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ASTM E722-09e1

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Characterizing Neutron Fluence Spectra in Terms of an Equivalent Monoenergetic Neutron Fluence for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics

Standard Practice for Characterizing Neutron Fluence Spectra in Terms of an Equivalent Monoenergetic Neutron Fluence for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is important in characterizing the radiation hardness of electronic devices irradiated by neutrons. This characterization makes it feasible to predict some changes in operational properties of irradiated semiconductor devices or electronic systems. To facilitate uniformity of the interpretation and evaluation of results of irradiations by sources of different fluence spectra, it is convenient to reduce the incident neutron fluence from a source to a single parameter—an equivalent monoenergetic neutron fluence—applicable to a particular semiconductor material.
In order to determine an equivalent monoenergetic neutron fluence, it is necessary to evaluate the displacement damage of the particular semiconductor material. Ideally, this quantity is correlated to the degradation of a specific functional performance parameter (such as current gain) of the semiconductor device or system being tested. However, this correlation has not been established unequivocally for all device types and performance parameters since, in many instances, other effects also can be important. Ionization effects produced by the incident neutron fluence or by gamma rays in a mixed neutron fluence, short-term and long-term annealing, and other factors can contribute to observed performance degradation (damage). Thus, caution should be exercised in making a correlation between calculated displacement damage and performance degradation of a given electronic device. The types of devices for which this correlation is applicable, and numerical evaluation of displacement damage are discussed in the annexes.
The concept of 1-MeV equivalent fluence is widely used in the radiation-hardness testing community. It has merits and disadvantages that have been debated widely (9-12). For these reasons, specifics of a standard application of the 1-MeV equivalent fluence are presented in the annexes.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for characterizing neutron fluence from a source in terms of an equivalent monoenergetic neutron fluence. It is applicable to neutron effects testing, to the development of test specifications, and to the characterization of neutron test environments. The sources may have a broad neutron-energy range, or may be mono-energetic neutron sources with energies up to 20 MeV. This practice is not applicable in cases where the predominant source of displacement damage is from neutrons of energy less than 10 keV. The relevant equivalence is in terms of a specified effect on certain physical properties of materials upon which the source spectrum is incident. In order to achieve this, knowledge of the effects of neutrons as a function of energy on the specific property of the material of interest is required. Sharp variations in the effects with neutron energy may limit the usefulness of this practice in the case of mono-energetic sources.
1.2 This practice is presented in a manner to be of general application to a variety of materials and sources. Correlation between displacements (1-3) caused by different particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, and heavy ions) is beyond the scope of this practice. In radiation-hardness testing of electronic semiconductor devices, specific materials of interest include silicon and gallium arsenide, and the neutron sources generally are test and research reactors and californium-252 irradiators.
1.3 The technique involved relies on the following factors: (1) a detailed determination of the fluence spectrum of the neutron source, and (2) a knowledge of the degradation (damage) effects of neutrons as a function of energy on specific material properties.
1.4 The detailed determination of the neutron fluence spectrum referred to in 1.3 need not be performed afresh for each test exposure, provided the exposure conditions are repeatable. When the spectrum determination is not repeated, a neutron fluence monitor shall be used for each test exposure.
