Soil quality - Sampling - Part 103: Safety

ISO 18400-103:2017 gives guidelines for:
- identification of hazards that could be encountered during a site investigation and when collecting samples of soil and other ground material, including hazards that are intrinsic in the sampling operation (e.g. physical hazards) in addition to the hazards that might arise, e.g. from contamination with chemicals or biological agents;
- measures to be adopted to control risks once an appropriate risk assessment has been carried out.

Qualité du sol - Échantillonnage - Partie 103: Sécurité

ISO 18400-103:2017 fournit des lignes directrices concernant:
- les dangers pouvant être rencontrés lors d'une investigation de site et lors du prélèvement d'échantillons de sols et d'autres matériaux du sol, y compris les dangers inhérents aux opérations d'échantillonnage (par exemple, dangers physiques) en plus des dangers liés, par exemple, à la contamination par des produits chimiques ou des agents biologiques;
- les mesures à adopter pour maîtriser les risques après avoir procédé à une évaluation appropriée des risques.

Kakovost tal - Vzorčenje - 103. del: Varnost

Ta dokument podaja smernice za:
– ugotavljanje nevarnosti pri preiskovanju območij in zbiranju vzorcev prsti in drugega zemeljskega materiala, kar poleg nevarnosti, ki se lahko pojavijo (npr. onesnaženost s kemikalijami ali biološkimi sredstvi), vključuje tudi nevarnosti, ki so neločljivo povezane s postopkom vzorčenja (npr. fizične nevarnosti);
– ukrepe za nadzor tveganj, ki jih je treba sprejeti po ustrezno izvedeni oceni tveganja.

General Information

Status
Published
Public Enquiry End Date
14-Mar-2018
Publication Date
13-Jun-2018
Technical Committee
Current Stage
6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
Start Date
08-May-2018
Due Date
13-Jul-2018
Completion Date
14-Jun-2018

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Standards Content (Sample)


SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2018
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ISO 10381-3:2002
.DNRYRVWWDO9]RUþHQMHGHO9DUQRVW
Soil quality - Sampling - Part 103: Safety
Qualité du sol - Échantillonnage - Partie 103: Sécurité
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 18400-103:2017
ICS:
13.080.05 Preiskava tal na splošno Examination of soils in
general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18400-103
First edition
2017-01
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 103:
Safety
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 103: Sécurité
Reference number
©
ISO 2017
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Preliminary considerations . 1
5 Concepts and processes . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Risk assessment . 3
5.3 Risk management . 4
5.4 Identifying hazards . 5
6 Safety precautions — General aspects . 5
6.1 Safety policy . 5
6.2 Planning and managing for safety . 6
6.3 Personnel . 7
6.4 Safety equipment . 7
7 Safety precautions in relation to particular hazards.11
7.1 General .11
7.2 Personal protective equipment.11
7.3 Chemicals .11
7.4 Gases .12
7.5 Biological hazards (bacteria and viruses) .13
7.6 Radiation .13
7.7 Asbestos .13
7.8 Topography .13
7.9 Machines . .14
7.10 Buildings and other structures .15
7.11 Unexploded ordnance and other explosive hazards.15
7.12 Extreme weather conditions .16
8 Safety procedures — Specific activities .16
8.1 General .16
8.2 Protection of buildings and installations including underground utilities .16
8.3 Safety on agricultural sites (see also 6.4 and B.2) .17
8.4 Safety on contaminated sites (see also 6.4 and B.3) .17
8.4.1 Preliminary investigation and site reconnaissance .17
8.4.2 Field investigations — General.18
8.4.3 Field investigations — Soil gas .18
Annex A (informative) Routes of exposure to hazard .20
Annex B (informative) Potential on-site hazard relating to sampling and the area
of investigation .22
Annex C (informative) Example of risk assessment .29
Bibliography .30
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www . i so .org/ iso/ foreword .html
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 2,
Sampling.
This first edition of ISO 18400-103 cancels and replaces ISO 10381-3:2001, which has been technically
and structurally revised. The ISO 18400 series is based on a modular structure and cannot be compared
to ISO 10381-3 clause by clause.
A list of all parts in the ISO 18400 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

