C09.66 - Concrete's Resistance to Fluid Penetration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The electrical resistivity of a concrete is the opposition to the movement of ions under an applied electric field. The electrical conductivity of a concrete is a measure of how readily the ions in the pore solution can be transported through the concrete under an applied electric field (the higher the conductivity, the greater the rate of transport). The electrical resistivity or conductivity is a material property that depends upon the pore volume, the pore structure (size and connectivity), the pore solution composition, the degree of saturation of the concrete specimen, and the specimen’s temperature. Concrete mixture characteristics that are known to affect concrete electrical resistivity, as well as resistance to chloride ion penetration, include water-cementitious materials ratio, pozzolans, slag cement, the presence of polymeric admixtures, air-entrainment, aggregate type, aggregate volume fraction, degree of consolidation, curing method, and age.  
5.2 The bulk electrical resistivity of concrete is the inverse of its bulk electrical conductivity. Bulk electrical conductivity can also be measured by Test Method C1760, which uses the apparatus described in Test Method C1202. This test method, however, uses apparatus specifically designed to measure bulk conductivity or bulk resistivity.  
5.3 The purpose of conditioning in a simulated pore solution is to bring the specimen to a level of near complete saturation of the capillary and gel pores. When comparing two different concrete specimens, it is important to condition both specimens as close as possible to a comparable saturation state, using the same solution for conditioning, so that values can be compared in a meaningful way. This is particularly true for using the measured resistivity or conductivity, along with other information, to estimate the diffusivity.  
5.4 The bulk electrical resistivity or conductivity of concrete can provide a rapid indication of its resistance to chloride ion penetrati...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bulk electrical resistivity or conductivity of molded specimens or cored sections of hardened concrete after immersion in water saturated with a simulated pore solution in order to provide a rapid indication of its resistance to the penetration of fluids and dissolved aggressive ions.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. If required results obtained from another standard are not reported in the same system of units as used by this standard, it is permitted to convert those results using the conversion factors found in the SI Quick Reference Guide.2  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.)3 For specific warning statement see 8.1.2.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is applicable to cementitious mixtures that have not been exposed to external chloride ions, other than the negligible quantity of chloride ion exposure from sample preparation using potable water, prior to the test.  
5.2 The calculation procedure described in this test method is applicable only to laboratory test specimens exposed to a sodium chloride solution as described in this test method. This calculation procedure is not applicable to specimens exposed to chloride ions during cyclic wetting and drying.
Note 1: The diffusion of ionic species in concrete occurs within the fluid-filled pores, cracks and void spaces. The concentration and valence of other ionic species in the pore fluid also influence the rate of chloride diffusion, and therefore, the apparent diffusion coefficient as determined by this test procedure.  
5.3 In most cases, the value of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient for cementitious mixtures changes over time (see Note 2). Therefore, apparent diffusion coefficients obtained at early ages may not be representative of performance in service.
Note 2: The rate of change of the apparent diffusion coefficient for cementitious mixtures containing pozzolans or blast-furnace slag is typically different than that for mixtures containing only portland cement.  
5.4 The apparent chloride diffusion coefficient is used in Fick's second law of diffusion to estimate chloride penetration into cementitious mixtures that are in a saturated condition.  
5.5 The apparent chloride diffusion coefficient is commonly used in chloride ingress models based on Fick's second law of diffusion. The apparent diffusion coefficient determined by this method includes bound chloride, so proper use of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient to predict chloride ingress requires consideration of chloride binding.  
5.6 The resistance to chloride penetration is affected by such factors as the environment, finishing, mixture composition, w...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient for hardened cementitious mixtures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method covers the laboratory evaluation of the electrical conductance of concrete samples to provide a rapid indication of their resistance to chloride ion penetration. In most cases the electrical conductance results have shown good correlation with chloride ponding tests, such as AASHTO T259, on companion slabs cast from the same concrete mixtures (Refs 1-5).  
4.2 This test method is suitable for evaluation of materials and material proportions for design purposes and research and development.  
4.3 Sample age has significant effects on the test results, depending on the type of concrete and the curing procedure. Most concretes, if properly cured, become progressively and significantly less permeable with time.  
4.4 This test method was developed originally for evaluations of alternative materials, but in practice its use has evolved to applications such as quality control and acceptance testing. Factors such as ingredient materials used in concrete mixtures and the method and duration of curing test specimens affect the results of this test (see Note 1). When this method is used for mixture qualification and acceptance testing, it is imperative that the curing procedures and the age at time of testing be clearly specified.
Note 1: When using this test for determining acceptability of concrete mixtures, statistically-based criteria and test age for prequalification, or for acceptance based on jobsite samples, should be stated in project specifications. Acceptance criteria for this test should consider the sources of variability affecting the results and ensure balanced risk between supplier and purchaser. The anticipated exposure conditions and time before a structure will be put into service should be considered. One approach to establishing criteria is discussed in Ref (6).  
4.5 Table X1.1 in Appendix X1 provides a qualitative relationship between the results of this test and the chloride ion penetrability of concrete.  
4.6 Care should b...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the electrical conductance of concrete to provide a rapid indication of its resistance to the penetration of chloride ions. This test method is applicable to types of concrete where correlations have been established between this test procedure and long-term chloride ponding procedures such as those described in AASHTO T 259. Examples of such correlations are discussed in Refs (1-5).2  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful in developing the data required for conversions between mass and volume for concrete. It can be used to determine conformance with specifications for concrete and to show differences from place to place within a mass of concrete.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determinations of density, percent absorption, and percent voids in hardened concrete.  
1.2 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The performance of concrete subjected to many aggressive environments is a function, to a large extent, of the penetrability of the pore system. In unsaturated concrete, the rate of ingress of water or other liquids is largely controlled by absorption due to capillary rise. This test method is based on that developed by Hall3 who called the phenomenon “water sorptivity.”  