1.5 The val...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2009
ICS
31.080.01 - Semiconductor devices in general
Technical Committee
E10 - Nuclear Technology and Applications
Drafting Committee
E10.07 - Radiation Dosimetry for Radiation Effects on Materials and Devices
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E722-09 - Standard Practice for Characterizing Neutron Fluence Spectra in Terms of an Equivalent Monoenergetic Neutron Fluence for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009
Replaced By
ASTM E722-14 - Standard Practice for Characterizing Neutron Fluence Spectra in Terms of an Equivalent Monoenergetic Neutron Fluence for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM E721-22 - Standard Guide for Determining Neutron Energy Spectra from Neutron Sensors for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009
Referred By
ASTM E2450-23 - Standard Practice for Application of CaF<inf>2</inf>(Mn) Thermoluminescence Dosimeters in Mixed Neutron-Photon Environments
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009
Referred By
ASTM F1190-18 - Standard Guide for Neutron Irradiation of Unbiased Electronic Components
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009
Referred By
ASTM F980-16 - Standard Guide for Measurement of Rapid Annealing of Neutron-Induced Displacement Damage in Silicon Semiconductor Devices
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009
Referred By
ASTM E3084-17(2022)e1 - Standard Practice for Characterizing Particle Irradiations of Materials in Terms of Non-Ionizing Energy Loss (NIEL)
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009
Referred By
ASTM E1854-19 - Standard Practice for Ensuring Test Consistency in Neutron-Induced Displacement Damage of Electronic Parts
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009
Referred By
ASTM E261-16(2021) - Standard Practice for Determining Neutron Fluence, Fluence Rate, and Spectra by Radioactivation Techniques
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009
Referred By
ASTM E170-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009
Referred By
ASTM E1855-20 - Standard Test Method for Use of 2N2222A Silicon Bipolar Transistors as Neutron Spectrum Sensors and Displacement Damage Monitors
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009

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ASTM E722-09e1 - Standard Practice for Characterizing Neutron Fluence Spectra in Terms of an Equivalent Monoenergetic Neutron Fluence for Radiation-Hardness Testing of ElectronicsASTM E722-09e1 - Standard Practice for Characterizing Neutron Fluence Spectra in Terms of an Equivalent Monoenergetic Neutron Fluence for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
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REDLINE ASTM E722-09e1 - Standard Practice for Characterizing Neutron Fluence Spectra in Terms of an Equivalent Monoenergetic Neutron Fluence for Radiation-Hardness Testing of ElectronicsREDLINE ASTM E722-09e1 - Standard Practice for Characterizing Neutron Fluence Spectra in Terms of an Equivalent Monoenergetic Neutron Fluence for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
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REDLINE ASTM E722-09e1 - Standard Practice for Characterizing Neutron Fluence Spectra in Terms of an Equivalent Monoenergetic Neutron Fluence for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: E722 − 09
StandardPractice for
Characterizing Neutron Fluence Spectra in Terms of an
Equivalent Monoenergetic Neutron Fluence for Radiation-
1
Hardness Testing of Electronics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E722; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in October 2009.
1. Scope neutron source, and (2) a knowledge of the degradation
(damage)effectsofneutronsasafunctionofenergyonspecific
1.1 This practice covers procedures for characterizing neu-
material properties.
tron fluence from a source in terms of an equivalent monoen-
ergetic neutron fluence. It is applicable to neutron effects 1.4 The detailed determination of the neutron fluence spec-
testing, to the development of test specifications, and to the trum referred to in 1.3 need not be performed afresh for each
characterizationofneutrontestenvironments.Thesourcesmay testexposure,providedtheexposureconditionsarerepeatable.
have a broad neutron-energy range, or may be mono-energetic When the spectrum determination is not repeated, a neutron
neutron sources with energies up to 20 MeV. This practice is fluence monitor shall be used for each test exposure.
not applicable in cases where the predominant source of
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
displacement damage is from neutrons of energy less than 10
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
keV. The relevant equivalence is in terms of a specified effect
standard.
on certain physical properties of materials upon which the
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
source spectrum is incident. In order to achieve this, knowl-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
edge of the effects of neutrons as a function of energy on the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
specific property of the material of interest is required. Sharp
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
variations in the effects with neutron energy may limit the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
usefulness of this practice in the case of mono-energetic
sources.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 This practice is presented in a manner to be of general
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
application to a variety of materials and sources. Correlation
E170Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and
2
between displacements (1-3) caused by different particles
Dosimetry
(electrons, neutrons, protons, and heavy ions) is beyond the
E265Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates and Fast-
scope of this practice. In radiation-hardness testing of elec-
Neutron Fluences by Radioactivation of Sulfur-32
tronic semiconductor devices, specific materials of interest
E693Practice for Characterizing Neutron Exposures in Iron
include silicon and gallium arsenide, and the neutron sources
and Low Alloy Steels in Terms of Displacements Per
generally are test and research reactors and californium-252
Atom (DPA), E 706(ID)
irradiators.
