SIST EN 12195-1:2004

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 12195-1:2004
01-junij-2004
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Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles - Safety - Part 1: Calculation of lashing forces
Ladungssicherungseinrichtungen auf Straßenfahrzeugen - Sicherheit - Teil 1:
Berechnung von Zurrkräften
Dispositifs d'arrimage des charges a bord des véhicules routiers - Sécurité - Partie 1:
Calcul des tensions d'arrimage
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 12195-1:2003
ICS:
53.080 6NODGLãþQDRSUHPD Storage equipment
55.180.99 Drugi standardi v zvezi z Other standards related to
distribucijo blaga s prevozom freight distribution of goods
SIST EN 12195-1:2004 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 12195-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
December 2003
ICS 55.180.99
English version
Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles - Safety - Part 1:
Calculation of lashing forces
Dispositifs d'arrimage des charges à bord des véhicules Ladungssicherungseinrichtungen auf Straßenfahrzeugen -
routiers - Sécurité - Partie 1: Calcul des tensions Sicherheit - Teil 1: Berechnung von Zurrkräften
d'arrimage
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 September 2003.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2003 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 12195-1:2003 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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EN 12195-1:2003 (E)
Contents
page
Foreword.3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .4
2 Normative references .4
3 Terms, definitions, symbols, units and abbreviations.4
3.1 General terms and definitions .4
3.2 Definition of calculation parameters.5
3.3 Symbols, units and terms .7
4 Acceleration coefficients .8
4.1 General.8
4.2 Load on lorries and trailers during road transport.8
4.3 Load on lorries and trailers during rail transport.8
4.4 Load on lorries and trailers during sea transport .9
5 Methods of calculation .9
5.1 General.9
5.2 Stability of an unlashed load .10
5.3 Blocking.11
5.4 Over top lashing.12
5.5 Direct lashing .15
6 Parameters.21
6.1 Friction factor.21
6.2 Transmission of force during frictional lashing .21
7 Instructions for use .21
8 Marking .22
Annex A (informative)  Examples for the calculation of lashing forces .23
(informative) mmAnnex B Dynamic friction factors of some usual goods .27
D
Annex C (informative)  Static friction factors of some usual goods mm.29
s
Annex D (informative) Table D.1 - Example for a load securing docket (no copyright).31
2

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EN 12195-1:2003 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 12195-1:2003) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 168 “Chains, ropes, web-
bing, slings and accessories - Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or
by endorsement, at the latest by June 2004, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by
June 2004.
This European Standard was prepared by WG 6 "Load restraint assemblies" of CEN/TC 168 "Chains, ropes, web-
bing, slings and accessories", the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard has been prepared under a Mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association.
The parts of EN 12195 “Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles – Safety” are:
Part 1: Calculation of lashing forces
Part 2: Web lashing made from man-made fibres
Part 3: Lashing chains
Part 4: Lashing steel wire ropes
Annex A to Annex D are informative.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following coun-
tries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
3

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EN 12195-1:2003 (E)
Introduction
This Part of EN 12195 has been prepared to provide one means of conforming with the essential safety require-
ments to calculate lashing forces for load restraint assemblies to be used in the Common European Market and
thus enabling the free movement of goods.
The extent to which hazards are covered is indicated in the scope of this standard. In addition, load restraint as-
semblies for securing of loads on vehicles should conform as appropriate to the other parts of this standard and
EN 292 for hazards which are not covered by this standard.
1 Scope
This Part of EN 12195 specifies acceleration coefficients for surface transport. It also gives methods of calculation
of lashing forces acting on goods on load carriers, lorries, trailers and swap bodies, either on road, on vessels or by
rail and/or combinations thereof for different types of load and different types of lashing. It excludes the hump
shunting during railway transport (web lashings see EN 12195-2, lashing chains see EN 12195-3, wire lashing
ropes see prEN 12195-4).
The lashing forces to be chosen for calculation in this EN 12195-1 are static forces produced by tensioning of
lashings and dynamic forces, which act on the lashing as a reaction of the load movements.
Instructions for the application of calculations are also specified.
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These
normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the publications are listed hereafter. For
dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European
Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the
publication referred to applies (including amendments).
EN 12195-2:2000, Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles — Safety — Part 2: Web lashing made from man-
made fibres.
EN 12195-3, Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles — Safety — Part 3: Lashing chains.
prEN 12195-4, Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles — Safety — Part 4: Lashing steel wire ropes.
3 Terms, definitions, symbols, units and abbreviations
For the purposes of this European Standard, the following terms, definitions, symbols, units and abbreviations ap-
ply.
3.1 General terms and definitions
3.1.1
load restraint assembly
systems and devices for the securing of loads
[EN 12195-2:2000]
4