Introduction
This document is one of a group of International Standards intended to be used in conjunction with each
other where necessary (the role/position of the International Standards within the total Investigation
programme is shown in Figure 1).
It deals with safety during sampling and other soil investigation activities. International and national
regulations regarding health and safety at work and associated guidance produced by statutory bodies
and trade associations could exist and may need to be taken into account.
It does not seek to address everyday hazards that could arise from the use of such items as sharp
instruments, digging/drilling equipment, nor the hazards of driving to a site location. It is assumed
that such hazards are satisfactorily dealt with by the personnel carrying out the investigation and the
sampling.
Former production sites for munitions and other warfare agents present special problems to
investigators and others involved in handling samples collected at such locations. The guidance given
in this document will be of assistance in these situations, but additional guidance about the precautions
to be taken should be obtained from specialists, such as those responsible for the former operation of
these sites.
Geological and geotechnical investigations are outside of the scope of this document and for detailed
guidance, reference is to be made to other relevant International Standards. However, soil quality
investigations may sometimes be combined with geotechnical investigations for practical reasons and
for economy and thus specific hazards and risks associated with geotechnical investigations might
need to be addressed in the overall risk assessment.
NOTE 1 The numbers in circles in Figure 1 define the key elements (1 to 7) of the investigation programme.
NOTE 2 Figure 1 displays a generic process which can be amended when necessary.
Figure 1 — Links between the essential elements of an investigation programme
vi © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 103:
Safety
1 Scope
This document gives guidelines for:
— identification of hazards that could be encountered during a site investigation and when collecting
samples of soil and other ground material, including hazards that are intrinsic in the sampling
operation (e.g. physical hazards) in addition to the hazards that might arise, e.g. from contamination
with chemicals or biological agents;
— measures to be adopted to control risks once an appropriate risk assessment has been carried out.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 11074, Soil quality — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
4 Preliminary considerations
The main objectives of this guidance on safety are to:
a) identify the hazards that could exist when carrying out site investigations and soil sampling
programmes,
b) indicate management procedures to provide a framework for safe working,
c) indicate what working procedures can be adopted to minimize risks from contaminants, physical
and other hazards associated with the collection of samples and the use of machinery, and
d) indicate what precautions can be taken in terms of personal protection and cleaning facilities to
minimize any risks.
It is not possible, in a guidance document such as this, to identify all the hazards that could be
encountered during site work, or to provide guidance on how the associated risks can be dealt with in
all situations. Safety depends ultimately on the adoption of an attitude and approach to any particular
situation that will ensure that the hazards are identified and properly evaluated and appropriate
precautions taken.
Those authorizing, purchasing, designing and supervising works, the employers, and those carrying
out the work have a joint responsibility for safety. This responsibility extends beyond protection of the
workforce to include the general public who are living or working close to the site to be investigated, or
who might enter the site, with or without permission, while the works are in progress.
In all daily activities, there is an element of risk and this risk is increased when the environment is
unfamiliar. Even sampling an agricultural area involves an increased risk to the sampler because the
nature of the ground and possible hazards are not necessarily known to the sampler.
When examining a site for contamination, the risks are increased due to the presence of chemicals,
compounds and agents which present a hazard to human health. When examining a former industrial
site, the risk of physical injury can be increased because of the possibility of voids and cavities
(physical hazards) beneath ground level which might not have been properly filled in. Cavities can also
be present where there has been underground combustion (for example, in refuse sites and colliery
waste disposal sites).
Physical injury is also possible in any sampling situation where machinery is being used. Even minor
injuries can provide a pathway for toxic substances and pathogens to enter the body.
Care should be taken to ensure the safety of the investigator when a preliminary site visit (site
reconnaissance) is carried out prior to commencing the full site investigation, particularly as all
potential hazards might not have been identified at that time.
At most active construction and industrial sites, special safety instructions are in effect. In addition,
regulations could exist and may need to be taken into account on site. When relevant, the sampler
should be informed before entering the site.
If during the site reconnaissance carried out as part of a preliminary investigation anything is seen that
is considered likely to pose an immediate threat to human health and safety or the environment, this
should be reported immediately to whoever is in control of the site so that any essential urgent action
can be taken.
NOTE 1 There might be a duty under health and safety legislation and/or a professional code of conduct to
do this.
When the site surface prior to the investigation is obviously contaminated, or presents a general
environmental problem due to exposure of humans or animals, and there is the possibility of dispersal
of contaminated dust or water pollution, in addition to taking precautions to minimize disturbance and
dispersal of contamination during the site investigation, the situation should be brought to the attention
of the landowner and authorities as appropriate, so that preventative measures can be implemented.
In addition to the guidance provided in this document, guidance can be found in:
— international and national legislation and associated guidance;
— industry codes of practice;
— safety documentation produced by employing companies and other organisations;
— site-specific safety instructions.
Some guidance document that might be relevant are listed in the Bibliography.
[7]
BS OHSAS 18001 specifies requirements for an occupational health and safety management system to
enable an organization to control its occupational health and safety risks and improve its occupational
[8]
health and safety performance. Guidelines for its implementation are provided in BS OHSAS 18002 .
[7] [2] [3]
BS OHSAS 18001 is designed to be compatible with ISO 9001 (Quality) and ISO 14001
2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