4.2 The water absorption of a concrete surface depends on many factors including: (a) concrete mixture proportions; (b) the presence of chemical admixtures and supplementary cementitious materials; (c) the composition and physical characteristics of the cementitious component and of the aggregates; (d)  the entrained air content; (e) the type and duration of curing; (f) the degree of hydration or age; (g) the presence of microcracks; (h) the presence of surface treatments such as sealers or form oil; and (i) placement method including consolidation and finishing. Water absorption is also strongly affected by the moisture condition of the concrete at the time of testing.  
4.3 This method is intended to determine the susceptibility of an unsaturated concrete to the penetration of water. In general, the rate of absorption of concrete at the surface differs from the rate of absorption of a sample taken from the interior. The exterior surface is often subjected to less than intended curing and is exposed to the most potentially adverse conditions. This test method is used to measure the water absorption rate of both the concrete surface and interior concrete. By drilling a core and cutting it transversely at selected depths, the absorption can be evaluated at different distances from the exposed surface. The core is drilled vertically or horizontally.  
4.4 This test method differs from Test Method C642 in which the specimens are oven dried, immersed completely in water at 21°C, and then boiled under water for 5 h. In this test method, only one surface is exposed to water at room temperature wh...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the rate of absorption (sorptivity) of water by hydraulic cement concrete by measuring the increase in the mass of a specimen resulting from absorption of water as a function of time when only one surface of the specimen is exposed to water. The specimen is conditioned in an environment at a standard relative humidity to induce a consistent moisture condition in the capillary pore system. The exposed surface of the specimen is immersed in water and water ingress of unsaturated concrete is dominated by capillary suction during initial contact with water.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The electrical resistivity of a concrete is the opposition to the movement of ions under an applied electric field. The electrical conductivity of a concrete is a measure of how readily the ions in the pore solution can be transported through the concrete under an applied electric field (the higher the conductivity, the greater the rate of transport). The electrical resistivity or conductivity is a material property that depends upon the pore volume, the pore structure (size and connectivity), the pore solution composition, the degree of saturation of the concrete specimen, and the specimen’s temperature. Concrete mixture characteristics that are known to affect concrete electrical resistivity, as well as resistance to chloride ion penetration, include water-cementitious materials ratio, pozzolans, slag cement, the presence of polymeric admixtures, air-entrainment, aggregate type, aggregate volume fraction, degree of consolidation, curing method, and age.  
5.2 The bulk electrical resistivity of concrete is the inverse of its bulk electrical conductivity. Bulk electrical conductivity can also be measured by Test Method C1760, which uses the apparatus described in Test Method C1202. This test method, however, uses apparatus specifically designed to measure bulk conductivity or bulk resistivity.  
5.3 The purpose of conditioning in a simulated pore solution is to bring the specimen to a level of near complete saturation of the capillary and gel pores. When comparing two different concrete specimens, it is important to condition both specimens as close as possible to a comparable saturation state, using the same solution for conditioning, so that values can be compared in a meaningful way. This is particularly true for using the measured resistivity or conductivity, along with other information, to estimate the diffusivity.  
5.4 The bulk electrical resistivity or conductivity of concrete can provide a rapid indication of its resistance to chloride ion penetrati...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bulk electrical resistivity or conductivity of molded specimens or cored sections of hardened concrete after immersion in water saturated with a simulated pore solution in order to provide a rapid indication of its resistance to the penetration of fluids and dissolved aggressive ions.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. If required results obtained from another standard are not reported in the same system of units as used by this standard, it is permitted to convert those results using the conversion factors found in the SI Quick Reference Guide.2  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.)3 For specific warning statement see 8.1.2.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method covers the laboratory evaluation of the electrical conductance of concrete samples to provide a rapid indication of their resistance to chloride ion penetration. In most cases the electrical conductance results have shown good correlation with chloride ponding tests, such as AASHTO T259, on companion slabs cast from the same concrete mixtures (Refs 1-5).  
4.2 This test method is suitable for evaluation of materials and material proportions for design purposes and research and development.  
4.3 Sample age has significant effects on the test results, depending on the type of concrete and the curing procedure. Most concretes, if properly cured, become progressively and significantly less permeable with time.  
4.4 This test method was developed originally for evaluations of alternative materials, but in practice its use has evolved to applications such as quality control and acceptance testing. Factors such as ingredient materials used in concrete mixtures and the method and duration of curing test specimens affect the results of this test (see Note 1). When this method is used for mixture qualification and acceptance testing, it is imperative that the curing procedures and the age at time of testing be clearly specified.
Note 1: When using this test for determining acceptability of concrete mixtures, statistically-based criteria and test age for prequalification, or for acceptance based on jobsite samples, should be stated in project specifications. Acceptance criteria for this test should consider the sources of variability affecting the results and ensure balanced risk between supplier and purchaser. The anticipated exposure conditions and time before a structure will be put into service should be considered. One approach to establishing criteria is discussed in Ref (6).  
4.5 Table X1.1 in Appendix X1 provides a qualitative relationship between the results of this test and the chloride ion penetrability of concrete.  
4.6 Care should b...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the electrical conductance of concrete to provide a rapid indication of its resistance to the penetration of chloride ions. This test method is applicable to types of concrete where correlations have been established between this test procedure and long-term chloride ponding procedures such as those described in AASHTO T 259. Examples of such correlations are discussed in Refs (1-5).2  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The electrical resistivity of a concrete is the opposition to the movement of ions under an applied electric field. The electrical conductivity of a concrete is a measure of how readily the ions in the pore solution can be transported through the concrete under an applied electric field (the higher the conductivity, the greater the rate of transport). The electrical resistivity or conductivity is a material property that depends upon the pore volume, the pore structure (size and connectivity), the pore solution composition, the degree of saturation of the concrete specimen, and the specimen’s temperature. Concrete mixture characteristics that are known to affect concrete electrical resistivity, as well as resistance to chloride ion penetration, include water-cementitious materials ratio, pozzolans, slag cement, the presence of polymeric admixtures, air-entrainment, aggregate type, aggregate volume fraction, degree of consolidation, curing method, and age.  
