ASTM D5295-00

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Designation: D 5295 – 00
Standard Guide for
Preparation of Concrete Surfaces for Adhered (Bonded)
Membrane Waterproofing Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5295; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ACI 311 Guide to Inspection of Concrete
ACI 515 AGuide to the Use of Waterproofing, Dampproof-
1.1 This guide provides recommendations for the prepara-
ing, Protective and Decorative Barrier Systems for Con-
tion of concrete surfaces prior to the application of adhered
crete
(bonded) waterproofing.
ACI 546 Repair of Concrete
1.2 This guide is directed primarily toward installations of
new concrete, but is also applicable for existing concrete
3. Significance and Use
installations. (See also ACI 116 and ACI 546.)
3.1 The success of a waterproofing application depends on,
1.3 This guide does not apply to loose laid systems, bento-
among other things, the type, smoothness, and cleanliness of
nite systems, lead, or the like.
the concrete surface being coated. This guide describes condi-
1.4 This guide does not apply to applications involving
tioning or repairing of the concrete surface by the removal or
insulating concrete.
other constructive modification of those surface defects that
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
can affect the performance of the waterproofing system. It also
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
covers surface preparation by chemical and blast cleaning
only.
methods in order to provide good adhesion between the
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
waterproofing system and the concrete as well as the effect and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
control of various surface contaminants. (See also ACI 515.)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2 This guide is not intended to offer guidelines for the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
selection of a suitable waterproofing system; the use of specific
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
application techniques; or the design and installation of flash-
2. Referenced Documents ing, terminations, expansion joint details, etc. (For definitions
of terms, see Terminology D 1079.)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.3 The recommended procedures described herein are
D 1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing, Waterproofing,
2 minimums; the waterproofing materials manufacturer may
and Bituminous Materials
require more strict or specific procedures for the preparation of
D 4262 Test Method for pH of Chemically Cleaned or
3 concrete surfaces for the application of the manufacturer’s
Etched Concrete Surfaces
specific system.
D 4263 Test Method for Indicating Moisture in Concrete by
the Plastic Sheet Method
4. Adhesion Inhibitors
2.2 ACI Standards:
4 4.1 General—Among the items that inhibit the adhesion of
ACI 116 Cement and Concrete Terminology
membrane waterproofing systems are form release agents,
ACI 301 Specifications for Structural Concrete for Build-
concrete curing compounds, admixtures, laitance, moisture,
ings
and grease or oils.
4.2 Form release agents, such as oil, grease, wax, and
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing,
silicones, will transfer to the surface of the concrete during
Waterproofing, and Bituminous Materials and is the direct responsibility of
casting. These will cause poor adhesion of waterproofing
Subcommittee D08.22 on Waterproofing and Damproofing Systems.
systems. Since these are almost invisible, it is difficult to detect
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2000. Published January 2001. Originally
e1
published as D 5295 – 92. Last previous edition D 5295 – 92 (1998) . their presence. Any procedure for the removal of such materi-
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.04.
als will be specific to that material. Proprietary form coating
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
materials should be accepted prior to use and after evaluation
Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute, P.O. Box 19150, Redford Station,
by the specifier to determine that they are appropriate for use
Detroit, MI 48219.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 5295
with the proposed waterproofing materials and systems. Pro- determine whether they are still active. Such cracks should be
prietary paint systems applied to the forms that are non- chipped out before being patched, and edges should be
transferable and formulated to prevent contamination of the undercut slightly, in accordance with the suggestions and
concrete surface should be used. recommendations of applicable portions of ACI 301 and 311,
4.3 Concrete curing compounds may contain waxes, resins, or as recommended by the manufacturer of the patching
chlorinated rubber, or film formers of various types. If such material. No feathered edges shall be permitted. Tie holes and
materials must be used, the specifier should be certain that the “bug holes” larger than 16 mm ( ⁄8 in.) in diameter or deeper
materials can be completely removed or that the waterproofing than3mm( ⁄8 in.), or both, should be prepared similarly for
system manufacturer has evaluated them for use with the patching.