(Environmental) management systems standards to facilitate the integration of quality, environmental
and safety management systems by organizations, should they wish to do so.
[7]
NOTE 2 BS OHSAS 18001 is the internationally recognized assessment specification for occupational health
and safety management systems. It was developed with the assistance of a range of national standardization
bodies, regulatory and certification bodies, and trade bodies to address a gap where no third-party certifiable
International Standard currently exists. It is planned that the future ISO 45001 will replace BS OHSAS 18001.
5 Concepts and processes
5.1 General
In order to properly address health and safety at work, it is necessary to
— identify hazards, i.e. anything with the potential to cause harm, (this can include substances or
machines, methods of work and other aspects of the work organization),
— identify and quantify risks, i.e. the likelihood that a particular hazard might cause harm to those
exposed to it and the consequences for them (risk therefore reflects both the likelihood that harm
will occur and its severity),
— carry out a risk assessment (a careful examination of what could cause harm to people), to determine
whether sufficient has been done (precautions taken) to manage the risks or what further needs to
be done to prevent harm, and
— manage the risks by assessing them, putting sensible health and safety measures in place to control
them and then making sure they work in practice (a process usually termed “risk management”).
5.2 Risk assessment
A risk assessment should be carried out by an appropriately qualified person before any sampling or
other investigation activities, including a site reconnaissance, are carried out as part of a preliminary
investigation. This is particularly important on former industrial sites and waste disposal sites. If
site reconnaissance forms part of the preliminary investigation, the risk assessment should be based
on the results of the desk study. It might be possible to refine the assessment once the preliminary
investigation is completed, and it should be kept under review as the investigation proceeds.
Risk assessment typically involves:
— identification of the hazards;
— deciding who or what might be harmed and how;
— evaluating the risks and deciding on precautions;
— recording findings and implementing them;
— reviewing the risk assessment frequently (e.g. daily) and amending it as necessary.
The risk assessment should take into account that site investigation workers are typically:
— exposed to weather extremes;
— exposed to physical hazards;
— sometimes exposed to other potential hazardous substances such as cement and adhesives;
— are often peripatetic (move between sites and possibly employers).
The risk assessment record should show:
— a proper check of the hazards was made;
— that those who might be affected have been identified;
— all the obvious significant hazards have been dealt with, taking into account the number of people
who could be involved;
— the control measures are acceptable, and the remaining risk is minimised;
— staff or their representatives were involved in the process;
— who carried out the risk assessment and their qualifications for this task.
NOTE 1 A common method for evaluating risks involves working out a risk level by categorizing the likelihood
of the harm and the potential severity of harm and then plotting these two risk-determining factors against each
other in a risk matrix (see Table 1). The risk level determines which risks should be tackled first.
Using a matrix can be very helpful for prioritizing actions. It is suitable for very many assessments but
particularly lends itself to more complex situations. However, it does require a fair degree of expertise
and experience to judge the likelihood of harm accurately. Getting this wrong could result in applying
unnecessary controls or failing to take important ones. People working full time in health and safety
often use a version of this method. It provides a good alternative to the “good practice” approach, i.e.
adopting practices that are widely recognized and set out in authoritative guidance.
Table 1 — Risk matrix
Potential severity of harm
Slightly harmful Harmful Extremely harmful

1 2 3
Highly unlikely Trivial Tolerable Moderate
1 1 2 3
Likelihood of harm Unlikely Tolerable Moderate Substantial
occurring 2 2 4 6
Likely Moderate Substantial Intolerable
3 3 6 9
NOTE 2 An example of a risk assessment for driven probe boring (window/windowless drilling) is provided in
Annex C.
5.3 Risk management
In order to achieve safe working conditions (i.e. to reduce risks to an acceptable minimum), the
employing organizations should adopt formal “policies” and operating frameworks requiring (see also
6.1 and 6.2):
— identification of hazards and evaluation of risks;
— avoidance of risks wherever possible;
— failing this, control of the risks through adoption of appropriate operating procedures;
— failing this, or in addition, the protection of individuals against unavoidable risks.
Employers should provide training and keep records of procedures adopted and of any incidents. It
might be necessary to establish health screening and surveillance programmes.
4 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

In order that appropriate risk reduction and management procedures can be identified on a site-specific
basis, those managing site investigations should:
— identify hazards;
— identify under what circumstances the hazards might present a risk;
— quantify the actual risks.
1)
In relation to contaminated sites, the importance of a preliminary investigation (see ISO 18400-202 )
for identification of hazards from contamination and physically hazardous conditions is emphasized.
5.4 Identifying hazards
As indicated in 5.2, potential and actual hazards should be identified taking into account:
1)
— the history of the site as established in the preliminary investigation (see ISO 18400-202 );
— the activities to be carried out on the site (e.g. exploratory and sampling techniques);
— the nature of the site (e.g. agricultural land, industrial land, forest);
— topography and other physical aspects such as waterlogging;
— weather/climate.
NOTE Clause 6 and Annex B provide information on the hazards that could be encountered in a variety of
situations including on agricultural and contaminated sites.
6 Safety precautions — General aspects
6.1 Safety policy
Any organization involved in site investigations and sampling should have a safety policy which sets
out the requirements for safe working. Adherence to the policy should be part of the conditions of
employment of all personnel. The policy should:
— emphasize the need for alertness and vigilance on the part of site personnel to protect themselves
from hazards during investigation and sampling;
— emphasize the requirement to follow standard operating procedures where these exist;
— describe the responsibilities of each member of the investigation team, including the responsibilities
to any subcontracted personnel and to the general public;
— require competency to be demonstrated and the evidence for this to be recorded;
— include a mandatory ban on smoking, eating or drinking while carrying out a sampling exercise or
other investigation on-site.
The policy should be supported by standard procedures setting out the requirements for safe working
in general, and in specific locations such as confined spaces. These standard procedures should include
the provision and use of protective clothing and equipment and the minimum number of personnel
that should be involved in site work. The standard procedures should also specify the requirements
for contacting local emergency services, methods of communication and methods of washing and
decontamination.
NOTE Employing organisations (i.e. clients) sometimes enforce their own safety policies through contractual
requirements on the organization(s) carrying out the investigation.
1) Under preparation.
6.2 Planning and managing for safety
To ensure the safety of personnel in site investigations or sampling exercises, it is necessary to plan and
manage for safety. This requires a combination of measures which should include as appropriate (see
also Table 2):
— compliance with company safety policy (see 6.1);
— preparation of a safety plan;
— appointment of an individual to take responsibility for implementation of the safety plan and
measures;
— clear assignment of responsibilities;
— provision of information to all concerned;
— provision of training;
— identification and assessment of the hazards arising from the site (see 5.3 and 5.4);
— avoidance of hazards where possible;
— selection of sampling methods with safety in mind;
— provision and use of personal protection equipment (see 6.4 and Table 2);
— provision of equipment for the detection of hazardous environments (see Table 2);
— adoption of appropriate working procedures and provision of supporting facilities as listed in
Table 2;
— health surveillance;
— consultation with managers of the site where works are to be undertaken regarding site conditions,
site works within the area for sampling and other issues which could be relevant to the general safety
of those undertaking the works (e.g. activities beyond the site boundary which could compromise
the site works, ground conditions, unreported incidents within the area of study).
Requirements and systems for controlling the exposure of workers to substances hazardous to health
shall be complied with. Precise requirements might differ, but often include a framework requiring:
— avoidance of exposure to potential physical, chemical and biological hazards;
— if this is not possible, use of control measures to prevent exposure or limit exposure to “permitted
levels” (these might be defined in national regulations);
— if this is not possible, the use of personal protective equipment.
They could also require:
— the provision of information and training;
— health surveillance programmes;
— the preservation of personnel exposure records for an extended period of time.
NOTE 1 The above provides a useful framework for a policy to protect personnel from hazardous substances.
6 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