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EN 12195-1:2003 (E)
3.1.2
lashing
flexible device used in the securing of the load on a load carrier
3.1.3
tensioning device
mechanical device inducing and maintaining a tensile force in a load restraint assembly (e. g. ratchets, winches,
overcentre buckles)
[EN 12195-2:2000]
3.1.4
tension force indicator
device which indicates the force applied to the lashing system by means of the tension devices and movement of
the load or elastic deformation of the vehicle body, acting on the lashing equipment
[EN 12195-2:2000]
3.1.5
attachment point
rigid part of the load, e. g. eyebolt, to place the load restraint assembly
3.1.6
lashing point
securing device on a load carrier to which a lashing may be directly attached; a lashing point can be e. g. an oval
link, a hook, a ring or a lashing shoulder
[EN 12195-2:2000]
3.1.7
standard tension force S
TF
residual force after physical release of the handle of the tensioning device
3.1.8
frictional lashing method
lashing procedure where the friction force is enhanced by adding a vertical force component to the weight of the
load
3.1.9
direct lashing method
lashing procedure where the lashings are fixed directly to the solid parts of the load or to attachment points, that
are intended for this purpose
3.2 Definition of calculation parameters
3.2.1
mass of the load m
mass which is to be secured
3.2.2
acceleration of the load a
maximum acceleration of the load during a specific type of transportation
3.2.3
acceleration coefficient c
coefficient which when multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity g gives the acceleration a = c g of the load dur-
ing a specific type of transportation
5

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EN 12195-1:2003 (E)
3.2.4
longitudinal force of the load F
x
inertia force, which acts on the load as a result of the vehicle movements in the longitudinal axis (x-axis) of a load
carrier (F = m c g)
x x
3.2.5
transverse force of the load F
y
inertia force, which acts on the load as a result of the vehicle movements in the transverse axis (y-axis) of a load
carrier (F = m c g)
y y
3.2.6
vertical force of the load F
z
sum of forces that arise from the weight of the load and the inertia force which acts on the load (F = m c g) due to
z z
the load carrier movements during the transport in the vertical axis (z-axis) of a load carrier
3.2.7
static friction factor mmS
coefficient of static friction between the load and the adjoining surface
3.2.8
dynamic friction factor mmD
coefficient of friction between the load and the supporting surface during the movement of load
3.2.9
friction force F
F
force acting due to the friction between load and the loading area of a vehicle against the movement of the load
3.2.10
blocking force F
B
force acting on a blocking device in a specified direction
3.2.11
blocking capacity BC
maximum force that a blocking device is designed to carry in a specified direction
3.2.12
number n
number of lashings
3.2.13
tension force of a lashing F
T
force in the lashing created by tensioning of a tensioning device
3.2.14
coefficient k
coefficient which allows for the loss of tension force due to friction between lashing and load
3.2.15
restraining force of a lashing F
R
force carried by a lashing due to the movements of a load carrier during transport
3.2.16
lashing capacity LC
maximum allowable direct force that a lashing may sustain in use
3.2.17
vertical angle aa
angle between lashing and loading area of a load carrier
3.2.18
longitudinal angle bbx
angle between lashing and longitudinal axis (x-axis) of a load carrier in the plane of the loading area
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EN 12195-1:2003 (E)
3.2.19
transverse angle bby
angle between lashing and transverse axis (y-axis) of a load carrier in the plane of the loading area
3.3 Symbols, units and terms
Table 1 — Symbols, units and terms
Symbol Unit Terms
BC kN Blocking capacity
F kN Blocking force
B
F kN Restraining force of a lashing
R
F kN Tension force of a lashing
T
F kN Longitudinal force actuated by the load
x
F kN Transverse force actuated by the load
y
F kN Vertical force actuated by the load
z
F kN Friction force
F
F kN Friction force as result of the vertical force F
FM z
F kN Friction force as result of the restraining force F
FR R
F kN Friction force as result of the tension force F
FT T
LC kN Lashing capacity
S kN Standard tension force
TF
a
m/s² Acceleration
b m Lever arm of the standing moment
c — Acceleration coefficient
d m Lever arm of the tilting moment
h
m Lever arm of the lashing moment
g m/s² Gravitational acceleration
g m/s² Standard acceleration due to gravity g = 9,80665 m/s²
n n
k — Coefficient of transmission
m
t (100kg) Mass of the load
n — Number of lashings
w m Width of the load
aDegree Vertical angle
Degree Longitudinal anglebx
Degree Transverse angleby
μ
— Friction factor static
s
μ — Friction factor dynamic
D
7