E720Guide for Selection and Use of Neutron Sensors for
1.3 The technique involved relies on the following factors:
Determining Neutron Spectra Employed in Radiation-
(1) a detailed determination of the fluence spectrum of the
Hardness Testing of Electronics
E721Guide for Determining Neutron Energy Spectra from
Neutron Sensors for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Elec-
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear
tronics
Technology and Applicationsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E10.07 on Radiation Dosimetry for Radiation Effects on Materials and Devices.
Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originally
ϵ2
3
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E722–04 . DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/E0722-09E01. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this practice. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
E722 − 09
E844Guide for Sensor Set Design and Irradiation for 3.1.3 fluence spectrum hardness parameter—(H =Φ
mat eq,
Reactor Surveillance, E 706 (IIC) Eref,mat/Φ) this paramete
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´2 ´1
Designation:E 722–04 Designation:E722–09
Standard Practice for
Characterizing Neutron Energy Fluence Spectra in Terms of
an Equivalent Monoenergetic Neutron Fluence for
1
Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E722; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—Table A1.1 and A2.1 were corrected editorially in February 2005.
2
´ NOTE—An = sign was added in Eq 1 in April 2007.
—Editorial changes were made throughout in October 2009.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers procedures for characterizing a neutron fluence from a source in terms of an equivalent monoenergetic
neutron fluence. It is applicable to neutron effects testing, to the development of test specifications, and to the characterization of
neutron test environments. The sources may have a broad neutron-energy spectrum,range, or may be mono-energetic neutron
sourceswithenergiesupto20MeV.Thispracticeisnotapplicableincaseswherethepredominantsourceofdisplacementdamage
isfromneutronsofenergylessthan10keV.Therelevantequivalenceisintermsofaspecifiedeffectoncertainphysicalproperties
ofmaterialsuponwhichthesourcespectrumisincident.Inordertoachievethis,knowledgeoftheeffectsofneutronsasafunction
of energy on the specific property of the material of interest is required. Sharp variations in the effects with neutron energy may
limit the usefulness of this practice in the case of mono-energetic sources.
1.2 Thispracticeispresentedinamannertobeofgeneralapplicationtoavarietyofmaterialsandsources.Correlationbetween
2
displacements (1-3) caused by different particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, and heavy ions) is beyond the scope of this
practice.Inradiation-hardnesstestingofelectronicsemiconductordevices,specificmaterialsofinterestincludesiliconandgallium
arsenide, and the neutron sources generally are test and research reactors and californium-252 irradiators.
1.3 The technique involved relies on the following factors: (1) a detailed determination of the energyfluence spectrum of the
neutron source, and (2) a knowledge of the degradation (damage) effects of neutrons as a function of energy on specific material
properties.
1.4 The detailed determination of the neutron energyfluence spectrum referred to in 1.3 need not be performed afresh for each
testexposure,providedtheexposureconditionsarerepeatable.Whenthespectrumdeterminationisnotrepeated,aneutronfluence
monitor shall be used for each test exposure.
1.5
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
E265 Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates and Fast-Neutron Fluences by Radioactivation of Sulfur-32
E693 PracticeforCharacterizingNeutronExposuresinIronandLowAlloySteelsinTermsofDisplacementsPerAtom(DPA),
E 706(ID)
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear Technology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E10.07 on
Radiation Dosimetry for Radiation Effects on Materials and Devices.
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2005. Published July 2004. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 722–94(2002).
´2
Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E722–04 . DOI:
10.1520/E0722-09E01.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this practice.
3
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is important in characterizing the radiation hardness of electronic devices irradiated by neutrons. This characterization makes it feasible to predict some changes in operational properties of irradiated semiconductor devices or electronic systems. To facilitate uniformity of the interpretation and evaluation of results of irradiations by sources of different fluence spectra, it is convenient to reduce the incident neutron fluence from a source to a single parameter—an equivalent monoenergetic neutron fluence—applicable to a particular semiconductor material.  