5.2 The bulk electrical resistivity of concrete is the inverse of its bulk electrical conductivity. Bulk electrical conductivity can also be measured by Test Method C1760, which uses the apparatus described in Test Method C1202. This test method, however, uses apparatus specifically designed to measure bulk conductivity or bulk resistivity.  
5.3 The purpose of conditioning in a simulated pore solution is to bring the specimen to a level of near complete saturation of the capillary and gel pores. When comparing two different concrete specimens, it is important to condition both specimens as close as possible to a comparable saturation state, using the same solution for conditioning, so that values can be compared in a meaningful way. This is particularly true for using the measured resistivity or conductivity, along with other information, to estimate the diffusivity.  
5.4 The bulk electrical resistivity or conductivity of concrete can provide a rapid indication of its resistance to chloride ion penetrati...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bulk electrical resistivity or conductivity of molded specimens or cored sections of hardened concrete after immersion in water saturated with a simulated pore solution in order to provide a rapid indication of its resistance to the penetration of fluids and dissolved aggressive ions.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. If required results obtained from another standard are not reported in the same system of units as used by this standard, it is permitted to convert those results using the conversion factors found in the SI Quick Reference Guide.2  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.)3 For specific warning statement see 8.1.2.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method covers the laboratory evaluation of the electrical conductance of concrete samples to provide a rapid indication of their resistance to chloride ion penetration. In most cases the electrical conductance results have shown good correlation with chloride ponding tests, such as AASHTO T259, on companion slabs cast from the same concrete mixtures (Refs 1-5).  
4.2 This test method is suitable for evaluation of materials and material proportions for design purposes and research and development.  
4.3 Sample age has significant effects on the test results, depending on the type of concrete and the curing procedure. Most concretes, if properly cured, become progressively and significantly less permeable with time.  
4.4 This test method was developed originally for evaluations of alternative materials, but in practice its use has evolved to applications such as quality control and acceptance testing. Factors such as ingredient materials used in concrete mixtures and the method and duration of curing test specimens affect the results of this test (see Note 1). When this method is used for mixture qualification and acceptance testing, it is imperative that the curing procedures and the age at time of testing be clearly specified.
Note 1: When using this test for determining acceptability of concrete mixtures, statistically-based criteria and test age for prequalification, or for acceptance based on jobsite samples, should be stated in project specifications. Acceptance criteria for this test should consider the sources of variability affecting the results and ensure balanced risk between supplier and purchaser. The anticipated exposure conditions and time before a structure will be put into service should be considered. One approach to establishing criteria is discussed in Ref 6.  
4.5 Table X1.1 in Appendix X1 provides a qualitative relationship between the results of this test and the chloride ion penetrability of concrete.  
4.6 Care should be ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the electrical conductance of concrete to provide a rapid indication of its resistance to the penetration of chloride ions. This test method is applicable to types of concrete where correlations have been established between this test procedure and long-term chloride ponding procedures such as those described in AASHTO T 259. Examples of such correlations are discussed in Refs 1-5.2  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method covers the laboratory evaluation of the electrical conductance of concrete samples to provide a rapid indication of their resistance to chloride ion penetration. In most cases the electrical conductance results have shown good correlation with chloride ponding tests, such as AASHTO T259, on companion slabs cast from the same concrete mixtures (Refs 1-5).  
4.2 This test method is suitable for evaluation of materials and material proportions for design purposes and research and development.  
4.3 Sample age has significant effects on the test results, depending on the type of concrete and the curing procedure. Most concretes, if properly cured, become progressively and significantly less permeable with time.  
4.4 This test method was developed originally for evaluations of alternative materials, but in practice its use has evolved to applications such as quality control and acceptance testing. Factors such as ingredient materials used in concrete mixtures and the method and duration of curing test specimens affect the results of this test (see Note 1). When this method is used for mixture qualification and acceptance testing, it is imperative that the curing procedures and the age at time of testing be clearly specified.
Note 1: When using this test for determining acceptability of concrete mixtures, statistically-based criteria and test age for prequalification, or for acceptance based on jobsite samples, should be stated in project specifications. Acceptance criteria for this test should consider the sources of variability affecting the results and ensure balanced risk between supplier and purchaser. The anticipated exposure conditions and time before a structure will be put into service should be considered. One approach to establishing criteria is discussed in Ref 6.  
4.5 Table X1.1 in Appendix X1 provides a qualitative relationship between the results of this test and the chloride ion penetrability of concrete.  
4.6 Care should be ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the electrical conductance of concrete to provide a rapid indication of its resistance to the penetration of chloride ions. This test method is applicable to types of concrete where correlations have been established between this test procedure and long-term chloride ponding procedures such as those described in AASHTO T 259. Examples of such correlations are discussed in Refs 1-5.2  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method covers the laboratory evaluation of the electrical conductance of concrete samples to provide a rapid indication of their resistance to chloride ion penetration. In most cases the electrical conductance results have shown good correlation with chloride ponding tests, such as AASHTO T259, on companion slabs cast from the same concrete mixtures (Refs 1-5).  
4.2 This test method is suitable for evaluation of materials and material proportions for design purposes and research and development.  
4.3 Sample age has significant effects on the test results, depending on the type of concrete and the curing procedure. Most concretes, if properly cured, become progressively and significantly less permeable with time.  
4.4 This test method was developed originally for evaluations of alternative materials, but in practice its use has evolved to applications such as quality control and acceptance testing. Factors such as ingredient materials used in concrete mixtures and the method and duration of curing test specimens affect the results of this test (See Note 1). When this method is used for mixture qualification and acceptance testing, it is imperative that the curing procedures and the age at time of testing be clearly specified.
Note 1: When using this test for determining acceptability of concrete mixtures, statistically-based criteria and test age for prequalification, or for acceptance based on jobsite samples, should be stated in project specifications. Acceptance criteria for this test should consider the sources of variability affecting the results and ensure balanced risk between supplier and purchaser. The anticipated exposure conditions and time before a structure will be put into service should be considered. One approach to establishing criteria is discussed in Ref 6.  
