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ASTM D4255/D4255M-20e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for In-Plane Shear Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by the Rail Shear Method

Standard Test Method for In-Plane Shear Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by the Rail Shear Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These shear tests are designed to produce in-plane shear property data for material specifications, research and development, and design. Factors that influence the shear response and should therefore be reported include: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and fiber volume reinforcement content. Properties that may be measured by this test method include:  
5.1.1 In-plane shear stress versus engineering shear strain response,  
5.1.2 In-plane shear chord modulus of elasticity,  
5.1.3 Offset shear stress, and  
5.1.4 Maximum in-plane shear stress. In cases in which the engineering shear strain at failure is greater than 5 %, the shear stress corresponding to 5 % engineering shear strain should be reported.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane shear properties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials by either of two procedures. In Procedure A, laminates clamped between two pairs of loading rails are tested. When loaded in tension, the rails introduce shear forces in the specimen. In Procedure B, laminates clamped on opposite edges with a tensile or compressive force applied to a third pair of rails in the center are tested.  
1.2 Application of this test method is limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites in the following material forms:  
1.2.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.2.2 Laminates composed only of woven fabric filamentary laminae with the warp direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.2.3 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction, with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the fixture rails.  
1.2.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of the fibers being randomly distributed.
Note 1: Additional test methods for determining in-plane shear properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D3518/D3518M, D5379/D5379M, D5448/D5448M, and D7078/D7078M.  
1.3 The reproducibility of this test method can be affected by the presence of shear stress gradients in the gage section and stress concentrations at the gripping areas. Test Methods D5379/D5379M and D7078/D7078M provide superior shear response in comparison to this test method, as their specimen configurations produce a relatively pure and uniform shear stress state in the gage section.  
1.4 The technical content of this standard has been stable since 2001 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this standard, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of updated guidance on micrometers and calipers, strain gage requirements, speed of testing, specimen preconditioning and environmental testing. Future maintenance of the standard will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5.1 Within the text the inch-pounds units are shown in brackets.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and envi...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Sep-2020
ICS
83.140.20 - Laminated sheets
Technical Committee
D30 - Composite Materials
Drafting Committee
D30.04 - Lamina and Laminate Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D5229/D5229M-20 - Standard Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Effective Date
01-Mar-2020
Refers
ASTM E251-20a - Standard Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
Effective Date
01-Jun-2020
Refers
ASTM E251-20 - Standard Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Refers
ASTM E1237-20 - Standard Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
Effective Date
15-Aug-2020

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ASTM D4255/D4255M-20e1 - Standard Test Method for In-Plane Shear Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by the Rail Shear MethodASTM D4255/D4255M-20e1 - Standard Test Method for In-Plane Shear Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by the Rail Shear Method
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ASTM D4255/D4255M-20e1 - Standard Test Method for In-Plane Shear Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials by the Rail Shear Method
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
´1
Designation: D4255/D4255M − 20
Standard Test Method for
In-Plane Shear Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite
1
Materials by the Rail Shear Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4255/D4255M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Adjunct stock code was updated editorially to reflect its digital code in February 2023.
1. Scope stress concentrations at the gripping areas. Test Methods
D5379/D5379M and D7078/D7078M provide superior shear
1.1 This test method determines the in-plane shear proper-
response in comparison to this test method, as their specimen
ties of high-modulus fiber-reinforced composite materials by
configurations produce a relatively pure and uniform shear
either of two procedures. In Procedure A, laminates clamped
stress state in the gage section.
between two pairs of loading rails are tested. When loaded in
tension, the rails introduce shear forces in the specimen. In 1.4 The technical content of this standard has been stable
Procedure B, laminates clamped on opposite edges with a since 2001 without significant objection from its stakeholders.
tensile or compressive force applied to a third pair of rails in As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this
the center are tested. standard, changes since that date have been limited to items
required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Commit-
1.2 Application of this test method is limited to continuous-
tee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of
fiber or discontinuous-fiber-reinforced polymer matrix com-
updated guidance on micrometers and calipers, strain gage
posites in the following material forms:
requirements, speed of testing, specimen preconditioning and
1.2.1 Laminates composed only of unidirectional fibrous
environmental testing. Future maintenance of the standard will
laminae, with the fiber direction oriented either parallel or
only be in response to specific requests and performed only as
perpendicular to the fixture rails.
technical support allows.
1.2.2 Laminates composed only of woven fabric filamentary
laminae with the warp direction oriented either parallel or 1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
perpendicular to the fixture rails.
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
1.2.3 Laminates of balanced and symmetric construction, values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva-
with the 0° direction oriented either parallel or perpendicular to
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each
the fixture rails. system shall be used independently of the other, and values
1.2.4 Short-fiber-reinforced composites with a majority of
from the two systems shall not be combined.
the fibers being randomly distributed. 1.5.1 Within the text the inch-pounds units are shown in
brackets.
NOTE 1—Additional test methods for determining in-plane shear
properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D3518/D3518M, D5379/D5379M, D5448/D5448M, and D7078/
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D7078M.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.3 The reproducibility of this test method can be affected
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
by the presence of shear stress gradients in the gage section and
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
1
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.04 on
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Lamina and Laminate Test Methods.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2020. Published October 2020. Originally
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4255/D4255M – 15a.
DOI: 10.1520/D4255_D4255M-20E01. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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Standard Practice for Tensile Properties of Tapered and Stepped Joints of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates

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5.1 The parameter KTL  determined by this test method is a measure of the resistance of a polymer matrix composite laminate to notch-tip damage and effective translaminar crack growth under opening mode loading. The result is valid only for conditions in which the damage zone at the notch tip is small compared with the notch length and the in-plane specimen dimensions. Alternately, for materials exhibiting distributed damage in a larger volume, observed force-displacement and discrete damage events are still valid structural responses for certain specific engineering applications.  
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1.3 Composite materials that can be tested by this test method are not limited by thickness or by type of polymer matrix or fiber, provided that the specimen sizes and the test results meet the requirements of this test method. This test method was developed primarily from test results of various carbon fiber – epoxy matrix laminates and from additional results of glass fiber – epoxy matrix, glass fiber-polyester matrix pultrusions and carbon fiber – bismaleimide matrix laminates (1-4, 5, 6).2  
1.4 A range of eccentrically loaded, single-edge-notch tension, ESE(T), specimen sizes with proportional planar dimensions is provided, but planar size may be variable and adjusted, with associated changes in the applied test load. Specimen thickness is a variable, independent of planar size.  
1.5 Specimen configurations other than those contained in this test method may be used. It is particularly important that the requirements discussed in 5.1 and 5.4 regarding contained notch-tip damage be met when using alternative specimen configurations in conjunction with the KTL calculation.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown ...