When establishing suitable safety procedures, not only should the hazard be considered, but also the
way the hazard is likely to be encountered by the investigator or sampler and the consequences of the
exposure to the hazard which might vary from skin irritation and simple physical injury to death.
NOTE 2 In most cases, chemicals are likely to be considered hazardous because they can cause acute toxic
effects, but chronic effects could also be of concern in respect of regular investigators and samplers.
NOTE 3 Annex A describes how investigators could be exposed to the hazards that might occur in different
situations and some of the consequences of such exposures.
6.3 Personnel
There are various roles that need to be performed by one or a number of persons during an investigation,
including project leader, field manager, field investigator and skilled operatives (e.g. drillers). Tasks
to be carried out include direction, planning and execution; supervision in the field; sampling and
measurement, formation of exploratory holes and logging of excavations and boreholes, etc. Whoever
performs these roles and tasks has responsibility to ensure safe working and that health is protected.
They should therefore be appropriately knowledgeable, qualified, trained, experienced and able to
communicate with other members of the team. The prescription of the qualifications, etc. required by
those performing these roles is outside the scope of this standard. However, the provisions in national,
international and European geotechnical standards might be useful by analogy regarding the roles to
be performed and appropriate levels of qualification, etc.
NOTE 1 Those performing the various roles and tasks mentioned above could work for the client, a consultant
or a contractor.
The lead driller in charge of an individual drilling rig should be skilled in the practice of exploration
of the ground by means of boreholes, simple sampling and testing, making groundwater observations
in boreholes, and properly recording the information obtained. In some jurisdictions, all boring and
drilling operatives are required to hold specific qualifications.
Operators of excavating plant should be skilled and experienced in the safe use for digging trial pits
and trenches and have any relevant specific qualifications required in the jurisdiction in which they are
operating.
Physical support to ensure safety on site should be installed by skilled operatives who should have any
relevant specific qualifications required in the jurisdiction in which they are operating.
[4]
NOTE 2 ISO/TS 22475-2 provides guidance on qualification criteria for enterprises and personnel including
[5]
for “qualified operators” and ISO/TS 22475-3 provides guidance on conformity assessment of enterprises and
personnel by a third party.
6.4 Safety equipment
Appropriate safety equipment including personal protective clothing and equipment and monitoring
equipment should be provided and operatives trained in their proper use by their employer.
The selection of appropriate safety equipment can be a complex process, because of the range of
conditions that might be encountered and the range of equipment available. The project manager
and/or safety manager should always obtain specialist advice if there is any doubt about the type of
equipment required.
The aim should always be to take precautions aimed at preventing hazards or reducing risks at source.
However, such measures, will seldom completely remove a risk and thus use of personal protective
equipment (PPE) will usually be necessary. Even in situations where chemical or similar hazards are
negligible, there will remain a need to provide protection against physical hazards and adverse weather
conditions. The selection of PPE can be made more difficult because of the availability in some markets
of counterfeit PPE.
For those forms of personal protective equipment (PPE) where several classes of protection are
available, it is important to select the right level of protection for the risk involved. For example,
respiratory protective equipment (RPE) shall be selected to provide the right type of protection (dusts
or vapours and gases need different forms of filter) and the right level of protection (high concentrations
of a substance will need a higher performance filter).
It is essential that the personnel involved are aware and understand the hazards and have been properly
trained, so that the risks are minimized. The most important aspect is that, however much safety
equipment is provided and used, its effectiveness can be totally negated by carelessness or inattention
on the part of the user. The ultimate safe operation of any sampling or site investigation exercise is in
the hands of the operating personnel and supervising personnel.
When PPE has been selected, it should always be readily available. Some forms of PPE are relatively
robust and long-lasting. Others, however, might be designed for limited use only (e.g. disposable RPE) or
might be easily soiled and made unsuitable. For example, gloves which have been heavily contaminated
by whatever they are protecting from might no longer provide suitable protection. Replacement
supplies shall be readily and easily available or any efforts to ensure compliance will be undermined.
Safety helmets are relatively robust and long-lasting but can deteriorate due to exposure to heat,
sunlight, or chemicals. They commonly are marked with a maximum product life after which they
should be changed.
The use of safety or protective equipment should not result in contamination of the samples collected,
and the equipment should be selected accordingly.
The equipment listed in Table 2 should be provided as necessary taking into account the anticipated
working environment, hazards likely to be encountered, and local legislation and regulations that
may exist.
NOTE 1 Guidance on the selection of PPE to provide protection against particular types of hazard is provided
in Table 3.
Project managers should:
— oversee inductions, documentation of the RAMS (risk analysis management system), proof of
competency, preparation of health and safety plan, etc.;
— make sure anyone using protective clothing is aware of why it is needed, when it is to be used,
repaired or replaced — and its limitations;
— train and instruct people how to use PPE properly and make sure they are doing so;
— check regularly that protective work wear is being worn all the time workers are exposed to the
risk, and never allow exemptions for those exposed for only a short time;
— if PPE is not being worn, or not being worn correctly, investigate the reasons why not and record the
incident as a “near-miss”;
— provide facilities to keep clean clothing and dirty work clothing apart and check that workers use,
clean and store protective clothing and other PPE properly;
— make sure workers avoid contaminating the skin when removing PPE;
— not permit chemically contaminated protective coveralls to be washed at home;
— ensure that PPE is checked for any damage before and after use;
— ensure disposable PPE is used only once and disposed of safely after use, and in a suitable
approved method;
— keep abreast of national and international best practices.
8 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