4.5 Table X1.1 in Appendix X1 provides a qualitative relationship between the results of this test and the chloride ion penetrability of concrete.  
4.6 Care should be ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the electrical conductance of concrete to provide a rapid indication of its resistance to the penetration of chloride ions. This test method is applicable to types of concrete where correlations have been established between this test procedure and long-term chloride ponding procedures such as those described in AASHTO T 259. Examples of such correlations are discussed in Refs 1-5.2  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method covers the laboratory evaluation of the electrical conductance of concrete samples to provide a rapid indication of their resistance to chloride ion penetration. In most cases the electrical conductance results have shown good correlation with chloride ponding tests, such as AASHTO T259, on companion slabs cast from the same concrete mixtures (Refs 1-5).  
4.2 This test method is suitable for evaluation of materials and material proportions for design purposes and research and development.  
4.3 Sample age has significant effects on the test results, depending on the type of concrete and the curing procedure. Most concretes, if properly cured, become progressively and significantly less permeable with time.  
4.4 This test method was developed originally for evaluations of alternative materials, but in practice its use has evolved to applications such as quality control and acceptance testing. Factors such as ingredient materials used in concrete mixtures and the method and duration of curing test specimens affect the results of this test (See Note 1). When this method is used for mixture qualification and acceptance testing, it is imperative that the curing procedures and the age at time of testing be clearly specified.
Note 1: When using this test for determining acceptability of concrete mixtures, statistically-based criteria and test age for prequalification, or for acceptance based on jobsite samples, should be stated in project specifications. Acceptance criteria for this test should consider the sources of variability affecting the results and ensure balanced risk between supplier and purchaser. The anticipated exposure conditions and time before a structure will be put into service should be considered. One approach to establishing criteria is discussed in Ref 6.  
4.5 Table X1.1 in Appendix X1 provides a qualitative relationship between the results of this test and the chloride ion penetrability of concrete.  
4.6 Care should be ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the electrical conductance of concrete to provide a rapid indication of its resistance to the penetration of chloride ions. This test method is applicable to types of concrete where correlations have been established between this test procedure and long-term chloride ponding procedures such as those described in AASHTO T 259. Examples of such correlations are discussed in Refs 1-5.2  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is applicable to cementitious mixtures that have not been exposed to external chloride ions, other than the negligible quantity of chloride ion exposure from sample preparation using potable water, prior to the test.  
5.2 The calculation procedure described in this test method is applicable only to laboratory test specimens exposed to a sodium chloride solution as described in this test method. This calculation procedure is not applicable to specimens exposed to chloride ions during cyclic wetting and drying.
Note 1: The diffusion of ionic species in concrete occurs within the fluid-filled pores, cracks and void spaces. The concentration and valence of other ionic species in the pore fluid also influence the rate of chloride diffusion, and therefore, the apparent diffusion coefficient as determined by this test procedure.  
5.3 In most cases, the value of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient for cementitious mixtures changes over time (see Note 2). Therefore, apparent diffusion coefficients obtained at early ages may not be representative of performance in service.
Note 2: The rate of change of the apparent diffusion coefficient for cementitious mixtures containing pozzolans or blast-furnace slag is typically different than that for mixtures containing only portland cement.  
5.4 The apparent chloride diffusion coefficient is used in Fick's second law of diffusion to estimate chloride penetration into cementitious mixtures that are in a saturated condition.  
5.5 The apparent chloride diffusion coefficient is commonly used in chloride ingress models based on Fick's second law of diffusion. The apparent diffusion coefficient determined by this method includes bound chloride, so proper use of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient to predict chloride ingress requires consideration of chloride binding.  
5.6 The resistance to chloride penetration is affected by such factors as the environment, finishing, mixture composition, w...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient for hardened cementitious mixtures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This test method is useful in developing the data required for conversions between mass and volume for concrete. It can be used to determine conformance with specifications for concrete and to show differences from place to place within a mass of concrete.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determinations of denisty, percent absorption, and percent voids in hardened concrete.  
1.2 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The performance of concrete subjected to many aggressive environments is a function, to a large extent, of the penetrability of the pore system. In unsaturated concrete, the rate of ingress of water or other liquids is largely controlled by absorption due to capillary rise. This test method is based on that developed by Hall3 who called the phenomenon “water sorptivity.”  
4.2 The water absorption of a concrete surface depends on many factors including: (a) concrete mixture proportions; (b) the presence of chemical admixtures and supplementary cementitious materials; (c) the composition and physical characteristics of the cementitious component and of the aggregates; (d)  the entrained air content; (e) the type and duration of curing; (f) the degree of hydration or age; (g) the presence of microcracks; (h) the presence of surface treatments such as sealers or form oil; and (i) placement method including consolidation and finishing. Water absorption is also strongly affected by the moisture condition of the concrete at the time of testing.  
4.3 This method is intended to determine the susceptibility of an unsaturated concrete to the penetration of water. In general, the rate of absorption of concrete at the surface differs from the rate of absorption of a sample taken from the interior. The exterior surface is often subjected to less than intended curing and is exposed to the most potentially adverse conditions. This test method is used to measure the water absorption rate of both the concrete surface and interior concrete. By drilling a core and cutting it transversely at selected depths, the absorption can be evaluated at different distances from the exposed surface. The core is drilled vertically or horizontally.  
4.4 This test method differs from Test Method C642 in which the specimens are oven dried, immersed completely in water at 21°C, and then boiled under water for 5 h. In this test method, only one surface is exposed to water at room temperature w...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the rate of absorption (sorptivity) of water by hydraulic cement concrete by measuring the increase in the mass of a specimen resulting from absorption of water as a function of time when only one surface of the specimen is exposed to water. The specimen is conditioned in an environment at a standard relative humidity to induce a consistent moisture condition in the capillary pore system. The exposed surface of the specimen is immersed in water and water ingress of unsaturated concrete is dominated by capillary suction during initial contact with water.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method covers the laboratory evaluation of the electrical conductance of concrete samples to provide a rapid indication of their resistance to chloride ion penetration. In most cases the electrical conductance results have shown good correlation with chloride ponding tests, such as AASHTO T259, on companion slabs cast from the same concrete mixtures (Refs 1-5).
