ASTM D2035-19

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Designation: D2035 − 13 D2035 − 19
Standard Practice for
Coagulation-Flocculation Jar Test of Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2035; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers a general procedure for the evaluation of a treatment to reduce dissolved, suspended, colloidal, and
nonsettleable matter from water or wastewater by chemical coagulation-flocculation, followed by gravity settling. The procedure
may be used to evaluate color, turbidity, and hardness reduction.
1.2 The practice provides a systematic evaluation of the variables normally encountered in the coagulation-flocculation process.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
D3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Flowing Process Streams
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.03 on Sampling Water and Water-Formed
Deposits, Analysis of Water for Power Generation and Process Use, On-Line Water Analysis, and Surveillance of Water.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2013March 1, 2019. Published February 2013March 2019. Originally approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 20082013 as
D2035 –08. – 13. DOI: 10.1520/D2035-13.10.1520/D2035-19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2035 − 19
D6855 Test Method for Determination of Turbidity Below 5 NTU in Static Mode
D7315 Test Method for Determination of Turbidity Above 1 Turbidity Unit (TU) in Static Mode
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to Terminology D1129.
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology D1129.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 The coagulation-flocculation test is carried out to determine the chemicals, dosages, and conditions required to achieve
optimum results. The primary variables to be investigated using the recommended practice include, but are not limited to:
4.1.1 Chemical additives,
4.1.2 pH,
4.1.3 Temperature, and
4.1.4 Order of addition and mixing conditions.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This practice permits the evaluation of various coagulants and coagulant aids used in the treatment of water and waste water
for the same water and the same experimental conditions.
5.2 The effects of concentration of the coagulants and coagulant aids and their order of addition can also be evaluated by this
practice.
6. Interferences
6.1 There are some possible interferences that may make the determination of optimum jar test conditions difficult. These
include the following:
6.1.1 Temperature Change (During Test)—Thermal or convection currents may occur, interfering with the settling of coagulated
particles. This can be prevented by temperature control.
6.1.2 Gas Release (During Test)—Flotation of coagulated floc may occur due to gas bubble formation caused by mechanical
agitator, temperature increase or chemical reaction.
6.1.3 Testing-Period—Biological activity or other factors may alter the coagulation characteristics of water upon prolonged
standing. For this reason the period between sampling and testing should be kept to a minimum, with the time being recorded.
7. Apparatus
7.1 Multiple Stirrer—A multiposition stirrer with continuous speed variation from about 20 to 150 rpm should be used. The
stirring paddles should be of light gage corrosion-resistant material all of the same configuration and size. An illuminated base is
useful to observe the floc formation. Precautionary measures should be taken to avoid heat being imparted by the illumination
system which may counteract normal settling.
7.2 Jars (or Beakers), all of the same size and shape; 1500-mL Griffin beakers may be used (1000-mL recommended minimum
size).
7.3 Reagent Racks—A means of introducing each test solution to all jars simultaneously. There should be at least one rack for
each test solution or suspension. The racks should be similar to that shown in Fig. 1.
7.4 Hand-Held High Speed Mixer, to mix up polymers (if needed). High speed on the multiple stirrer may not be sufficient to
mix up some wastewater polymers.
7.5 Pipets—Graduated or volumetric pipets to accurately measure chemicals used in the testing.
7.6 Pipet Filler—Rubber bub or dedicated apparatus for filling pipets.
8. Reagents
8.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all
reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where
such specifications are available. Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high
purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.
8.2 Purity of Water—Reference to water that is used for reagent preparation, rinsing or dilution shall be understood to mean
water that conforms to the quantitative specifications of Type IV reagent water of Specification D1193.
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications Specifications, , American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents
not listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia and
National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.
D2035 − 19
FIG. 1 Reagent Rack for Multiple Stirrer Jar Test Apparatus
8.3 The following chemicals and additives are typical of those used for test solutions and suspensions. The latter, with the
exception of coagulant aids, may be prepared daily by mixing chemicals with water to a concentration of 10 (60.1) g/L (1.0 mL
of test solution or suspension when added to 1 L of sample is equivalent to 10 mg/L):
Prime Coagulants
Alum[Al (SO ) ·18H O]
2 4 3 2
Ferric sulfate [Fe (SO ) ·xH O]
2 4 3 2
Ferric chloride (FeCl ·6H O)
3 2
Ferrous sulfate (FeSO ·7H O)
4 2
Magnesium carbonate (MgCO ·3H O)
3 2
Sodium aluminate (NaAlO )
Coagulant Aids
Activated silica
Anionic (polyelectrolyte)
Cationic (polyelectrolyte)
Nonionic Polymer
Oxidizing Agents
Chlorine (Cl )
Chlorine dioxide (ClO )
Potassium permanganate (KMnO )
Calcium hypochlorite [CaCl(ClO)·4H O]
Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO)
Alkalis
Calc
...