manufacturer’ssystemtodeterminethattheyareacceptablefor
5.5.1 The areas to be patched, along with a band at least 150
such use. These materials should be accepted prior to use and
mm (6 in.) wide surrounding it, should be dampened before the
after evaluation by the specifier to determine that they are
patching application to prevent rapid absorption of water from
appropriate for use with the proposed waterproofing materials
the bonding grout and the patching mortar, or this can be
and system.
performed in accordance with the applicable provisions ofACI
4.4 Admixtures such as water-immiscible chemical curing
301 and 311.
agents are sometimes used in concrete. These should be
5.5.2 Immediately after the surface water has evaporated
avoided unless the specifier has determined that they are
from the dampening step, a bonding grout or bond coat,
acceptable for use with the intended waterproofing materials.
consisting of approximately one part of cement to one part of
These materials should be accepted prior to use and after
fine sand passing No. 30 mesh sieve with an amount of water
evaluation by the specifier to determine that they are appropri-
sufficient to obtain a consistency of thick cream, should be
ate for use with the proposed waterproofing materials and
brushed thoroughly into the surface, or this can be performed
system.
in accordance with the applicable provisions of ACI 301 and
4.5 Laitance, dust and dirt, moisture, and grease and oil can
311.
inhibit or impair adhesion of the waterproofing system. These
5.5.3 The patching mortar should be made from the same
must be removed; controlled in a manner acceptable to the
materials and in the same proportions as the concrete, with the
waterproofing materials manufacturer; or found by the manu-
exception of coarse aggregate. (In any case, use no more than
facturer to be non-detrimental to the adhesion and performance
one part cement to 2.5 parts sand.) Mix the patching mortar
of the waterproofing system to be employed.
thoroughly with an amount of water sufficient only to obtain
the stiffest consistency that will permit placement. Apply the
5. Repair of Surface Defects
mortar as soon as the bonding coat begins to loose the water
5.1 General—Surface defects that may impair adhesion
sheen. Mortar should be worked thoroughly into place and
include honeycomb, fins, tie holes, “bug holes,” sharp offsets
struck off slightly higher than the surrounding area to allow for
from displaced forms, rutted cracks, ragged corners, deviations
some initial shrinkage. Such patches should set for at least 1
in the surface plane, and other similar concrete defects, along
hourbeforesurfacefinishingandthenbedamp-curedforseven
with spalling and delaminations of the concrete surface. (See
days. Any tie holes or “bug holes” should be filled completely
also, Concrete Manual. )
with mortar.This can also be performed in accordance with the
5.2 Fins, protrusions, or similar irregularities should be cut
applicable provisions of ACI 301 and 311.
back to the surface by chipping, bushhammering, needlegun-
5.5.4 Proprietary materials may be used either in lieu of or
ning, or wirebrushing. Avoid polishing of the concrete surface
in addition to the patching materials described in 5.5.3. Such
by these techniques.
compounds must be used in accordance with the manufactur-
5.3 Sharp offsets in the surface, such as those caused by
er’s instructions. These proprietary materials must be compat-
formwork misalignment, should be cut back to an even surface
ible with, and not interfere with, adhesion of the waterproofing
by chipping, bushhammering, needlegunning, wirebrushing, or
system to be employed. Proprietary patching materials should
transitioning with grout. This could also be performed in
be accepted prior to use and after evaluation by the specifier to
accordance with the applicable provisions ofACI 301 and 311.
determine that they are appropriate for use with the proposed
Avoid polishing the concrete surface by any of these tech-
waterproofing materials and system.
niques.
5.4 Sharp offsets between precast sections should be cor-
6. Surface Preparation
rected as indicated in 5.5.
6.1 General—Most waterproofing systems depend on good
5.5 Defective concrete areas should be removed down to
adhesion to the concrete. This, in turn, depends on proper
sound concrete, preferably by chipping; if grinding is neces-
surface preparation. The concrete surfaces must be free of
sary, care must be taken to avoid “polishing” the surfaces. If
loose, weak, and unsound materials (including laitance), as
sizable areas or amounts of unsound concrete are found, a
well as any chemical contamination that may adversely affect
structural engineer shall specify appropriate corrective action.