This test method is suitable for evaluation of materials and material proportions for design purposes and research and development.
Sample age has significant effects on the test results, depending on the type of concrete and the curing procedure. Most concretes, if properly cured, become progressively and significantly less permeable with time.
This test method was developed originally for evaluations of alternative materials, but in practice its use has evolved to applications such as quality control and acceptance testing. Factors such as ingredient materials used in concrete mixtures and the method and duration of curing test specimens affect the results of this test (See Note 1). When this method is used for mixture qualification and acceptance testing, it is imperative that the curing procedures and the age at time of testing be clearly specified.
Note 1—When using this test for determining acceptability of concrete mixtures, statistically-based criteria and test age for prequalification, or for acceptance based on jobsite samples, should be stated in project specifications. Acceptance criteria for this test should consider the sources of variability affecting the results and ensure balanced risk between supplier and purchaser. The anticipated exposure conditions and time before a structure will be put into service should be considered. One approach to establishing criteria is discussed in Ref 6.
Table X1.1 in Appendix X1 provides a qualitative relationship between the results of this test and the chloride ion penetrability of concrete.
Care should be taken in interpreting results...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the electrical conductance of concrete to provide a rapid indication of its resistance to the penetration of chloride ions. This test method is applicable to types of concrete where correlations have been established between this test procedure and long-term chloride ponding procedures such as those described in AASHTO T 259. Examples of such correlations are discussed in Refs 1-5.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  ^REFERENCE:
ASTM Standards:
C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
C42/C42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete
C192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials
AASHTO Standard:
T 259 Method of Test for Resistance of Concrete to Chloride Ion Penetration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is applicable to cementitious mixtures that have not been exposed to external chloride ions, other than the negligible quantity of chloride ion exposure from sample preparation using potable water, prior to the test.
The calculation procedure described in this test method is applicable only to laboratory test specimens exposed to a sodium chloride solution as described in this test method. This calculation procedure is not applicable to specimens exposed to chloride ions during cyclic wetting and drying.
Note 1—The diffusion of ionic species in concrete occurs within the fluid-filled pores, cracks and void spaces. The concentration and valence of other ionic species in the pore fluid also influence the rate of chloride diffusion, and therefore, the apparent diffusion coefficient as determined by this test procedure.
In most cases, the value of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient for cementitious mixtures changes over time (See Note 2). Therefore, apparent diffusion coefficients obtained at early ages may not be representative of performance in service.
Note 2—The rate of change of the apparent diffusion coefficient for cementitious mixtures containing pozzolans or blast-furnace slag is typically different than that for mixtures containing only portland cement.
The apparent chloride diffusion coefficient is used in Fick's second law of diffusion to estimate chloride penetration into cementitious mixtures that are in a saturated condition.
The apparent chloride diffusion coefficient is commonly used in chloride ingress models based on Fick's second law of diffusion. The apparent diffusion coefficient determined by this method includes bound chloride, so proper use of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient to predict chloride ingress requires consideration of chloride binding.
The resistance to chloride penetration is affected by such factors as the environment, finishing, mixture composition, workmanship, curing, and age.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient for hardened cementitious mixtures.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is applicable to cementitious mixtures that have not been exposed to external chloride ions, other than the negligible quantity of chloride ion exposure from sample preparation using potable water, prior to the test.
The calculation procedure described in this test method is applicable only to laboratory test specimens exposed to a sodium chloride solution as described in this test method. This calculation procedure is not applicable to specimens exposed to chloride ions during cyclic wetting and drying.
Note 1—The diffusion of ionic species in concrete occurs within the fluid-filled pores, cracks and void spaces. The concentration and valence of other ionic species in the pore fluid also influence the rate of chloride diffusion, and therefore, the apparent diffusion coefficient as determined by this test procedure.
In most cases, the value of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient for cementitious mixtures changes over time (See Note 2). Therefore, apparent diffusion coefficients obtained at early ages may not be representative of performance in service.
Note 2—The rate of change of the apparent diffusion coefficient for cementitious mixtures containing pozzolans or blast-furnace slag is typically different than that for mixtures containing only portland cement.
The apparent chloride diffusion coefficient is used in Fick’second law of diffusion to estimate chloride penetration into cementitious mixtures that are in a saturated condition.
The apparent chloride diffusion coefficient is commonly used in chloride ingress models based on Fick’second law of diffusion. The apparent diffusion coefficient determined by this method includes chemically bound chloride, so proper use of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient to predict chloride ingress requires consideration of chloride binding.
The resistance to chloride penetration is affected by such factors as the environment, finishing, mixture composition, workmanship, curing, an...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient for hardened cementitious mixtures.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The performance of concrete subjected to many aggressive environments is a function, to a large extent, of the penetrability of the pore system. In unsaturated concrete, the rate of ingress of water or other liquids is largely controlled by absorption due to capillary rise. This test method is based on that developed by Hall who called the phenomenon “water sorptivity.”
The water absorption of a concrete surface depends on many factors including: (a) concrete mixture proportions; (b) the presence of chemical admixtures and supplementary cementitious materials; (c) the composition and physical characteristics of the cementitious component and of the aggregates; (d) the entrained air content; (e) the type and duration of curing; (f) the degree of hydration or age; (g) the presence of microcracks; (h) the presence of surface treatments such as sealers or form oil; and (i) placement method including consolidation and finishing. Water absorption is also strongly affected by the moisture condition of the concrete at the time of testing.
This method is intended to determine the susceptibility of an unsaturated concrete to the penetration of water. In general, the rate of absorption of concrete at the surface differs from the rate of absorption of a sample taken from the interior. The exterior surface is often subjected to less than intended curing and is exposed to the most potentially adverse conditions. This test method is used to measure the water absorption rate of both the concrete surface and interior concrete. By drilling a core and cutting it transversely at selected depths, the absorption can be evaluated at different distances from the exposed surface. The core is drilled vertically or horizontally.
