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ASTM D4849-02b

(Terminology)

Standard Terminology Relating to Yarns and Fibers

Standard Terminology Relating to Yarns and Fibers

SCOPE
1.1 This standard is a compilation of terminology developed by Committee D-13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
1.1.1 This terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to fibers and yarns used in the textile industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.
1.1.2 Subcommittee D13.58 has jurisdictional responsibility for every item in this standard. The standards in which the terms and definitions are used are listed by number after the definition. The wording of an entry cannot be changed without the approval of 13.58 subcommittee. Any changes approved by the subcommittee and main committee are then directed to subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology for subsequent changes or additions to Terminology D123.
1.1.3 This terminology standard is not all inclusive of the terms under the jurisdiction of subcommittee D13.58. Other terminology standards under the jurisdiction of subcommittee D13.58 are D 3888, D 4466, and D 4848.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-2002
ICS
59.080.20 - Yarns
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4849-02A - Standard Terminology Relating to Yarns and Fibers
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Replaced By
ASTM D4849-02be1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Yarns and Fibers
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Referred By
ASTM D1907/D1907M-12(2018) - Standard Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein Method
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Referred By
ASTM D3693-02(2021) - Standard Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of Sewing Thread
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Referred By
ASTM D3106-07(2018) - Standard Test Method for Permanent Deformation of Elastomeric Yarns
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Referred By
ASTM D3108/D3108M-13(2020) - Standard Test Method for Coefficient of Friction, Yarn to Solid Material
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Referred By
ASTM D5344-22 - Standard Test Method for Extension Force of Partially Oriented Yarn
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Referred By
ASTM D3333-07(2018) - Standard Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers, Sliver, or Tow for Testing
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Referred By
ASTM D2591-07(2020) - Standard Test Method for Linear Density of Elastomeric Yarns (Short Length Specimens)
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Referred By
ASTM D3883-04(2020) - Standard Test Method for Yarn Crimp and Yarn Take-up in Woven Fabrics
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Referred By
ASTM D1425/D1425M-14(2020) - Standard Test Method for Evenness of Textile Strands Using Capacitance Testing Equipment
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Referred By
ASTM D6717-07(2018) - Standard Test Method for Linear Density of Elastomeric Yarns (Skein Specimens)
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Referred By
ASTM D2102-02(2018) - Standard Test Method for Shrinkage of Textile Fibers (Bundle Test)
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Referred By
ASTM D2731-21 - Standard Test Method for Elastic Properties of Elastomeric Yarns (CRE Type Tensile Testing Machines)
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002
Referred By
ASTM D5035-11(2019) - Standard Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
Effective Date
10-Sep-2002