5.2 In order to determine an equivalent monoenergetic neutron fluence, it is necessary to evaluate the displacement damage of the particular semiconductor material. Ideally, this quantity is correlated to the degradation of a specific functional performance parameter (such as current gain) of the semiconductor device or system being tested. However, this correlation has not been established unequivocally for all device types and performance parameters since, in many instances, other effects also can be important. Ionization effects produced by the incident neutron fluence or by gamma rays in a mixed neutron fluence, short-term and long-term annealing, and other factors can contribute to observed performance degradation (damage). Thus, caution should be exercised in making a correlation between calculated displacement damage and performance degradation of a given electronic device. The types of devices for which this correlation is applicable, and numerical evaluation of displacement damage are discussed in the annexes.  
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1.1 This practice covers procedures for characterizing neutron fluence from a source in terms of an equivalent monoenergetic neutron fluence. It is applicable to neutron effects testing, to the development of test specifications, and to the characterization of neutron test environments. The sources may have a broad neutron-energy range, or may be mono-energetic neutron sources with energies up to 20 MeV. This practice is not applicable in cases where the predominant source of displacement damage is from neutrons of energy less than 10 keV. The relevant equivalence is in terms of a specified effect on certain physical properties of materials upon which the source spectrum is incident. In order to achieve this, knowledge of the effects of neutrons as a function of energy on the specific property of the material of interest is required. Sharp variations in the effects with neutron energy may limit the usefulness of this practice in the case of mono-energetic sources.  
1.2 This practice is presented in a manner to be of general application to a variety of materials and sources. Correlation between displacements (1-3)2 caused by different particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, and heavy ions) is out of the scope of this practice but is addressed in Practice E3084. In radiation-hardness testing of electronic semiconductor devices, specific materials of interest include silicon and gallium arsenide, and the neutron sources generally are test and research reactors and californium-252 irradiators.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
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Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Semiconductors and Electronic Components

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice establishes the basic minimum parameters and controls for the application of radiographic examination of electronic devices. Factors such as device handling, equipment, ESDS, materials, personnel qualification, procedure and quality requirements, reporting, records and radiation sensitivity are addressed. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure and must be supplemented by a detailed examination technique/procedure (see 10.1).  
4.2 This practice does not set limits on radiation dose but does list requirements to limit and document radiation dose to devices. When radiation dose limits are an issue, the requestor of radiographic examinations must be cognizant of this issue and state any maximum radiation dose limitations that are required in the contractual agreement between the using parties.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides the minimum requirements for nondestructive radiographic examination of semiconductor devices, microelectronic devices, electromagnetic devices, electronic and electrical devices, and the materials used for construction of these items.  
1.2 This practice covers the radiographic examination of these items to detect possible defective conditions within the sealed case, especially those resulting from sealing the lid to the case, and internal defects such as extraneous material (foreign objects), improper interconnecting wires, voids in the die attach material or in the glass (when sealing glass is used), solder defects, or physical damage.  
1.3 Basis of Application—There are areas in this practice that may require agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order, contract, or inspection technique. Specific applications may require adherence to this practice in part or in full. Deviations from this practice shall be enumerated in inspection plan and approved by both cognizant engineering organization and supplier.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this practice.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F72-21(Specification)
Standard Specification for Gold Wire for Semiconductor Lead Bonding

ABSTRACT
This specification covers round drawn/extruded gold wires for internal semiconductor device electrical connections. The wires are available in four classifications, namely: copper-modified wire, beryllium-modified wire, high-strength wire, and special purpose wire. Aptly sampled wires shall be examined by test methods suggested herein, and each class shall conform correspondingly to specified requirements for chemical composition, mechanical properties (breaking load and elongation), dimension (diameter and weight), and workmanship and finish. The wires shall also undergo wire curl, wire axial twist, and wire roundness tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers round drawn/extruded gold wire for internal semiconductor device electrical connections. Four classifications of wire are distinguished, (1) copper-modified wire, (2) beryllium-modified wire, (3) high-strength wire, and (4) special purpose wire.  
