Carbon in
waters.
Water
1.3 This is a guide only and should not be construed as a
D 3352 Test Method for Strontium Ion in Brackish Water,
delineation of all ions known to exist in waters.
Seawater, and Brines
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D 3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Con-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
duits
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D 3561 Test Method for Lithium, Potassium, and Sodium
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Ions in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines by Atomic
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Absorption Spectrophotometry
2. Referenced Documents D 3867 Test Methods for Nitrite-Nitrate in Water
D 4189 Test Method for Silt Density Index (SDI) of Water
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 4194 Test Methods for Operating Characteristics of
D 511 Test Methods for Calcium and Magnesium in Water
Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Devices
D 512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion in Water
D 4382 Test Method for Barium in Water, Atomic Absorp-
D 513 Test Methods for Total and Dissolved Carbon Diox-
tion Spectrophotometry, Graphite Furnace
ide in Water
2.2 American Public Health Association:
D 515 Test Methods for Phosphorus in Water
D 516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
D 857 Test Method for Aluminum in Water
Wastewater, Sixteenth Edition, 1985, pp. 470–478, Part
D 858 Test Methods for Manganese in Water
427, Sulfite
D 859 Test Method for Silica in Water
D 888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in Water
3. Terminology
D 1068 Test Methods for Iron in Water
3.1 Definitions:
D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water
2 3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to
D 1179 Test Methods for Fluoride Ion in Water
Terminology D 1129.
D 1253 Test Methods for Residual Chlorine in Water
2 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
D 1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
3.2.1 For description of terms relating to reverse osmosis,
refer to Test Method D 4194.
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D19 on Water, and is
the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D 19.08 on Membranes and Ion Exchange
Materials. Discontinued. See 1989 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
Current edition approved June 10, 2003. Published August 2003. Originally Discontinued. See 2001 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 4195 – 88(1998). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.02.
2 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01. American Public HealthAssociatin, 1015 Fifteenth St., N.W., Washington, DC
Discontinued. See 1996 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01. 20005.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 4195–88 (2003)
− [
4. Summary of Guide
Strontium (Sr) Bicarbonate (HCO ) Phosphate (PO ) (to-
3 4
tal)
4.1 This guide consists of analyzing water samples for ions, =
Barium (Ba) Su
...