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ASTM D4849-02b - Standard Terminology Relating to Yarns and FibersASTM D4849-02b - Standard Terminology Relating to Yarns and Fibers
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ASTM D4849-02b - Standard Terminology Relating to Yarns and Fibers
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:D4849–02b
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Yarns and Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4849; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope yarn wound parallel, and used for such purposes as weaving
or warp knitting. D 2258
1.1 Thisstandardisacompilationofterminologydeveloped
beam set, n—in textiles,oneormorebeamsofyarninasingle
by Committee D-13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
shipment to be further processed together for a specific end
1.1.1 This terminology, mostly definitions, is unique to
use. D 2258
fibers and yarns used in the textile industry. Terms that are
bench marks, n—marks placed on a specimen to define gage
generally understood or adequately defined in other readily
length, that is, the portion of the specimen that will be
available sources are not included.
evaluated in a specific test. D76
1.1.2 SubcommitteeD13.58hasjurisdictionalresponsibility
boundary friction, n—friction at low sliding speeds (0.02
for every item in this standard. The standards in which the
m/min or less) where lubrication occurs under thin-film
terms and definitions are used are listed by number after the
lubricant conditions. D 3412
definition.The wording of an entry cannot be changed without
broken filament, n—in multifilament yarn, breaks in one or
theapprovalof13.58subcommittee.Anychangesapprovedby
more filaments. D 3990
the subcommittee and main committee are then directed to
bulk shrinkage, n—a measure of potential stretch and power
subcommittee D13.92 on Terminology for subsequent changes
of stretch yarns or a measure of bulk of textured-set yarns.
or additions to Terminology D123.
D 4031
1.1.3 This terminology standard is not all inclusive of the
bunch, n—a defect in a yarn characterized by a segment not
terms under the jurisdiction of subcommittee D13.58. Other
1
over6mm( ⁄4in.)inlengththatshowsanabruptincreasein
terminology standards under the jurisdiction of subcommittee
diameter caused by more fibers matted in this particular
D13.58 are D 3888D 3888, D 4466, and
place. (See slug, slub.) D 2255
D4466D4848.D4848
cable twist, n—the construction of cabled yarn, cord, or rope
2. Referenced Documents
in which each successive twist is in the opposite direction to
the preceding twist; an S/Z/S or Z/S/Z construction.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
D 1423
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
3
calibrate,v—todetermineandrecordtherelationshipbetween
D3888 Terminology Relating to Open-End Spinning
3
a set of standard units of measure and the output of an
D4466 Terminology for Multicomponent Textile Fibers
instrument or test procedure.
D4848 Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Tex-
3
tiles
DISCUSSION—This term is also commonly used to describe the
checkingofpreviouslymarkedinstruments,anoperationmoreproperly
3. Terminology
described as a description of verification. D76
3.1 Alphabetical listings of terms with subcommittee 13.58
capacity, n—for tensile testing machines, the maximum force
jurisdiction and attribution for each term.
for which the machine is designed.
Americangraincount,n—adirectyarnnumberingsystemfor
DISCUSSION—Capacityisthemaximumforcethetester-frameandthe
expressinglineardensity,equaltothemassingrainsper120
drive system can exercise on the specimen without inadmissible
yards of sliver or roving. D 2260
deformations of the tester-frame, etc. Within its capacity, there are
beam, n—in textiles, a large spool containing many ends of
available load-cells with different full-scale ranges which may be
chosen to select an appropriate full-scale range for a special test.
D76
1
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
case,n—intextiles,ashippingunit,usuallyacarton,box,bale,
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2002 Published November 2002. Originally
or other container holding a number of yarn packages.
publishedasD4849–88.DiscontinuedJune1992andreinstatedasD4849–02.Last
D 2258
previous edition D4849–02a.
2
clamp, n—that part of a testing machine used to grip the
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02 specimen by means of suitable jaws. D76
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Please contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D4849–02b
cockles, n—in yarns, irregular, thick, un
...

