ISO/TC 39/WG 12 - Environmental evaluation of machine tools

This document supports the energy-saving design methodology according to ISO 14955‑1 and the methods for measuring energy supplied to machine tools and machine tool components defined in ISO 14955‑2. This document addresses the environmental evaluation of machine tools during the use stage based on reference scenarios. It contains an example for metal cutting machine tools. This document defines a methodological approach to assess relevant machine tool operating states based on an individual reference scenario for the energy assessment of machine tools and the integration of energy-efficiency aspects into machine tool design. This document explains what needs to be measured in line with ISO 14955‑1 and ISO 14955‑2. Furthermore, it shows how a reference scenario for the measurement of the machine function "processing", according to ISO 14955‑1, is evaluated. An example of how to use this document is given in Annex A. The results from applying this document are influenced by the effect of user behaviour and manufacturing strategies during the use phase. This document does not support the comparison of machine tools.

This document specifies technical requirements for testing procedures for evaluation of energy supplied during use phase for the design of machine tools to process wood and materials with similar physical characteristics to wood. This document, along with ISO 14955‑1 and ISO 14955‑2, covers all significant energy requirements relevant to woodworking machine tools, when they are used as intended and under the conditions foreseen by the manufacturer/supplier. This document defines relevant operating states, optional shift regimes and optional machine tool activities for several types of woodworking machine tools. This document also applies to peripheral devices which are supplied as an integral part of the machine. This document also applies to machine tools which are part of an integrated manufacturing system where the energy required is comparable to those of machine tools working separately. This document applies to the following woodworking machine tools: — NC boring and routing machines; — horizontal beam panel sawing machines; — vertical panel sawing machines; — edge banding machines fed by chains; — wide belt calibrating and sanding machines; — four-sided moulding machines; — tenoning and/or profiling machines; — foiling/laminating machines; — dimension saws and circular saw benches; — single spindle vertical moulding machines (toupie); — surface planing, thickness planing, combined surface/thickness planing machines; — band sawing machines; — combined machines; — multi-blade rip-sawing machines; — presses and bending presses; — mounting presses. A list of energy efficiency improvements for woodworking machine tools is given in Annex A.

This document specifies technical requirements and measures for testing procedures for evaluation of energy required to be adopted by persons undertaking the design, manufacture and supply of metal forming and laser processing machine tools in order to achieve reproducible data about the energy supplied under specified conditions. Furthermore, it provides methods for quantifying the energy supplied to components in order to assign their share to generalized machine tool functions as described in ISO 14955‑1. Along with ISO 14955‑1 and ISO 14955‑2, it covers all significant energy requirements relevant to hydraulic (servo) and mechanical (servo) presses, turret punch presses and press brakes, pipe benders, laser processing machine tools, when they are used as intended and under the conditions foreseen by the manufacturer. Examples of how to perform energy evaluation on metal-forming machine tools are given in the annexes. This document is applicable to machine tools which transmit force mechanically or transmit energy by laser light to cut, form, or work metal or other materials by means of dies attached to or operated by slides, punches or beams as well as to lasers ranging in size from small high speed machine tools producing small work-pieces to large relatively slow speed machine tools and large work-pieces. This document covers machine tools whose primary intended use is to work metal, but which can be used in the same way to work other materials (e.g. cardboard, plastic, rubber, leather, etc.). It also applies to auxiliary devices supplied as an integral part of the machine tool and to machine tools which are part of an integrated manufacturing system where the energy required is comparable to those of machine tools working separately. This document does not give test procedures for the energy requirements of tools or dies attached to the machine tools. It is not applicable to machine tools whose principal designed purpose is: — metal-cutting by milling, drilling or turning; — metal-cutting by oxygen or water cutting; — attaching a fastener, e.g. riveting, stapling or stitching; — bending or folding by folding machine tools; — straightening; — extruding; — drop forging or drop stamping; — compaction of metal powder; — single purpose punching machine tools designed exclusively for profiles, e.g. used in the construction industry; — working by pneumatic hammer; — working by pneumatic presses. NOTE Mechanical servo presses are also known as servo electric presses.

This document describes how measurements are made by providing measuring methods in order to produce reproducible data about the energy supplied to a machine tool under specified conditions. Furthermore, it provides methods to quantify the energy supplied to components in order to assign their share to generalized machine tool functions as described in ISO 14955‑1. It supports the energy-saving design methodology according to ISO 14955‑1 by providing measuring methods for the energy supplied to machine tools. The assignment of the energy supplied to machine tool functions requires measurements at machine tool component level. These measurements need to be reproducible and independent of conditions other than those being recorded and documented. The results of the measurements are intended to document improvements to the design, specifically under energy aspects, and/or to allow evaluating the energy involved in the manufacturing of a given part by a given machine tool. Any comparison requires identical conditions and ensures by specification and measurement that similar results are achieved.

ISO 14955-1:2017 constitutes the application of eco-design standards to machine tools, mainly for automatically operated and/or numerically controlled (NC) machine tools. ISO 14955-1:2017 addresses the energy efficiency of machine tools during the use stage, i.e. the working life of the machine tool. Environmentally relevant stages other than the use stage and relevant impacts other than energy supplied to machine tools are not within the scope and need special treatment (e.g. according to ISO/TR 14062). Elements of eco-design procedure according to ISO/TR 14062 are applied to machine tools. Reporting of results to users and suppliers and monitoring of results are defined. Evaluation of energy efficiency implies quantification of the resources used, i.e. energy supplied, and of the result achieved. ISO 14955-1:2017 provides guidance for a reproducible quantification of the energy supplied. It does not suggest a methodology for quantifying the result achieved due to the lack of universal criteria. The result achieved in industrial application being machined workpieces, their properties (e.g. material, shape, accuracy, surface quality), the constraints of production (e.g. minimum lot size, flexibility) and other appropriate parameters for the quantification of the result achieved are intended to be determined specifically for each application or for a set of applications. ISO 14955-1:2017 defines methods for setting up a process for integrating energy efficiency aspects into machine tool design. It is not intended for the comparison of machine tools; also, ISO 14955-1:2017 does not deal with the effect of different types of user behaviour or different manufacturing strategies during the use phase. Lists of environmentally relevant improvements and machine tool components, control of machine tool components and combinations of machine tool components are given in Annex A. Annex B provides an example of application of the methodology. NOTE Certain machining processes and specific machine tools can allow significant changes in the environmental impact of machined workpieces, e.g. material reduction for aluminium cans by application of special press technology, higher performance of compressors by machining on precision form grinders[10][13]. The environmental impact of such processes or machine tools might be less important compared to the environmental impact of the machined workpieces and their application. These changes in the environmental impact of machined workpieces are not subject of ISO 14955-1:2017, but might be important if different machining processes or different machine tools are compared related to environmental impact of products. For instance, the accuracy of a machined workpiece might be a significant parameter for the environmental impact of the workpiece in its use stage, and any attempt to compare machine tools is intended to take this into account necessarily.

ISO 14955-1:2014 constitutes the application of eco-design standards to machine tools, mainly for metal working numerically controlled (NC) machine tools. ISO 14955-1:2014 addresses the energy efficiency of machine tools during the use stage, i.e. the working life of the machine tool. Elements of eco-design procedure according to ISO/TR 14062 are applied to machine tools. Reporting of results to users and suppliers and monitoring of results are defined. Evaluation of energy efficiency implies quantification of the resources used, i.e. energy supplied, and of the result achieved. ISO 14955-1:2014 provides guidance for a reproducible quantification of the energy supplied.