Note 1: Trace metallic elements have a significant effect upon the mechanical properties and thermal stability of high-purity gold wire. It is customary in manufacturing to add controlled amounts of selected impurities to gold to modify or stabilize bonding wire properties, or both. This practice is known variously as “modifying,” “stabilizing,” or “doping.” The first two wire classifications denoted in this specification refer to wire made with either of two particular modifiers, copper or beryllium, in general use. In the third and fourth wire classifications, “high-strength” and “special purpose” wire, the identity of modifying additives is not restricted.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The following hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 9, of this specification.  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E722-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Characterizing Neutron Fluence Spectra in Terms of an Equivalent Monoenergetic Neutron Fluence for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is important in characterizing the radiation hardness of electronic devices irradiated by neutrons. This characterization makes it feasible to predict some changes in operational properties of irradiated semiconductor devices or electronic systems. To facilitate uniformity of the interpretation and evaluation of results of irradiations by sources of different fluence spectra, it is convenient to reduce the incident neutron fluence from a source to a single parameter—an equivalent monoenergetic neutron fluence—applicable to a particular semiconductor material.  
5.2 In order to determine an equivalent monoenergetic neutron fluence, it is necessary to evaluate the displacement damage of the particular semiconductor material. Ideally, this quantity is correlated to the degradation of a specific functional performance parameter (such as current gain) of the semiconductor device or system being tested. However, this correlation has not been established unequivocally for all device types and performance parameters since, in many instances, other effects also can be important. Ionization effects produced by the incident neutron fluence or by gamma rays in a mixed neutron fluence, short-term and long-term annealing, and other factors can contribute to observed performance degradation (damage). Thus, caution should be exercised in making a correlation between calculated displacement damage and performance degradation of a given electronic device. The types of devices for which this correlation is applicable, and numerical evaluation of displacement damage are discussed in the annexes.  
5.3 The concept of 1-MeV equivalent fluence is widely used in the radiation-hardness testing community. It has merits and disadvantages that have been debated widely  (9-12). For these reasons, specifics of a standard application of the 1-MeV equivalent fluence are presented in the annexes.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for characterizing neutron fluence from a source in terms of an equivalent monoenergetic neutron fluence. It is applicable to neutron effects testing, to the development of test specifications, and to the characterization of neutron test environments. The sources may have a broad neutron-energy range, or may be mono-energetic neutron sources with energies up to 20 MeV. This practice is not applicable in cases where the predominant source of displacement damage is from neutrons of energy less than 10 keV. The relevant equivalence is in terms of a specified effect on certain physical properties of materials upon which the source spectrum is incident. In order to achieve this, knowledge of the effects of neutrons as a function of energy on the specific property of the material of interest is required. Sharp variations in the effects with neutron energy may limit the usefulness of this practice in the case of mono-energetic sources.  
1.2 This practice is presented in a manner to be of general application to a variety of materials and sources. Correlation between displacements (1-3)2 caused by different particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, and heavy ions) is out of the scope of this practice but is addressed in Practice E3084. In radiation-hardness testing of electronic semiconductor devices, specific materials of interest include silicon and gallium arsenide, and the neutron sources generally are test and research reactors and californium-252 irradiators.  
1.3 The technique involved relies on the following factors: (1) a detailed determination of the fluence spectrum of the neutron source, and (2) a knowledge of the degradation (damage) effects of neutrons as a function of energy on specific material properties.  
1.4 The detailed determination of the neutron fluence spectrum referred to in 1.3 need not be performed afresh for each test exposure, provided the exposure conditions are repeatable. When the spectrum determination is not repeated, a neutron fluence monit...

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ASTM
ASTM F1892-12(2018)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Ionizing Radiation (Total Dose) Effects Testing of Semiconductor Devices

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Electronic circuits used in space, military, and nuclear power systems may be exposed to various levels of ionizing radiation. It is essential for the design and fabrication of such circuits that test methods be available that can determine the vulnerability or hardness (measure of nonvulnerability) of components to be used in such systems.  
5.2 Some manufacturers currently are selling semiconductor parts with guaranteed hardness ratings. Use of this guide provides a basis for standardized qualification and acceptance testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents background and guidelines for establishing an appropriate sequence of tests and data analysis procedures for determining the ionizing radiation (total dose) hardness of microelectronic devices for dose rates below 300 rd(SiO2)/s. These tests and analysis will be appropriate to assist in the determination of the ability of the devices under test to meet specific hardness requirements or to evaluate the parts for use in a range of radiation environments.  