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5.1 This is a quick method used for the determination of the approximate yarn number of short-length specimens taken from packages or fabrics.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the yarn number of all types of cotton, woolen, worsted, and man-made fiber yarns taken from packages; or from any textile fabrics in which the yarns are intact and can be removed in measurable lengths. The test method is not applicable to yarns taken from napped or cut pile fabrics. Because this test method is based on short-length specimens, the results should only be considered as approximations of yarn number.
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5.1 Test Method D6774, for determining maximum total contraction, crimp, and residual fiber shrinkage in textured filament yarns is suitable for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.  
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5.1 Test Method D6612 for yarn number and yarn number variability is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established tests values are used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.1.2 The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
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5.3 Indices of Variability:  
5.3.1 Coefficient of Variation—%CV is a standard statistical calculation and is the most common index of yarn unevenness. For most textile applications in the 80 to 330 dtex (70 to 300 denier) range, a 1.0 to 1.3 %CV is adequate. %CV of yarns coarser than 666 dtex (600 denier) is not routine and usually not meaningful. %CV is less discriminating that %DS.  
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1.2 Yarn number variability properties include percent density spread (%DS), coefficient of variation (%CV), density frequency variation.  
Note 1: For determination of yarn number by use of reel and balance, refer to Test Method D1907. For another method of measuring variability (unevenness) in yarn, refer to Test Method D1425.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore to ensure conformance with this standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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ASTM D1423/D1423M-16(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1423 for testing twist in yarns by direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such comparative tests as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material that resulted in the disparate test results and randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The determination of twist in a straight section of a yarn is not the simple straightforward operation it appears to be, for the test results may be greatly influenced by variations in test procedures and techniques. In all manipulations, extreme care is necessary to prevent specimen rotation altering the twist level before testing begins.  
5.3 The twist in a yarn before it is packaged may be different from that of the yarn after it has been withdrawn from the package because of changes in tension and the effect of the method of withdrawal. If the yarn is withdrawn over-end, a slight increase or decrease in twist will take place, depending upon the direction of the twist in the yarn, the direction of winding on the package, and the length of the wrap on the package.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount and direction of twist at the completion of any stage of twisting in single (spun or filament), plied, cabled, or novelty (exclusive of long-term repeat patterns) yarns. The procedures are designed primarily for yarns in packages, but, with special precautions, they are applicable to yarns taken from fabrics. The procedure for spun yarn in 9.2 is also applicable to rovings.  
1.2 For plied yarns, this test method covers the determination of the twist of the plied yarns and the twist of the single yarn before plying. For cabled yarns, the test method covers the determination of the cable or hawser twist; the twist of the plied yarn after plying, but prior to the last twisting operation; and the twist of the single yarn before plying. Procedures are also included for the determination of the twists of the single and plied yarn components as they lie in the final structure. Also, directions are included for the determination of twist in plied yarn made with direct cabling technology.  
1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. Following the procedures of this test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias and precision determined for this test method. The report from such testing should include the tension used for this testing.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: For a more rapid but less accurate method of determining twist in single spun yarns, refer to Test Method D1422.
Note 2: This test method has been evaluated for use in de...

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ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.  
5.2.2 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define sampling and testing frequency based on the following: process capability or capability analysis, historical trends, level of detection rate required, confidence level requirements, known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to ensure conforming product is being produced, identify potential nonconforming product or proper isolation and identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.  
5.2.3 Sampling count and number of specimens will be based on standard practice listed within the document. Increase or decrease in count or frequency might be applied based on typical standard deviation, precision and confidence level, Measurement System...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

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ASTM D3693-02(2021)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of Sewing Thread

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for the labeled lengths per holder of sewing threads of all materials. The test specimen is a thread holder whether a cone, tube, spool, ready-made bobbin, or any other holders. The observed length for all holders such as home sewing spools, ready-made bobbins, or all other holders which depends on the sampling size shall equal or exceed a certain percentage of the minimum allowable labeled length.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for the labeled lengths of sewing threads of all materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2731-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Elastic Properties of Elastomeric Yarns (CRE Type Tensile Testing Machines)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Force at Specified Elongation (FASE) is a measure of the tensile force occurring while extending a textile material within specified limits. This characteristic of elastomeric yarn indicates the resistance that will have to be overcome by the wearer while putting on a garment made of the material and is also an indication of the garment's resistance to deformation caused by normal body movements during wear. The elongations used for these measurements are typically 100 %, 200 % and 300 %.  
5.3 Permanent Deformation (set) is a measure of the increase in length of an elastomeric yarn resulting from cyclic stretching and relaxation. The characteristic is a visible indication of the realignment of intermolecular bonds within the elastic material. As with stress decay, the amount of set increases with yarn extension; however, for any particular extension, little or no additional set takes place after...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of elastic properties of “as produced” elastomeric yarns made from rubber, spandex or other elastomers. Elastic properties include force at specified elongations, permanent deformation and stress decay. Other hysteresis related properties can be calculated.
Note 1: For a method designed specifically for testing rubber threads, refer to Test Method D2433.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to covered, wrapped, or core-spun yarns or yarns spun from elastomeric staple.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns having a range of 40 to 3200 dtex (36 to 2900 denier).  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. Customary units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the U.S. Customary units are in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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