This test method differs from Test Method C642 in which the specimens are oven dried, immersed completely in water at 21°C, and then boiled under water for 5 h. In this test method, only one surface is exposed to water at room temperature while the other surface...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the rate of absorption (sorptivity) of water by hydraulic cement concrete by measuring the increase in the mass of a specimen resulting from absorption of water as a function of time when only one surface of the specimen is exposed to water. The specimen is conditioned in an environment at a standard relative humidity to induce a consistent moisture condition in the capillary pore system. The exposed surface of the specimen is immersed in water and water ingress of unsaturated concrete is dominated by capillary suction during initial contact with water.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is suitable for evaluation of materials and material proportions for construction purposes as well as for research and development.
This test method can be used to establish the correlation between indirect measures of the chloride-ion penetration of concrete (see Test Method C1202) and the actual chloride-ion penetration under controlled conditions.
This test method is not intended to provide a measure of the length of service that may be expected from use of a specific concrete mixture or sealing material.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the penetration of chloride ion into concrete from a sodium-chloride solution pond. This method is applicable to all types of concrete, as well as to concretes treated with systems such as sealants, penetrating sealers, or thin-bonded overlays.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method covers the laboratory evaluation of the electrical conductance of concrete samples to provide a rapid indication of their resistance to chloride ion penetration. In most cases the electrical conductance results have shown good correlation with chloride ponding tests, such as AASHTO T259, on companion slabs cast from the same concrete mixtures (Refs 1-5).
This test method is suitable for evaluation of materials and material proportions for design purposes and research and development.
Sample age has significant effects on the test results, depending on the type of concrete and the curing procedure. Most concretes, if properly cured, become progressively and significantly less permeable with time.
This test method was developed originally for evaluations of alternative materials, but in practice its use has evolved to applications such as quality control and acceptance testing. In such cases it is imperative that the curing procedures and the age at time of testing be clearly specified.
Table 1 provides a qualitative relationship between the results of this test and the chloride ion penetrability of concrete.
Numerical results of this test (total charge passed, in coulombs) can be used as a basis for determining the acceptability of a concrete mixture. Factors such as the ingredient materials used and method and duration of curing of test specimens affect results of this test. (See Note 1)
Note 1—When using this test for determining acceptability of concrete mixtures, statistically-based criteria and test age for prequalification, or for acceptance based on jobsite samples, should be stated in project specifications. Acceptance criteria for this test should consider the sources of variability affecting the results and ensure balanced risk between supplier and purchaser. The anticipated exposure conditions and time before a structure will be put into service should be considered. One approach to establishing criteria is discussed in Ref 6....
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the electrical conductance of concrete to provide a rapid indication of its resistance to the penetration of chloride ions. This test method is applicable to types of concrete where correlations have been established between this test procedure and long-term chloride ponding procedures such as those described in AASHTO T 259. Examples of such correlations are discussed in Refs 1-5.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard, except where SI units are given first followed by inch-pound units in parentheses. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is suitable for evaluation of materials and material proportions for construction purposes as well as for research and development.
This test method can be used to establish the correlation between indirect measures of the chloride-ion penetration of concrete (see Test Method C1202) and the actual chloride-ion penetration under controlled conditions.
This test method is not intended to provide a measure of the length of service that may be expected from use of a specific concrete mixture or sealing material.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the penetration of chloride ion into concrete from a sodium-chloride solution pond. This method is applicable to all types of concrete, as well as to concretes treated with systems such as sealants, penetrating sealers, or thin-bonded overlays.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method covers the laboratory evaluation of the electrical conductance of concrete samples to provide a rapid indication of their resistance to chloride ion penetration. In most cases the electrical conductance results have shown good correlation with chloride ponding tests, such as AASHTO T259, on companion slabs cast from the same concrete mixtures (Refs 1-5).
This test method is suitable for evaluation of materials and material proportions for design purposes and research and development.
Sample age has significant effects on the test results, depending on the type of concrete and the curing procedure. Most concretes, if properly cured, become progressively and significantly less permeable with time.
This test method was developed originally for evaluations of alternative materials, but in practice its use has evolved to applications such as quality control and acceptance testing. In such cases it is imperative that the curing procedures and the age at time of testing be clearly specified.
Table 1 provides a qualitative relationship between the results of this test and the chloride ion penetrability of concrete.
Care should be taken in interpreting results of this test when it is used on surface-treated concretes, for example, concretes treated with penetrating sealers. The results from this test on some such concretes indicate low resistance to chloride ion penetration, while 90-day chloride ponding tests on companion slabs show a higher resistance.
The details of the test method apply to 4-in. (102-mm) nominal diameter specimens. This includes specimens with actual diameters ranging from 3.75 in. (95 mm) to 4.0 in. (102 mm). Other specimen diameters may be tested with appropriate changes in the applied voltage cell design (see 7.5 and Fig. 1).
For specimen diameters other than 3.75 in. (95 mm), the test result value for total charge passed must be adjusted following the procedure in 11.2. For specimens with diameters less than 3.75 in. (9...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the electrical conductance of concrete to provide a rapid indication of its resistance to the penetration of chloride ions. This test method is applicable to types of concrete where correlations have been established between this test procedure and long-term chloride ponding procedures such as those described in AASHTO T 259. Examples of such correlations are discussed in Refs 1-5.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard, except where SI units are given first followed by inch-pound units in parentheses. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method covers the laboratory evaluation of the electrical conductance of concrete samples to provide a rapid indication of their resistance to chloride ion penetration. In most cases the electrical conductance results have shown good correlation with chloride ponding tests, such as AASHTO T259, on companion slabs cast from the same concrete mixtures (Refs 1-5).
This test method is suitable for evaluation of materials and material proportions for design purposes and research and development.
Sample age has significant effects on the test results, depending on the type of concrete and the curing procedure. Most concretes, if properly cured, become progressively and significantly less permeable with time.