1.2 The methods and guidelines presented will be applicable to characterization, qualification, and lot acceptance of silicon-based MOS and bipolar discrete devices and integrated circuits. They will be appropriate for treatment of the effects of electron and photon irradiation.  
1.3 This guide provides a framework for choosing a test sequence based on general characteristics of the parts to be tested and the radiation hardness requirements or goals for these parts.  
1.4 This guide provides for tradeoffs between minimizing the conservative nature of the testing method and minimizing the required testing effort.  
1.5 Determination of an effective and economical hardness test typically will require several kinds of decisions. A partial enumeration of the decisions that typically must be made is as follows:  
1.5.1 Determination of the Need to Perform Device Characterization—For some cases it may be more appropriate to adopt some kind of worst case testing scheme that does not require device characterization. For other cases it may be most effective to determine the effect of dose-rate on the radiation sensitivity of a device. As necessary, the appropriate level of detail of such a characterization also must be determined.  
1.5.2 Determination of an Effective Strategy for Minimizing the Effects of Irradiation Dose Rate on the Test Result—The results of radiation testing on some types of devices are relatively insensitive to the dose rate of the radiation applied in the test. In contrast, many MOS devices and some bipolar devices have a significant sensitivity to dose rate. Several different strategies for managing the dose rate sensitivity of test results will be discussed.  
1.5.3 Choice of an Effective Test Methodology—The selection of effective test methodologies will be discussed.  
1.6 Low Dose Requirements—Hardness testing of MOS and bipolar microelectronic devices for the purpose of qualification or lot acceptance is not necessary when the required hardness is 100 rd(SiO2) or lower.  
1.7 Sources—This guide will cover effects due to device testing using irradiation from photon sources, such as 60Co γ irradiators,  137Cs γ irradiators, and low energy (approximately 10 keV) X-ray sources. Other sources of test radiation such as linacs, Van de Graaff sources, Dymnamitrons, SEMs, and flash X-ray sources occasionally are used but are outside the scope of this guide.  
1.8 Displacement damage effects are outside the scope of this guide, as well.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F1190-18(Guide)
Standard Guide for Neutron Irradiation of Unbiased Electronic Components

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Semiconductor devices can be permanently damaged by neutrons (1, 2)6. The effect of such damage on the performance of an electronic component can be determined by measuring the component’s electrical characteristics before and after exposure to fast neutrons in the neutron fluence range of interest. The resulting data can be utilized in the design of electronic circuits that are tolerant of the degradation exhibited by that component.  
5.2 This guide provides a method by which the exposure of silicon and gallium arsenide semiconductor devices to neutron irradiation may be performed in a manner that is repeatable and which will allow comparison to be made of data taken at different facilities.  
5.3 For semiconductors other than silicon and gallium arsenide, applicable validated 1-MeV damage functions are not available in codified National standards. In the absence of a validated 1-MeV damage function, the non-ionizing energy loss (NIEL) or the displacement kerma, as a function of incident neutron energy, normalized to the response in the 1 MeV energy region, may be used as an approximation. See Practice E722 for a description of the method used to determine the damage functions in Si and GaAs (3).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide strictly applies only to the exposure of unbiased silicon (Si) or gallium arsenide (GaAs) semiconductor components (integrated circuits, transistors, and diodes) to neutron radiation to determine the permanent damage in the components. Validated 1-MeV displacement damage functions codified in National Standards are not currently available for other semiconductor materials.  
1.2 Elements of this guide, with the deviations noted, may also be applicable to the exposure of semiconductors comprised of other materials except that validated 1-MeV displacement damage functions codified in National standards are not currently available.  
1.3 Only the conditions of exposure are addressed in this guide. The effects of radiation on the test sample should be determined using appropriate electrical test methods.  
1.4 This guide addresses those issues and concerns pertaining to irradiations with neutrons.  
1.5 System and subsystem exposures and test methods are not included in this guide.  
1.6 The range of interest for neutron fluence in displacement damage semiconductor testing range from approximately 109 to 1016  1-MeV n/cm2.  
1.7 This guide does not address neutron-induced single or multiple neutron event effects or transient annealing.  
1.8 This guide provides an alternative to Test Method 1017, Neutron Displacement Testing, a component of MIL-STD-883 and MIL-STD-750.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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