Table 2 — Health and safety measures that might be required for site investigations
b
Protective clothing and equipment Monitoring equipment Safety procedures and facilities
— Overalls (water or chemical proof if — Hand-held gas monitors; — Training;
necessary);
— automatic gas detectors; — procedure for recording “inci-
— safety boots (not laced) with steel dents” and “possible exposures”;
— personal monitors;
toe and sole protection and chemically
— permit to work systems;
resistant where necessary; — environmental monitoring;
— notification to emergency
— gloves offering protection in rela- — radiation monitors;
services;
tion to the hazards likely to be encoun-
— services monitoring/detection
tered (physical, chemical, biological); — access to telephone contact;
equipment.
— protective helmet;
— decontamination facilities for
plant to prevent transport of con-
— eye protection such as glasses, gog-
tamination from site;
gles or face shield;
— decontamination facilities for
— ear protection;
a
personnel ;
— face masks and filters;
— safe sampling procedures;
— breathing apparatus;
— safe sample-handling proce-
— safety harness and lanyards; dures;
— protection against strong sunlight — access for emergency vehicles.
including eyes and skin;
— high visibility vest or jacket;
— safety torches;
— fire extinguishers;
— first aid equipment including
eyewash.
a
Washing and toilet facilities can vary from provision of water, soap and a towel for a “walk-on” site inspection to a fully
plumbed-in decontamination unit for a major investigation of a former industrial site, e.g. chemical works.
b
See also Table 3.
Table 3 — Personal protective equipment required for different hazards
Hazard Requirements for personal protective equipment (PPE)
—  Precautions against chemicals entail protection of the site investigator, sampler and
any other personnel involved in the site work to avoid direct contact with chemicals and
to avoid possible ingestion or inhalation of contaminated material, fumes or gases. In most
sampling situations, the feet and hands are the first parts of the body likely to come into
contact with the site, and then the face. The rest of the body can come into contact with
the site by falling down or being splashed.
—  Chemical-resistant safety boots should be worn to avoid contact with the site. They
should be appropriate to the task in hand and meet relevant health and safety standards
for PPE. Gloves should be worn to avoid contact between hands and any contamination.
The gloves should be of a suitably chemical-resistant material appropriate for the materi-
als expected to be encountered. Contamination of the face and eyes from hands should be
avoided by removing gloves and washing hands.
—  Wearing a suitable overall reduces the risk of contact of the remainder of the body.
7.3 Chemicals
Overalls should be made of at least strong cotton material. When appropriate, impervious
overalls should be worn.
—  Splashes to the face are difficult to avoid, other than by exercising care. Where there is
a serious risk of splashing, and particularly where hazardous liquids are known to exist,
at least eye protection should be worn and preferably the whole face should be protected.
If working on a contaminated site with chemical hazards, then wearing of eye protection
such as safety glasses, goggles or full face protection should be considered a standard
prudent procedure.
—  Subject to the nature of the hazard it could be appropriate to use masks fitted with
appropriate filters rather than an independent air supply.
—  Use of disposable protective clothing should be considered as a means of avoiding dis-
persal of contamination from the site, but the protective clothing shall then be disposed by
a suitable approved method.
—  Personal monitors for toxic and other gases.
a —  In some cases, provision of an independent external source of air for breathing could
7.4 Gases
be necessary, for example, by use of a breathing apparatus. This, however, requires
specialist instruction and training before use.
—  The precautions in relation to chemical hazards (see 7.3) apply equally to bacterial
hazards. However, one additional problem is the possibility of contracting Weil’s disease
(Leptospira) through contact with water that has been infected by rodent urine. If such
7.5 Biological haz-
a situation is possible, appropriate waterproof clothing should be worn. Cuts and abra-
ards
sions should be protected with waterproof plasters, etc. Regard should also be paid to the
possible presence of faecal bacteria, fungi (e.g. Aspergillus), anthrax and other possibly
infective agents (see also A.1, B.1.3 and B.2.4).
—  High visibility clothing should be worn in line with site-specific requirements.
—  Where the operations being carried out can cause flying particles, eye protection
should be worn.
—  Where the operations involve the generation of noise or the machinery is noisy, ear
7.9 Machines
protectors should be worn.
—  In wet ground and where there is the possibility of splashing with contaminated mate-
rial, personnel should either stand beyond the range of splashing or should be protected so
that splashing cannot affect them. Particular care should be taken to protect the face and
the eyes.
NOTE Information provided above is not exhaustive. Each situation needs to be judged individually following an
appropriate risk assessment. All equipment should comply with relevant standards. Regulations could
...


INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18400-103
First edition
2017-01
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 103:
Safety
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 103: Sécurité
Reference number
©
ISO 2017
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Preliminary considerations . 1
5 Concepts and processes . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Risk assessment . 3
5.3 Risk management . 4
5.4 Identifying hazards . 5
6 Safety precautions — General aspects . 5
6.1 Safety policy . 5
6.2 Planning and managing for safety . 6
6.3 Personnel . 7
6.4 Safety equipment . 7
7 Safety precautions in relation to particular hazards.11
7.1 General .11
7.2 Personal protective equipment.11
7.3 Chemicals .11
7.4 Gases .12
7.5 Biological hazards (bacteria and viruses) .13
7.6 Radiation .13
7.7 Asbestos .13
7.8 Topography .13
7.9 Machines . .14
7.10 Buildings and other structures .15
7.11 Unexploded ordnance and other explosive hazards.15
7.12 Extreme weather conditions .16
8 Safety procedures — Specific activities .16
8.1 General .16
8.2 Protection of buildings and installations including underground utilities .16
8.3 Safety on agricultural sites (see also 6.4 and B.2) .17
8.4 Safety on contaminated sites (see also 6.4 and B.3) .17
8.4.1 Preliminary investigation and site reconnaissance .17
8.4.2 Field investigations — General.18
8.4.3 Field investigations — Soil gas .18
Annex A (informative) Routes of exposure to hazard .20
Annex B (informative) Potential on-site hazard relating to sampling and the area
of investigation .22
Annex C (informative) Example of risk assessment .29
Bibliography .30
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www . i so .org/ iso/ foreword .html
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 2,
Sampling.
This first edition of ISO 18400-103 cancels and replaces ISO 10381-3:2001, which has been technically
and structurally revised. The ISO 18400 series is based on a modular structure and cannot be compared
to ISO 10381-3 clause by clause.
A list of all parts in the ISO 18400 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