1 the bond. Some tests for the adequacy of the surface prepara-
Cracks exceeding 2 mm ( ⁄16 in.) should be investigated to
tion are reviewed (see also 7.5). The preparation and testing of
the concrete surfaces could also be performed in accordance
with the applicable provisions ofACI 301 and 311.When there
Available from U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO, Concrete Manual,
8th Edition, 1975, pp. 393–429. is doubt concerning selection of a cleaning method, a small
D 5295
trial installation using one or more cleaning methods followed alternative means of cleaning are possible and should be
by a patch test should be performed. performed only by those experienced in its use.
6.5.2 A10/90 to 20/80 dilution of commercial grade hydro-
6.2 Scrapingisatechniqueusedfrequentlytoremoveathin,
chloric acid in water is typically prepared and applied to the
top layer of unsound concrete, for example, using a straight,
2 2
concrete at a rate of 1.0 L/m (1 qt/yd ). The surface to be
flatedgebladetoremovelaitance.Itdoesnotgougethesurface
etched is normally predampened to obtain a more uniform acid
but still returns to a sound substrate. It is used instead of
etch. The acid solution is scrubbed into the surface. Foaming
sanding because sanding tends to drive the dust from the
will subside in 3 to 5 min, after which the surface should be
surface into the pores, thereby providing an interfacing or
flushed thoroughly with fresh water while scrubbing with stiff
parting film. Cleaning the surface after scraping is usually
bristle brushes, in order to remove the salts formed by the acid
performed by air blast using oil-free compressed air. If mate-
reaction and to dislodge loose particles. A second treatment
rials do not adhere to such surfaces, a primer will frequently be
may be necessary to obtain a reasonably clean surface. When
required.
the presence of chlorides is inadvisable (due to effects on
6.3 Chemical cleaning may be necessary prior to blast
concrete or reinforcing steel), a 15 % phosphoric acid solution
cleaning or acid etching, in order to remove surface contami-
shouldbeused.Theapplicationandwashingtechniquesarethe
nants such as oil, grease, and dirt. Solutions of 10 % caustic
same. The efficacy of the flushing operation should be verified
soda or of trisodium phosphate may be used as well as
at a number of points within the area treated by placing litmus
proprietarydetergentsspeciallyformulatedforuseonconcrete.
or pH paper on the wet surface to determine that the surface is
They should be applied with vigorous scrubbing, followed by
reasonably free of acid and chloride residues.
flushing with water to remove all traces of both the detergent
7. Surface Evaluation
and the contaminant, until the surface is neutral or only slightly
alkaline, as indicated by litmus or pH paper. Solvents must be
7.1 General—Concrete surfaces should be tested to verify
avoided because they dissolve the oil, grease, etc. and spread
they are suitable for waterproofing application. The number of
the contamination over a larger area.
tests to be made, the specific areas to be tested, and the tests to
6.4 Mechanical cleaning procedures are normally consid- be used are to be mutually agreed upon by the manufacturer of
ered to be scarification and blast cleaning. the waterproofing materials, the applicator, and the represen-
tative(s) of the owner. This information should be specified in
6.4.1 Scarificationbyamechanicalimpactingdeviceisused
the contract documents. While various test procedures are
on concrete surfaces to remove thick overlays of dirt or weak
described in this section, additional testing and test procedures
surface material. After scarification, water or sand-blasting is
may be required by the waterproofing materials manufacturer.
required to remove aggregates weakened by mechanical im-
7.2 Temperature Conditions—It is important that extremes
pacting. If the scarification process produces a surface too
in ambient temperature conditions always be avoided during
coarse or too uneven for proper adhesion, it should be made
surface evaluation test applications as well as during applica-
smooth with patching mortar.
tion of the waterproofing system itself. This might be achieved
6.4.2 Blast cleaning is an effective method for the removal
by postponing the application to a better time or by providing
of laitance, dirt, efflorescence, and weak surface material.
special protection for the area bein
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