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EN 12195-1:2003 (E)
4 Acceleration coefficients
4.1 General
The acceleration coefficients given in the tables 2, 3 and 4 are specified according to 3.2.2 and 3.2.3 as maximum
values for a load on a vehicle for the specific type of transportation.
NOTE These values correspond with the IMO/ILO/UN/ECE Guidelines for packing of Cargo Transport Units (CTUs), but
provide safer conditions by using
.
D
Combinations of longitudinal and transverse accelerations occurring during transport, e. g. values below the maxi-
mum values, are covered by the values of the tables.
Superposition of the weight of the load with high frequency stresses and occasional occurring shock loadings of
short duration are absorbed by the flexibility of the lashings and the shock absorber system of the lorries and trail-
ers. This occurs without any significant increase of stress, so that this can be ignored for the purpose of this stan-
dard which gives a practical and not a scientific view.
4.2 Load on lorries and trailers during road transport
The value for the longitudinal acceleration in the IMO regulation as well as in the national regulations has been set
to 1 in connection with the friction factor
. During road transport, the vibrations cause a kind of levitation. For the
S
calculation purposes of this standard this is implemented using
and the table value for the longitudinal accelera-
D
tion 0,8 instead of 1 in connection with
.
S
The acceleration coefficients for lorries and trailers during road transport shall be as given in Table 2.
Table 2 — Acceleration coefficients c , c and c during road transport
x y z
Acceleration coefficients
Securing in c , longitudinally c , transversely
x y
c , vertically down
z
forward rearward sliding only tilting
a
longitudinal direction 0,5 — — 1,0
0,8
b
transverse direction — — 0,5 1,0
0,5 + 0,2
a
 instead of IMO = 1 in combination with
.
S
b
 + 0,2 only for unstable loads.
4.3 Load on lorries and trailers during rail transport
The acceleration coefficients for lorries and trailers during rail transport shall be as given in Table 3.
Table 3 — Acceleration coefficients c , c and c during rail transport
x y z
Acceleration coefficients
c , minimum vertically
z
Securing in c , longitudinally
x
down
c , transversely
y
tilting sliding tilting sliding
longitudinal direction 0,6 1,0 — 1,0 1,0
transverse direction — — 0,5 1,0 0,7
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EN 12195-1:2003 (E)
4.4 Load on lorries and trailers during sea transport
The acceleration coefficients for lorries and trailers during sea transport shall be as given in Table 4.
Table 4 — Acceleration coefficients c , c and c during sea transport
x y z
Acceleration coefficients
Sea area Securing in
c , minimum ver-
z
c , longitudinally c , transversely
x y
tically down
longitudinal direction 0,3 — 0,5
A
transverse direction — 0,5 1,0
longitudinal direction 0,3 — 0,3
B
transverse direction — 0,7 1,0
longitudinal direction 0,4 — 0,2
C
transverse direction — 0,8 1,0
NOTE See IMO regulations.
ABaltic sea
B Southern part of North sea/Mediterranean sea
C Unrestricted
5 Methods of calculation
5.1 General
The general requirements for a safe transport are:
- the sum of forces in any direction equals zero;
- the sum of moments in any plane equals zero.
Web lashings according to EN 12195-2, lashing chains according to EN 12195-3 and wire lashing ropes according
to prEN 12195-4 have to sustain the forces and moments, longitudinally, transversely and vertically, the lashing
and the cargo unit are supposed to sustain.
Generally, load securing consists of balancing the forces of a load by locking, blocking and/or lashing. Locking, a
completely positive connection, is mainly used in the transport of containers and is not usually combined with lash-
ings. Blocking results in a positive connection in the blocked direction only and therefore is often combined with
lashings. This is taken into consideration in 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5.
The two basic lashing methods are:
 frictional lashing (see 3.1.8) is characterized by a restraint that is produced by force on the loading area
and a positive connection in the direction vertically down;
 direct lashing (see 3.1.9) is a completely positive connection which permits the load to make small move-
ments, the magnitudes of which depend on the flexibility of the lashing and forces acting on the load.
The frictional lashing method is described in 5.4, the direct lashing method in 5.5.
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EN 12195-1:2003 (E)
5.2 Stability of an unlashed load
The stability of a load should be determined both in longitudinal direction (x-axis) and in transverse direction
(y-axis).
Using the designations of Figure 1, the stability condition for a load is specified as follows:
F ⋅ b > F ⋅ d
z x,y x,y
F
x,y
b > d
x,y
F
z
c
x,y
b > d (1)
x,y
c
z
The quantities c , c and c are the acceleration coefficients in accordance with clause 4.
x y z
If the condition of equation (1) is met, a load is stable. An unstable load will have a high centre of gravity in relation
to the dimensions of the bottom surface. In the case of an unstable load the risk of tilting over should be taken into
account.
To stabilize against tilting, for over top lashing 5.4.2 is applicable, for slope lashing 5.5.2 and for diagonal lashing
5.5.3 is applicable. In both cases the factor c of 0,5 of Table 2 shall be used; for unstable loads c = 0,7.
y y
Key
1 Center of gravity
2 Load
3 Tilting edge
Figure 1 — Stability of an unlashed load
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EN 12195-1:2003 (E)
5.3 Blocking
Key
1 Center of gravity
2 Load
3 Blocking device
Figure 2 — Load securing by blocking
The balance of forces in longitudinal or transverse direction are as follows:
F + F = F
B F x,y
+m⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅
F m c g m c g
B D z x,y
F = (c-m⋅ c ) m ⋅ g (2)
B x,y D z
The equation for calculating the blocking capacity BC is as follows (see also Figure 2):
BC > (c-m⋅ c ) m ⋅ g (3)
x,y D z
where
m is the mass of the load;
g is the gravitational acceleration;
c , c and c are the acceleration coefficients (see Table 2, 3 or 4);
x y z
μ the dynamic friction factor according to 6.1.1.
D
Blocking a load at the base with
...