This test method was developed originally for evaluations of alternative materials, but in practice its use has evolved to applications such as quality control and acceptance testing. In such cases it is imperative that the curing procedures and the age at time of testing be clearly defined.
Table 1 provides a qualitative relationship between the results of this test and the chloride ion penetrability of concrete.
Care should be taken in interpreting results of this test when it is used on surface-treated concretes, for example, concretes treated with penetrating sealers. The results from this test on some such concretes indicate low resistance to chloride ion penetration, while 90-day chloride ponding tests on companion slabs show a higher resistance.
The details of the test method apply to 4-in. (102-mm) nominal diameter specimens. This includes specimens with actual diameters ranging from 3.75 in. (95 mm) to 4.0 in. (102 mm). Other specimen diameters may be tested with appropriate changes in the applied voltage cell design (see 7.5 and Fig. 1).
For specimen diameters other than 3.75 in. (95 mm), the test result value for total charge passed must be adjusted following the procedure in 11.2. For specimens with diameters less than 3.75 in. (95 ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the electrical conductance of concrete to provide a rapid indication of its resistance to the penetration of chloride ions. This test method is applicable to types of concrete where correlations have been established between this test procedure and long-term chloride ponding procedures such as those described in AASHTO T 259. Examples of such correlations are discussed in Refs 1-5.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard, except where SI units are given first followed by inch-pound units in parentheses. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the electrical conductance of concrete to provide a rapid indication of its resistance to the penetration of chloride ions. This test method is applicable to types of concrete where correlations have been established between this test procedure and long-term chloride ponding procedures such as those described in AASHTO T 259. Examples of such correlations are discussed in Refs 1-5.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard, except where SI units are given first followed by inch-pound units in parentheses. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is useful in developing the data required for conversions between mass and volume for concrete. It can be used to determine conformance with specifications for concrete and to show differences from place to place within a mass of concrete.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determinations of specific gravity, percent absorption, and percent voids in hardened concrete.  
1.2 The text of this method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the electrical conductance of concrete to provide a rapid indication of its resistance to the penetration of chloride ions. This test method is applicable to types of concrete where correlations have been established between this test procedure and long-term chloride ponding procedures such as those described in AASHTO T 259. Examples of such correlations are discussed in Refs .
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard, except where SI units are given first followed by inch-pound units in parentheses. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is applicable to cementitious mixtures that have not been exposed to external chloride ions, other than the negligible quantity of chloride ion exposure from sample preparation using potable water, prior to the test.
The calculation procedure described in this test method is applicable only to laboratory test specimens exposed to a sodium chloride solution as described in this test method. This calculation procedure is not applicable to specimens exposed to chloride ions during cyclic wetting and drying.
Note 1—The diffusion of ionic species in concrete occurs within the fluid-filled pores, cracks and void spaces. The concentration and valence of other ionic species in the pore fluid also influence the rate of chloride diffusion, and therefore, the apparent diffusion coefficient as determined by this test procedure.
In most cases, the value of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient for cementitious mixtures changes over time (See Note 2). Therefore, apparent diffusion coefficients obtained at early ages may not be representative of performance in service.
Note 2—The rate of change of the apparent diffusion coefficient for cementitious mixtures containing pozzolans or blast-furnace slag is typically different than that for mixtures containing only portland cement.
The apparent chloride diffusion coefficient is used in Fick’second law of diffusion to estimate chloride penetration into cementitious mixtures that are in a saturated condition.
The apparent chloride diffusion coefficient is commonly used in chloride ingress models based on Fick’second law of diffusion. The apparent diffusion coefficient determined by this method includes chemically bound chloride, so proper use of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient to predict chloride ingress requires consideration of chloride binding.
The resistance to chloride penetration is affected by such factors as the environment, finishing, mixture composition, workmanship, curing, an...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient for hardened cementitious mixtures.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the rate of absorption (sorptivity) of water by hydraulic cement concrete by measuring the increase in the mass of a specimen resulting from absorption of water as a function of time when only one surface of the specimen is exposed to water. The exposed surface of the specimen is immersed in water and water ingress of unsaturated concrete dominated by capillary suction during initial contact with water.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the rate of absorption (sorptivity) of water by hydraulic cement concrete by measuring the increase in the mass of a specimen resulting from absorption of water as a function of time when only one surface of the specimen is exposed to water. The exposed surface of the specimen is immersed in water and water ingress of unsaturated concrete dominated by capillary suction during initial contact with water.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient for hardened cementitious mixtures.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is suitable for evaluation of materials and material proportions for construction purposes as well as for research and development.
This test method can be used to establish the correlation between indirect measures of the chloride-ion penetration of concrete (see Test Method C 1202) and the actual chloride-ion penetration under controlled conditions.
This test method is not intended to provide a measure of the length of service that may be expected from use of a specific concrete mixture or sealing material.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the penetration of chloride ion into concrete from a sodium-chloride solution pond. This method is applicable to all types of concrete, as well as to concretes treated with systems such as sealants, penetrating sealers, or thin-bonded overlays.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the electrical conductance of concrete to provide a rapid indication of its resistance to the penetration of chloride ions. This test method is applicable to types of concrete where correlations have been established between this test procedure and long-term chloride ponding procedures such as those described in AASHTO T259. Examples of such correlations are discussed in Refs. (1-5).
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard, except where SI units are given first followed by inch-pound units in parentheses. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determinations of specific gravity, percent absorption, and percent voids in hardened concrete.  
1.2 The text of this method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Drying behavior is related to the mass transport properties of concrete, such as liquid permeability and water diffusivity. It depends on a number of factors such as concrete mixture proportions, presence of admixtures and supplementary cementitious materials, composition and physical characteristics of the aggregates and cementitious materials, curing conditions, degree of hydration, and presence of microcracking. Drying behavior is also affected strongly by the degree of saturation and temperature of the concrete at the start of drying as well as the environmental conditions that exist during drying such as temperature, relative humidity, and air flow rate (wind speed).  