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Standard Test Method for Transverse Tensile Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to produce transverse tensile property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors which influence the transverse tensile response and should, therefore, be reported are: material, methods of material preparation, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume fraction. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Transverse Tensile Strength,    
5.1.2 Transverse Tensile Strain at Failure,    
5.1.3 Transverse Tensile Modulus of Elasticity,  E22, and  
5.1.4 Poisson's Ratio,  υ21.
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1.1 This test method determines the transverse tensile properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop wound (90°) cylinders in axial tension for determination of transverse tensile properties.  
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Standard Test Method for Transverse Compressive Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce transverse compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the transverse compressive response and should therefore be reported are: material, method of material preparation, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, void content, and fiber volume fraction. Properties in the test direction that may be obtained from this test method are:  
5.1.1 Transverse compressive strength, σ22uc,  
5.1.2 Transverse compressive strain at failure, ε22uc,  
5.1.3 Transverse compressive modulus of elasticity, E22, and  
5.1.4 Poisson's ratio, γ21.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the transverse compressive properties of wound polymer matrix composites reinforced by high-modulus continuous fibers. It describes testing of hoop wound (90°) cylinders in axial compression for determination of transverse compressive properties.  
1.2 The technical content of this test method has been stable since 1993 without significant objection from its stakeholders. As there is limited technical support for the maintenance of this test method, changes since that date have been limited to items required to retain consistency with other ASTM D30 Committee standards, including editorial changes and incorporation of updated guidance on specimen preconditioning and environmental testing. The test method, therefore, should not be considered to include any significant changes in approach and practice since 1993. Future maintenance of the test method will only be in response to specific requests and performed only as technical support allows.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3171-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A constituent content of a composite material must be known in order to analytically model the material properties (mechanical, physical, thermal, or electrical) of the composite which are affected by the reinforcement or matrix. Also, knowledge of the constituent content is required for evaluation of the quality of a fabricated material and the processes used during fabrication.  
5.2 The void volume of a composite material may significantly affect some of its mechanical properties. Higher void volumes usually mean lower fatigue resistance, greater susceptibility to moisture penetration and weathering, and increased variation or scatter in strength properties. Knowledge of the void volume of a composite material is desirable as an indication of the quality of a composite.  
5.3 Reinforcement content may be used to normalize mechanical properties affected by amount of reinforcement in the coupon.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods determine the constituent content of composite materials by one of two approaches. Test Method I physically removes the matrix by digestion or ignition or carbonization by one of eight procedures, leaving the reinforcement essentially unaffected and thus allowing calculation of reinforcement or matrix content (by weight or volume) as well as percent void volume. Test Method II, applicable only to laminate materials of known fiber areal weight, calculates reinforcement or matrix content (by weight or volume), and the cured ply thickness, based on the measured thickness of the laminate. Test Method II is not applicable to the measurement of void volume.  
1.1.1 These test methods are primarily intended for two-part composite material systems. However, special provisions can be made to extend these test methods to filled material systems with more than two constituents, though not all test results can be determined in every case.  
1.1.2 The procedures contained within have been designed to be particularly effective for certain classes of polymer or metal matrices. The suggested applications are discussed in Section 4, as well as at the start of each procedure.  
1.1.3 Test Method I assumes that the reinforcement is essentially unaffected by the digestion or ignition medium or carbonization. A procedure for correction of the results for minor changes in the reinforcement is included. Procedures A through F are based on chemical removal of the matrix, while Procedure G removes the matrix by igniting the matrix in a furnace. Procedure H carbonizes the matrix in a furnace.  
1.1.4 Test Method II assumes that the fiber areal weight of the reinforcement material form is known or controlled to an acceptable tolerance. The presence of voids is not measured. Eq 15 and 16 assume zero void content to perform the calculation.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  See Section 9 for additional information.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8387/D8387M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for High Bypass – Low Bearing Interaction Response of Polymer Matrix Composite Laminates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce low bearing / high bypass interaction response data for research and development, and for structural design and analysis. The standard configuration for this procedure is very specific and is intended as a baseline configuration for developing structural design data. The high bypass/low bearing double-shear hardpoint configuration is recommended for determining the effect of low bearing stress levels on bypass strength. While a similar single-shear configuration could be tested, there is insufficient experience with a single-shear configuration to recommend its use at this time.  
5.2 General factors that influence the mechanical response of composite laminates and should therefore be reported include the following: material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed of testing, time held at test temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement.  
5.3 Specific factors that influence the bearing/bypass interaction response of composite laminates and should therefore be reported include not only loading type (tension or compression) but the following: edge distance ratio, width to diameter ratio, diameter to thickness ratio, fastener torque, fastener or pin material, fastener or pin clearance. Properties, in the test direction, which may be obtained from this test method include the following:  
5.3.1 Filled hole tensile bearing/bypass strength.  
5.3.2 Filled hole compressive bearing/bypass strength.  
5.3.3 Bearing stress/bypass strain curve.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the uniaxial high bypass - low bearing interaction response of multi-directional polymer matrix composite laminates reinforced by high-modulus fibers using a two-fastener hard point joint specimen. The scope of this test method is limited to net section (bypass) failure modes. Standard specimen configurations using fixed values of test parameters are described for this procedure. A number of test parameters may be varied within the scope of the standard, provided that the parameters are fully documented in the test report. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber (tape or fabric, or both) reinforced composites for which the laminate is balanced and symmetric with respect to the test direction. The range of acceptable test laminates and thicknesses are described in 8.2.1. This test method was previously published under Test Method D7248/D7248M-17 Procedure C.  
1.2 This test method is consistent with the recommendations of Composite Materials Handbook, CMH-17, which describes the desirable attributes of a bearing/bypass interaction response test method.  
1.3 The two-fastener test configurations described in this test method are intended to provide data in the relatively high bypass, low bearing part of the composite bolted joint bearing-bypass interaction diagram. This data complements the data from filled hole tension and compression (Practice D6742/D6742M), bearing (Test Method D5961/D5961M), and low bypass/high bearing interaction (Test Method D7248/D7248M) tests.  
1.4 This test method requires careful specimen design, instrumentation, data measurement, and data analysis. The use of this test method requires close coordination between the test requestor and the test lab personnel. Test requestors need to be familiar with the data analysis procedures of this test method and should not expect test labs who are unfamiliar with this test method to be able to produce acceptable results without close coordination.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used indepe...

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