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5.1 The incidental conversion of organic material to trihalomethanes and other volatile organohalides during chlorination of water is a possible health hazard and is the object of much research. This test method can be used as a rapid, simple means for determining many volatile organohalides in raw and processed water.
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5.1 The extensive and widespread use of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs has resulted in their presence in all parts of the environment. These compounds are persistent and may have adverse effects on the environment. Thus, there is a need to identify and quantitate these compounds in water samples.
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1.1 This test method (1-3)2 is applicable to the determination of the following analytes in finished drinking water, drinking water during intermediate stages of treatment, and the raw source water:    
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Chemical Abstract Service
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Aroclor B 1254  
11097-69-1  
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1.3 Chlordane, toxaphene, and Aroclor products (polychlorinated biphenyls) are multicomponent materials. Precision and bias statements reflect recovery of these materials dosed into water samples. The precision and bias statements may not apply to environmentally altered materials or to samples containing complex mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides.  
1.4 For compounds other than those listed in 1.1 or for other sample sources, the analyst must demonstrate the applicability of this test method by collecting precision and bias data on spiked samples (groundwater, tap water) (4) and provide qualitative confirmation of results by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) (5) or by GC analysis using dissimilar columns.  
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5.1 This test method is used for determination of the carbon content of water from a variety of natural, domestic, and industrial sources. In its most common form, this test method is used to measure organic carbon as a means of monitoring organic pollutants in high purity and drinking water. These measurements are also used in monitoring waste treatment processes.  
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1.2 This test method has the advantage of a very high sensitivity detector that allows very low detection levels on relatively small volumes of sample. Also, use of two measurement channels allows determination of CO2 in the sample independently of organic carbon. Isolation of the conductivity detector from the sample by the CO2 selective membrane results in a very stable calibration, with minimal interferences.  
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ASTM D2908-91(2024)(Practice)
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5.1 This practice is useful in identifying the major organic constituents in wastewater for support of effective in-plant or pollution control programs. Currently, the most practical means for tentatively identifying and measuring a range of volatile organic compounds is gas-liquid chromatography. Positive identification requires supplemental testing (for example, multiple columns, speciality detectors, spectroscopy, or a combination of these techniques).
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1.1 This practice covers general guidance applicable to certain test methods for the qualitative and quantitative determination of specific organic compounds, or classes of compounds, in water by direct aqueous injection gas chromatography (1, 2, 3, 4).2  
1.2 Volatile organic compounds at aqueous concentrations greater than about 1 mg/L can generally be determined by direct aqueous injection gas chromatography.  
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ASTM D3558-15(2023)(Test Method)
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4.1 Most waters rarely contain more than trace concentrations of cobalt from natural sources. Although trace amounts of cobalt seem to be essential to the nutrition of some animals, large amounts have pronounced toxic effects on both plant and animal life.
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of dissolved and total recoverable cobalt in water and wastewater 2 by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Three test methods are included as follows:    
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1.2 Test Method A has been used successfully with reagent water, potable water, river water, and wastewater. Test Method B has been used successfully with reagent water, potable water, river water, sea water and brine. Test Method C was successfully evaluated in reagent water, artificial seawater, river water, tap water, and a synthetic brine. It is the analyst's responsibility to ensure the validity of these test methods for other matrices.  
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ASTM D4190-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Elements in Water by Direct-Current Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for the determination of element concentrations in many natural waters. It has the capability for the simultaneous determination of up to 15 separate elements. High analysis sensitivity can be achieved for some elements, such as boron and vanadium.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of dissolved and total recoverable elements in water, which includes drinking water, lake water, river water, sea water, snow, and Type II reagent water by direct current plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (DCP).  
1.2 The information on precision and bias may not apply to other waters.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to the 15 elements listed in Annex A1 (Table A1.1) and covers the ranges in Table 1.  
1.4 This test method is not applicable to brines unless the sample matrix can be matched or the sample can be diluted by a factor of 200 up to 500 and still maintain the analyte concentration above the detection limit.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D3645-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Beryllium in Water

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4.1 These test methods are significant because the concentration of beryllium in water must be measured accurately in order to evaluate potential health and environmental effects.
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of dissolved and total recoverable beryllium in most waters and wastewaters:    
Concentration
Range  
Sections  
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10 μg/L to 500 μg/L  
7 to 17  
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10 μg/L to 50 μg/L  
18 to 26  
1.2 The analyst should direct attention to the precision and bias statements for each test method. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of these test methods for waters of untested matrices.  
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ASTM D3859-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Selenium in Water

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In most natural waters selenium concentrations seldom exceed 10 μg/L. However, the runoff from certain types of seleniferous soils at various times of the year can produce concentrations as high as several hundred micrograms per litre. Additionally, industrial contamination can be a significant source of selenium in rivers and streams.  
4.2 High concentrations of selenium in drinking water have been suspected of being toxic to animal life. Selenium is a priority pollutant and all public water agencies are required to monitor its concentration.  
4.3 These test methods determine the dominant species of selenium reportedly found in most natural and wastewaters, including selenities, selenates, and organo-selenium compounds.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of dissolved and total recoverable selenium in most waters and wastewaters. Both test methods utilize atomic absorption procedures, as follows:    
Sections  
Test Method A—Gaseous Hydride AAS2, 3  
7 – 16  
Test Method B—Graphite Furnace AAS  
17 – 26  
1.2 These test methods are applicable to both inorganic and organic forms of dissolved selenium. They are applicable also to particulate forms of the element, provided that they are solubilized in the appropriate acid digestion step. However, certain selenium-containing heavy metallic sediments may not undergo digestion.  
1.3 These test methods are most applicable within the following ranges:    
Test Method A—Gaseous Hydride AAS2, 3  
1 μg/L to 20 μg/L  
Test Method B—Graphite Furnace AAS  
2 μg/L to 100 μg/L
These ranges may be extended (with a corresponding loss in precision) by decreasing the sample size or diluting the original sample, but concentrations much greater than the upper limits are more conveniently determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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