ASTM D2462-22

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2462 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Moisture in Wool by Distillation With Toluene
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2462; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheamount
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
ofmoisturepresentingreasewool,scouredwool,cardedwool,
D1060 PracticeforCoreSamplingofRawWoolinPackages
garnetted wool, wool top and intermediate wool products, and
for Determination of Percentage of Clean Wool Fiber
rovings, by distillation with toluene.
Present
1.2 Equations are given for calculating the amount of water
D1576 Test Method for Moisture in Wool by Oven-Drying
present as moisture content (as-received basis) and moisture
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
regain (dry fiber) basis. The term that corresponds to the basis
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
used in the calculation and report must always be stated.
D2525 Practice for Sampling Wool for Moisture
D2654 Test Methods for Moisture in Textiles
1.3 This test method is not applicable to material known to
D3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,
contain any steam-distillable, water-soluble matter. If it is
Sliver, or Tow for Testing
suspected that such matter is present, the method should be
D4845 Terminology Relating to Wool
used with caution.
E123 SpecificationforApparatusforDeterminationofWater
1.4 Xylene or other solvents should not be substituted for
by Distillation
toluene as no other solvents have been evaluated for use in this
3. Terminology
standard.
3.1 For all terminology related to D13.13, Wool and Felt,
NOTE 1—The determination of moisture in wool by oven-drying is
see Terminology D4845.
covered in Test Method D1576 and for textile materials in general in Test
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
Methods D2654. A method for sampling wool for the determination of
moisture in wool is covered in Practice D2525. grease wool, moisture content, moisture-free, moisture regain,
oven-dried, pulled wool, raw wool, recycled wool, as defined
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
in the Wool Products Labeling Act as amended in 1980,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
scoured wool, virgin wool, wool, wool, as defined in the Wood
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Products Labeling Act of 1939.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For
3.2 FordefinitionsofallothertextiletermsseeTerminology
specific safety hazard statements, see Section 8. D123.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
4. Summary of Test Method
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4.1 Asample or specimen of wool or material made of wool
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
is weighed, then stabilized in the laboratory atmosphere in
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
which the specimen is prepared, and reweighed.Any resulting
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
change in mass is used to calculate the original moisture
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
contentofthesampleorspecimenfromtheresultsobservedon
the stabilized specimen.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Felt. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2022.PublishedJuly2022.Originallyapproved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D2462 – 13 which was
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
withdrawn in January 2022 and reinstated in June 2022. DOI: 10.1520/D2462-22. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2462 − 22
4.2 The specimen is immersed in water-saturated toluene 5.6 Unlike an oven-drying method, any moisture gained or
which is then heated, the distilled water vapor and solvent lost by a specimen after its mass has been determined will
vapor are condensed and collected in a graduated trap, wherein appear as a direct error in the final result. Since one of the
the water separates and settles to the bottom. After cooling in principal uses of the method is to determine the average
a water bath to achieve a specified temperature, the volume of moisturepresentinlargelotsofwoolorwoolproductsexposed
water collected in the trap is read from the graduated trap and to variable atmospheric conditions, numerous laboratory
converted to its equivalent weight. samplesandtestspecimensarecommon.Toavoiderrorsofthe
type mentioned above, this procedure includes provisions for
4.3 Results are calculated as percent moisture content or
stabilizing the sample(s) in the laboratory atmosphere so that,
percent moisture regain using the appropriate equation.
during the time necessary for selecting, weighing, and trans-
5. Significance and Use ferring the specimens to flasks, gain or loss of moisture which
cannot be accounted for will be minimized. A further advan-
5.1 Test Method D2462 for testing for moisture in wool is
tage of the stabilizing process is realized in cases where the
considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial
interest is solely in the average moisture content of the sample,
shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory pre-
and the actual moisture content within the sample is highly
cision are acceptable.
variable. By stabilizing the sample before selecting the
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
specimens, equal precision can be achieved with fewer speci-
reported test results when using Test Method D2462 for
mens.
acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
the supplier should conduct comparative testing to determine if
6. Apparatus
there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
6.1 Flask, Erlenmeyer, wide-mouth, 1000 cm (mL) capac-
statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
ity (takes a No. 11 stopper).
the bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of
test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are
6.2 Distilling Receiver, Dean & Stark, 10 cm (mL)
3 5
from a lot of the type material in question. The test specimens
capacity, graduated in 0.1 cm (mL).