Introduction
This document is one of a group of International Standards intended to be used in conjunction with each
other where necessary (the role/position of the International Standards within the total Investigation
programme is shown in Figure 1).
It deals with safety during sampling and other soil investigation activities. International and national
regulations regarding health and safety at work and associated guidance produced by statutory bodies
and trade associations could exist and may need to be taken into account.
It does not seek to address everyday hazards that could arise from the use of such items as sharp
instruments, digging/drilling equipment, nor the hazards of driving to a site location. It is assumed
that such hazards are satisfactorily dealt with by the personnel carrying out the investigation and the
sampling.
Former production sites for munitions and other warfare agents present special problems to
investigators and others involved in handling samples collected at such locations. The guidance given
in this document will be of assistance in these situations, but additional guidance about the precautions
to be taken should be obtained from specialists, such as those responsible for the former operation of
these sites.
Geological and geotechnical investigations are outside of the scope of this document and for detailed
guidance, reference is to be made to other relevant International Standards. However, soil quality
investigations may sometimes be combined with geotechnical investigations for practical reasons and
for economy and thus specific hazards and risks associated with geotechnical investigations might
need to be addressed in the overall risk assessment.
NOTE 1 The numbers in circles in Figure 1 define the key elements (1 to 7) of the investigation programme.
NOTE 2 Figure 1 displays a generic process which can be amended when necessary.
Figure 1 — Links between the essential elements of an investigation programme
vi © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18400-103:2017(E)
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 103:
Safety
1 Scope
This document gives guidelines for:
— identification of hazards that could be encountered during a site investigation and when collecting
samples of soil and other ground material, including hazards that are intrinsic in the sampling
operation (e.g. physical hazards) in addition to the hazards that might arise, e.g. from contamination
with chemicals or biological agents;
— measures to be adopted to control risks once an appropriate risk assessment has been carried out.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 11074, Soil quality — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:// www .iso .org/ obp
4 Preliminary considerations
The main objectives of this guidance on safety are to:
a) identify the hazards that could exist when carrying out site investigations and soil sampling
programmes,
b) indicate management procedures to provide a framework for safe working,
c) indicate what working procedures can be adopted to minimize risks from contaminants, physical
and other hazards associated with the collection of samples and the use of machinery, and
d) indicate what precautions can be taken in terms of personal protection and cleaning facilities to
minimize any risks.
It is not possible, in a guidance document such as this, to identify all the hazards that could be
encountered during site work, or to provide guidance on how the associated risks can be dealt with in
all situations. Safety depends ultimately on the adoption of an attitude and approach to any particular
situation that will ensure that the hazards are identified and properly evaluated and appropriate
precautions taken.
Those authorizing, purchasing, designing and supervising works, the employers, and those carrying
out the work have a joint responsibility for safety. This responsibility extends beyond protection of the
workforce to include the general public who are living or working close to the site to be investigated, or
who might enter the site, with or without permission, while the works are in progress.
In all daily activities, there is an element of risk and this risk is increased when the environment is
unfamiliar. Even sampling an agricultural area involves an increased risk to the sampler because the
nature of the ground and possible hazards are not necessarily known to the sampler.
When examining a site for contamination, the risks are increased due to the presence of chemicals,
compounds and agents which present a hazard to human health. When examining a former industrial
site, the risk of physical injury can be increased because of the possibility of voids and cavities
(physical hazards) beneath ground level which might not have been properly filled in. Cavities can also
be present where there has been underground combustion (for example, in refuse sites and colliery
waste disposal sites).
Physical injury is also possible in any sampling situation where machinery is being used. Even minor
injuries can provide a pathway for toxic substances and pathogens to enter the body.
Care should be taken to ensure the safety of the investigator when a preliminary site visit (site
reconnaissance) is carried out prior to commencing the full site investigation, particularly as all
potential hazards might not have been identified at that time.
At most active construction and industrial sites, special safety instructions are in effect. In addition,
regulations could exist and may need to be taken into account on site. When relevant, the sampler
should be informed before entering the site.
If during the site reconnaissance carried out as part of a preliminary investigation anything is seen that
is considered likely to pose an immediate threat to human health and safety or the environment, this
should be reported immediately to whoever is in control of the site so that any essential urgent action
can be taken.
NOTE 1 There might be a duty under health and safety legislation and/or a professional code of conduct to
do this.
When the site surface prior to the investigation is obviously contaminated, or presents a general
environmental problem due to exposure of humans or animals, and there is the possibility of dispersal
of contaminated dust or water pollution, in addition to taking precautions to minimize disturbance and
dispersal of contamination during the site investigation, the situation should be brought to the attention
of the landowner and authorities as appropriate, so that preventative measures can be implemented.
In addition to the guidance provided in this document, guidance can be found in:
— international and national legislation and associated guidance;
— industry codes of practice;
— safety documentation produced by employing companies and other organisations;
— site-specific safety instructions.
Some guidance document that might be relevant are listed in the Bibliography.
[7]
BS OHSAS 18001 specifies requirements for an occupational health and safety management system to
enable an organization to control its occupational health and safety risks and improve its occupational
[8]
health and safety performance. Guidelines for its implementation are provided in BS OHSAS 18002 .
[7] [2] [3]
BS OHSAS 18001 is designed to be compatible with ISO 9001 (Quality) and ISO 14001
2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

(Environmental) management systems standards to facilitate the integration of quality, environmental
and safety management systems by organizations, should they wish to do so.
[7]
NOTE 2 BS OHSAS 18001 is the internationally recognized assessment specification for occupational health
and safety management systems. It was developed with the assistance of a range of national standardization
bodies, regulatory and certification bodies, and trade bodies to address a gap where no third-party certifiable
International Standard currently exists. It is planned that the future ISO 45001 will replace BS OHSAS 18001.
5 Concepts and processes
5.1 General
In order to properly address health and safety at work, it is necessary to
— identify hazards, i.e. anything with the potential to cause harm, (this can include substances or
machines, methods of work and other aspects of the work organization),
— identify and quantify risks, i.e. the likelihood that a particular hazard might cause harm to those
exposed to it and the consequences for them (risk therefore reflects both the likelihood that harm
will occur and its severity),
— carry out a risk assessment (a careful examination of what could cause harm to people), to determine
whether sufficient has been done (precautions taken) to manage the risks or what further needs to
be done to prevent harm, and
— manage the risks by assessing them, putting sensible health and safety measures in place to control
them and then making sure they work in practice (a process usually termed “risk management”).
5.2 Risk assessment
A risk assessment should be carried out by an appropriately qualified person before any sampling or
other investigation activities, including a site reconnaissance, are carried out as part of a preliminary
investigation. This is particularly important on former industrial sites and waste disposal sites. If
site reconnaissance forms part of the preliminary investigation, the risk assessment should be based
on the results of the desk study. It might be possible to refine the assessment once the preliminary
investigation is completed, and it should be kept under review as the investigation proceeds.
Risk assessment typically involves:
— identification of the hazards;
— deciding who or what might be harmed and how;
— evaluating the risks and deciding on precautions;
— recording findings and implementing them;
— reviewing the risk assessment frequently (e.g. daily) and amending it as necessary.
The risk assessment should take into account that site investigation workers are typically:
— exposed to weather extremes;
— exposed to physical hazards;
— sometimes exposed to other potential hazardous substances such as cement and adhesives;
— are often peripatetic (move between sites and possibly employers).
The risk assessment record should show:
— a proper check of the hazards was made;
— that those who might be affected have been identified;
— all the obvious significant hazards have been dealt with, taking into account the number of people
who could be involved;
— the control measures are acceptable, and the remaining risk is minimised;
— staff or their representatives were involved in the process;
— who carried out the risk assessment and their qualifications for this task.
NOTE 1 A common method for evaluating risks involves working out a risk level by categorizing the likelihood
of the harm and the potential severity of harm and then plotting these two risk-determining factors against each
other in a risk matrix (see Table 1). The risk level determines which risks should be tackled first.
Using a matrix can be very helpful for prioritizing actions. It is suitable for very many assessments but
particularly lends itself to more complex situations. However, it does require a fair degree of expertise
and experience to judge the likelihood of harm accurately. Getting this wrong could result in applying
unnecessary controls or failing to take important ones. People working full time in health and safety
often use a version of this method. It provides a good alternative to the “good practice” approach, i.e.
adopting practices that are widely recognized and set out in authoritative guidance.
Table 1 — Risk matrix
Potential severity of harm
Slightly harmful Harmful Extremely harmful

