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ASTM D2880-98

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils

Standard Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the selection of fuels for gas turbines, excepting gas turbines used in aircraft, for the guidance of interested parties such as turbine manufacturers and the suppliers and purchasers of fuel oils. The specification sets forth the properties of fuels at the time and place of custody transfer to the user.
1.2 Three appendixes are provided for informational purposes only and do not constitute a requirement of this specification unless mutually agreed upon between the interested parties.
1.2.1 Appendix X1describes the five grades of gas turbine fuels covered by this specification. Further, it states the significance of various test methods used in inspecting the fuels.
1.2.2 Appendix X2 discusses the sources of fuel contaminants and notes the significance of such contaminants in the operation of gas turbines and gas turbine fuel systems. The particular significance of trace metals in gas turbine fuels is noted. Upper limits of trace metals are recommended for the various grades of gas turbine fuels, but these recommended limits do not constitute a requirement of the specification unless mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Limitations due to the use of used or recycled oil are also noted.
Note 1--The gas turbine operator should consult Practice D 4418 for methods of ensuring fuels of adequate cleanliness and for guidance on long-term storage of distillate fuels and on liquids from non-petroleum sources as gas turbine.
Note 2--Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which may be more restrictive.Note 3--The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate gas turbine fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-2000
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.E0 - Burner, Diesel and Non-Aviation Gas Turbine Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D2880-00 - Standard Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6751-23a - Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blendstock (B100) for Middle Distillate Fuels
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D975-23 - Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D3605-22 - Standard Test Method for Trace Metals in Gas Turbine Fuels by Atomic Absorption and Flame Emission Spectroscopy
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D2068-20 - Standard Test Method for Determining Filter Blocking Tendency
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D4868-17 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net and Gross Heat of Combustion of Hydrocarbon Burner and Diesel Fuels
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D7687-23 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Cellular Adenosine Triphosphate in Fuel and Fuel-associated Water With Sample Concentration by Filtration
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D7061-19e1 - Standard Test Method for Measuring n-Heptane Induced Phase Separation of Asphaltene-Containing Heavy Fuel Oils as Separability Number by an Optical Scanning Device
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6468-22 - Standard Test Method for High Temperature Stability of Middle Distillate Fuels
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D7451-21 - Standard Test Method for Water Separation Properties of Light and Middle Distillate, and Compression and Spark-Ignition Engine Fuels
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM E1259-23 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Antimicrobials in Liquid Fuels Boiling Below 390 °C
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D8166-22 - Standard Test Method for Sizing and Counting Particulates in Middle Distillate Fuels and Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20) Using Continuous Flow and Bottle Sampler Particle Contamination Monitors
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D7060-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Maximum Flocculation Ratio and Peptizing Power in Residual and Heavy Fuel Oils (Optical Detection Method)
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6217-21 - Standard Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Middle Distillate Fuels by Laboratory Filtration<rangeref></rangeref >
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000
Referred By
ASTM D7111-16(2021) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Trace Elements in Middle Distillate Fuels by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
Effective Date
10-Dec-2000

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ASTM D2880-98 - Standard Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel OilsASTM D2880-98 - Standard Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
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ASTM D2880-98 - Standard Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 2880 – 98 An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
1
Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2880; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D 93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
2
Closed Tester
1.1 This specification covers the selection of fuels for gas
2
D 97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
turbines, excepting gas turbines used in aircraft, for the
D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
guidance of interested parties such as turbine manufacturers
2
eral Bomb Method)
and the suppliers and purchasers of fuel oils. The specification
2
D 396 Specification for Fuel Oils
sets forth the properties of fuels at the time and place of
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
custody transfer to the user.
and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic
1.2 Three appendixes are provided for informational pur-
2
Viscosity)
poses only and do not constitute a requirement of this specifi-
2
D 482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
cation unless mutually agreed upon between the interested
D 524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of
parties.
2
Petroleum Products
1.2.1 Appendix X1 describes the five grades of gas turbine
2
D 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
fuels covered by this specification. Further, it states the
D 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
significance of various test methods used in inspecting the
2
(Lamp Method)
fuels.
D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
1.2.2 Appendix X2 discusses the sources of fuel contami-
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
nants and notes the significance of such contaminants in the
2
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
operation of gas turbines and gas turbine fuel systems. The
D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
particular significance of trace metals in gas turbine fuels is
2
(High-Temperature Method)
noted. Upper limits of trace metals are recommended for the
D 1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by
various grades of gas turbine fuels, but these recommended
2
the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
limits do not constitute a requirement of the specification
D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
unless mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Limita-
3
X-Ray Spectrometry
tions due to the use of used or recycled oil are also noted.
D 2709 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Distillate
3
NOTE 1—The gas turbine operator should consult Practice D 4418 for
Fuels by Centrifuge
methods of ensuring fuels of adequate cleanliness and for guidance on
D 3605 Test Method for Trace Metals in Gas Turbine Fuels
long-term storage of distillate fuels and on liquids from non-petroleum
3
by Atomic Absorption and Flame Emission Spectroscopy
sources as gas turbine.
D 3828 Test Method for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed
NOTE 2—Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of
3
federal, state, or local regulations which may be more restrictive. Tester
NOTE 3—The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create
D 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of
3
problems in the handling of distillate gas turbine fuel oils. For more
Liquids by Digital Density Meter
information on the subject, see Guide D 4865.
D 4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
3
Energy-dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
2. Referenced Documents
D 4418 Practice for Receipt, Storage, and Handling of Fuels
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3
for Gas Turbines
2
D 56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester
D 4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static
2
D 86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products
4
Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
D 5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
4
(Automatic Pressure Pulsing Method)
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on
D 5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.E on Burner, Diesel, Non-aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.
Current edition approved Apr. 10, 1998. Published September 1998. Originally
3
published as D 2880 – 70 T. Last previous edition D 2880 – 96a. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.03.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
...