should be assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for
NOTE 2—The tolerance on the accuracy of the graduations specified in
testing.Theaverageresultsfromthetwolaboratoriesshouldbe
Specification E123 for this apparatus is 60.1 cm . If greater accuracy is
compared using Student’s t-Test for unpaired data and an
required for a test result, the graduated trap(s) used should be calibrated.
acceptance probability level chosen by the two parties before
NOTE 3—Illustrations of acceptable forms of the glass apparatus
required by this method appear in Specification E123.
the test is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be
found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must
6.3 Condenser, Liebig, sealed, with 500 mm jacket.
agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
6.4 Balance, capacity of at least 500 g with a sensitivity of
5.2 This test method is the preferred method for all suitable
0.05 g.
samples of wool where it is important to obtain a result free
6.5 Heater,fordistillationapparatus,electricalwithvariable
from the possible biases, introduced by the conditions dis-
heat control, and arranged so that the surface of the flask above
cussed in 5.3 and 5.4.
the lowest solution level is not heated by direct radiation.
5.3 Thistestmethodisfreefromtheinterferencescausedby
6.6 Water Bath, with thermostatic controls, maintained at a
differentconditionsofambientatmospheresuchasmightaffect
temperature of 21 °C 6 2 °C.
theresultsofoven-drying.Aslightamountofresidualmoisture
6.7 Sample Containers—Moisture-tight mason jars have
may be retained in a specimen subjected to oven-drying
been found to be satisfactory where the sample size is not too
because of the relative humidity of the ambient air; however,
great (up to 200 g for example). For larger samples, bags of
the amount of moisture retained may be estimated from
various plastic materials are suitable if the wall thickness is
published data.
sufficient to provide a good moisture vapor barrier. For
5.4 This test method is free from the interference caused by
example, for polyethylene, a wall thickness of at least 4 mils
nonaqueous volatile material. Such material, when present, is
(approximately 0.1 mm) has been found to be adequate.
erroneouslymeasuredasmoisturebyoven-dryingmethods,the
extent of the error depending upon the amount and character-
7. Reagent
istics of any added oils or finishes.
7.1 Toluene, Water-Saturated, prepared from toluene having
5.5 This test method is relatively cumbersome, time
a boiling range such that all distills within a range of 2 °C
consuming, and costly compared to oven-drying, and is not
including 110.6 °C. Prepare a sufficient quantity of water-
recommended for routine process control, in-plant evaluations,
saturated solution of toluene for the testing program immedi-
or for other purposes where a high degree of accuracy is not
ately at hand as follows: To each 1000 cm (mL) of toluene,
necessary. The cost of operation can be reduced somewhat by 3 3
add 50 cm to 100 cm (mL) of distilled water. Shake for about
redistilling the used toluene, which is then suitable for reuse
5 min and allow to settle. Decant the toluene to a flask and
without further treatment.
3 4
Toner, R. K., Bowen, C. F., and Whitwell, J. C., “Equilibrium Moisture Corning No. 5100 or equivalent is suitable.
Relations for Textile Fibers,” Textile Research Journal, 17, January 1947, 17–18. Corning No. 3600 or equivalent is suitable.
D2462 − 22
attach a reflux condenser with a graduated water trap. Reflux 10. Number of Specimens
for1horuntilwaternolongeraccumulatesinthetrap.Assume
10.1 Take a number of specimens per laboratory sampling
the toluene in the flask to be water-saturated and store in
unit such that the user can expect at the 95 % probability level
glass-stoppered bottles until used.
that the test result for a laboratory sampling unit will be no
7.2 Potassium Dichromate Cleaning Solution—Prepare this
more than 0.5 percentage points above or below the true
solution by mixing 35 cm (mL) of a saturated (at room
average for the laboratory sampling unit. Determine the num-
temperature) potassium dichromate solution with 1000 cm
ber of specimens per laboratory sampling unit as follows:
(mL) of concentrated sulfuric acid.
10.1.1 Reliable estimate of s—When there is a reliable
estimate of s based upon extensive past records in the user’s
8. Hazards
laboratory as directed in the test method, calculate the required
8.1 Toluene is flammable and slightly toxic. It should be
number of specimens per laboratory sampling unit using Eq 1:
used in a well-ventilated area, for example, under a hood, to
n 5 ts/E (1)
~ !
prevent accumulation of vapors.
where:
9. Sampling
...