5.2 This test method subjects initially saturated specimens of concrete to one-dimensional drying under controlled environmental conditions. The resulting mass loss versus time data can be used to estimate transport coefficients including liquid permeability3 and water diffusivity.4 These coefficients may be used in numerical models to estimate service life of concrete and reinforced concrete members exposed to different environmental conditions.5,6  
5.3 The test method provides instruction and a sequence of steps for measuring mass loss versus time. The preferred rate of this mass loss will depend on the application. For example, for interior commercial flooring applications, a mass loss that occurs quickly may be preferable, while for outdoor exposures in an aggressive environment, slower mass loss may be beneficial.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the mass loss over time due to one-dimensional drying and moisture transport in an initially saturated cylindrical specimen with both ends exposed to constant temperature and relative humidity.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method determines the mass loss over time due to one-dimensional drying and moisture transport in an initially saturated cylindrical specimen with both ends exposed to constant temperature and relative humidity.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates, this test method was withdrawn in January 2023 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The durability of concrete largely depends on the ease with which fluids, both liquids and gases can enter into and move through, the concrete.3 Adsorption and absorption of a liquid into empty or partially empty pores occur by capillary attraction.4 The continuity of the pores and their size, as well as the volume of the voids, are factors that affect the sorptivity.4  
5.2 This test method is intended to compare the relative performance of concrete mixtures exposed to wetting and drying. It is not intended to compare the performance of concrete mixtures that will be submerged continuously.  
5.3 This test method tests a concrete that is essentially dry, as contrasted to the condition of the concrete in Test Method C1585, in which much of the capillary water is retained.  
5.4 This test method determines the water absorbed into dried concrete in the first 30 minutes as an indicator of the susceptibility of the concrete to water intrusion. This test method subjects all of the surfaces of the specimen to water thereby giving a value for bulk sorption of the specimen which gives an indication of the potential durability of the concrete mixture.  
5.5 This test is applicable to hydraulic cement concrete mixtures with or without supplementary cementitious materials or admixtures.  
5.6 This test method permits for the use of both cores and cast specimens. The results for cast specimens are not equivalent to those obtained from cores. Results can differ because, compared with cores, cast specimens have smoother surface texture, no damage from coring, and a greater amount of paste exposed at the surface.  
5.7 This test is a measurement of the bulk sorption of concrete and has not been evaluated as a technique to assess the effectiveness of surface treatments applied to the concrete.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of water ingress into the bulk (mass) of a hardened, dried concrete specimen after being submerged for 30 minutes.  
1.2 The text of this test method references notes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This test method does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the determination of water ingress into the bulk (mass) of a hardened, dried concrete specimen after being submerged for 30 minutes.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates, this test method was withdrawn in January 2022 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method measures the bulk electrical conductivity of concrete, which has a theoretical relationship to the diffusion coefficient of chloride ion, or other ions, in the concrete (1, 2). Experimental data confirm that there is a correlation between the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient measured by Test Method C1556, or similar method, and the bulk electrical conductivity (3, 4).
A number of factors are known to affect electrical conductivity of concrete: water cementitious materials ratio, the type and amount of supplementary cementitious materials, presence of polymeric admixtures, admixtures that contain soluble salts, specimen age, air-void system, aggregate type, degree of consolidation, degree of saturation, and type of curing. Different curing methods are used in this test method depending on whether the concrete contains supplementary cementitious materials. Use the same method and duration of curing when comparing mixtures.
This test method is suitable for evaluation of concrete mixtures for proportioning purposes and for research and development. Specimens must be sufficiently saturated for measured electrical conductivity to provide an indication of the resistance of the concrete to chloride ion penetration. Because the electrical conductivity depends upon the degree of saturation, specimens are vacuum saturated before testing to ensure a common reference state for comparison purposes. If the specimen is tested in a partially saturated, or “as delivered” state, it shall be noted in the test report.
This test can be used to evaluate the electrical conductivity of concretes in structures for applications that may require such information, such as the design of cathodic protection systems.
The type of specimen and conditioning procedure depends on the purpose of the test. For evaluation of concrete mixtures, specimens are 100 mm diameter molded cylinders that are moist cured up to the time of testing. For evaluation of concrete samples ta...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bulk electrical conductivity of saturated specimens of hardened concrete to provide a rapid indication of the concrete's resistance to the penetration of chloride ions by diffusion (See Note 1). The results of this test method can be related to the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient that is determined using Test Method C1556.
Note 1—The term “bulk” is used because the electrical conductivity is determined by measuring the current passing through all the phases of a test specimen (e.g., cement paste, sand, aggregate). This is accomplished using electrodes that cover the ends of the specimen. Other test methods that measure conductivity may use probes placed on the side surface of the specimen.
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (WarningFresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to exposed skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure. )
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the determination of the bulk electrical conductivity of saturated specimens of hardened concrete to provide a rapid indication of the concrete's resistance to the penetration of chloride ions by diffusion (See Note 1). The results of this test method can be related to the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient that is determined using Test Method C1556.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates, this test method was withdrawn in January 2021 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committe...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is suitable for evaluation of materials and material proportions for construction purposes as well as for research and development.
This test method can be used to establish the correlation between indirect measures of the chloride-ion penetration of concrete (see Test Method C1202) and the actual chloride-ion penetration under controlled conditions.
This test method is not intended to provide a measure of the length of service that may be expected from use of a specific concrete mixture or sealing material.
If the purpose for testing is to determine the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient, it is recommended that Test Method C1556 be used.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the penetration of chloride ion into concrete from a sodium-chloride solution pond. This method is applicable to all types of concrete, as well as to concretes treated with systems such as sealants, penetrating sealers, or thin-bonded overlays.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method determines the penetration of chloride ion into concrete from a sodium-chloride solution pond. This method is applicable to all types of concrete, as well as to concretes treated with systems such as sealants, penetrating sealers, or thin-bonded overlays.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates, this test method was withdrawn in February 2019 because it is obsolete.