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5.1 The combustion quality of aviation turbine fuel has traditionally been controlled in specifications by such tests as smoke point (see Test Method D1322), smoke volatility index, aromatic content of luminometer number (see Test Method D1740). Evidence is accumulating that a better control of the quality may be obtained by limiting the minimum hydrogen content of the fuel.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hydrogen content of aviation turbine fuels.  
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5.1 This guide is intended for the developers or sponsors of new aviation gasolines or additives to describe the data requirements necessary to support the development of specifications for these new products by ASTM members. The ultimate goal of the data generated in accordance with this guide is to provide an understanding of the performance of the new fuel or additive within the property constraints and compositional bounds of the proposed specification criteria.  
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1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
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1.3 These research reports are intended to support the development and issuance of new specifications or specification revisions for these products. Guidance to develop ASTM International standard specifications for aviation gasoline is provided in Subcommittee J on Aviation Fuels Operating Procedures, Annex A6, “Guidelines for the Development and Acceptance of a New Aviation Fuel Specification for Spark-Ignition Reciprocating Engines.”  
1.4 The procedures, tests, selection of materials, engines, and aircraft detailed in this guide are based on industry expertise to give appropriate data for review. Because of the diversity of aviation hardware and potential variation in fuel/additive formulations, not every aspect may be encompassed and further work may be required. Therefore, additional data beyond that described in this guide may be requested by the ASTM task force, Subcommittee J, or Committee D02 upon review of the specific composition, performance, or other characteristics of the candidate fuel or additive.  
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5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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1.4 This test method uses inter-element correction factors calculated from XRF theory, the fundamental parameters (FP) approach, or best fit regression.  
1.5 Samples containing higher concentrations than shown in Table 1 must be diluted to bring the elemental concentration of the diluted material within the scope of this test method.  
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1.6.1 The preferred concentrations units are mg/kg for vanadium and nickel.  
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Standard Test Methods for Hydrogen Content of Light Distillates, Middle Distillates, Gas Oils, and Residua by Low-Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

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5.1 The hydrogen content represents a fundamental quality of a petroleum product that has been correlated with many of the performance characteristics of that product.  
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5.1 The tendency of a fuel to vaporize in automotive engine fuel systems is indicated by the vapor-liquid ratio of the fuel.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
5.2 The relationship of test results to aviation fuel system component distress due to wear has been demonstrated for some fuel/hardware combinations where boundary lubrication is a factor in the operation of the component.  
5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
5.4 The BOCLE test method may not directly reflect operating conditions of engine hardware. For example, some fuels that contain a high content of certain sulfur compounds can give anomalous test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
1.1.1 This test method incorporates two procedures, one using a semi-automated instrument and the second a fully automated instrument. Either of the two instruments may be used to carry out the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7398-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This test method is applicable to FAMES (biodiesel, B100) having an initial boiling point greater than 100 °C and a final boiling point less than 615 °C at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method.  
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1.4 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillation such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160, especially the initial and final boiling points.  
1.5 This test method uses the principles of simulated distillation methodology. See Test Methods D2887, D6352, and D7213.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7484-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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