1 2 3
Highly unlikely Trivial Tolerable Moderate
1 1 2 3
Likelihood of harm Unlikely Tolerable Moderate Substantial
occurring 2 2 4 6
Likely Moderate Substantial Intolerable
3 3 6 9
NOTE 2 An example of a risk assessment for driven probe boring (window/windowless drilling) is provided in
Annex C.
5.3 Risk management
In order to achieve safe working conditions (i.e. to reduce risks to an acceptable minimum), the
employing organizations should adopt formal “policies” and operating frameworks requiring (see also
6.1 and 6.2):
— identification of hazards and evaluation of risks;
— avoidance of risks wherever possible;
— failing this, control of the risks through adoption of appropriate operating procedures;
— failing this, or in addition, the protection of individuals against unavoidable risks.
Employers should provide training and keep records of procedures adopted and of any incidents. It
might be necessary to establish health screening and surveillance programmes.
4 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

In order that appropriate risk reduction and management procedures can be identified on a site-specific
basis, those managing site investigations should:
— identify hazards;
— identify under what circumstances the hazards might present a risk;
— quantify the actual risks.
1)
In relation to contaminated sites, the importance of a preliminary investigation (see ISO 18400-202 )
for identification of hazards from contamination and physically hazardous conditions is emphasized.
5.4 Identifying hazards
As indicated in 5.2, potential and actual hazards should be identified taking into account:
1)
— the history of the site as established in the preliminary investigation (see ISO 18400-202 );
— the activities to be carried out on the site (e.g. exploratory and sampling techniques);
— the nature of the site (e.g. agricultural land, industrial land, forest);
— topography and other physical aspects such as waterlogging;
— weather/climate.
NOTE Clause 6 and Annex B provide information on the hazards that could be encountered in a variety of
situations including on agricultural and contaminated sites.
6 Safety precautions — General aspects
6.1 Safety policy
Any organization involved in site investigations and sampling should have a safety policy which sets
out the requirements for safe working. Adherence to the policy should be part of the conditions of
employment of all personnel. The policy should:
— emphasize the need for alertness and vigilance on the part of site personnel to protect themselves
from hazards during investigation and sampling;
— emphasize the requirement to follow standard operating procedures where these exist;
— describe the responsibilities of each member of the investigation team, including the responsibilities
to any subcontracted personnel and to the general public;
— require competency to be demonstrated and the evidence for this to be recorded;
— include a mandatory ban on smoking, eating or drinking while carrying out a sampling exercise or
other investigation on-site.
The policy should be supported by standard procedures setting out the requirements for safe working
in general, and in specific locations such as confined spaces. These standard procedures should include
the provision and use of protective clothing and equipment and the minimum number of personnel
that should be involved in site work. The standard procedures should also specify the requirements
for contacting local emergency services, methods of communication and methods of washing and
decontamination.
NOTE Employing organisations (i.e. clients) sometimes enforce their own safety policies through contractual
requirements on the organization(s) carrying out the investigation.
1) Under preparation.
6.2 Planning and managing for safety
To ensure the safety of personnel in site investigations or sampling exercises, it is necessary to plan and
manage for safety. This requires a combination of measures which should include as appropriate (see
also Table 2):
— compliance with company safety policy (see 6.1);
— preparation of a safety plan;
— appointment of an individual to take responsibility for implementation of the safety plan and
measures;
— clear assignment of responsibilities;
— provision of information to all concerned;
— provision of training;
— identification and assessment of the hazards arising from the site (see 5.3 and 5.4);
— avoidance of hazards where possible;
— selection of sampling methods with safety in mind;
— provision and use of personal protection equipment (see 6.4 and Table 2);
— provision of equipment for the detection of hazardous environments (see Table 2);
— adoption of appropriate working procedures and provision of supporting facilities as listed in
Table 2;
— health surveillance;
— consultation with managers of the site where works are to be undertaken regarding site conditions,
site works within the area for sampling and other issues which could be relevant to the general safety
of those undertaking the works (e.g. activities beyond the site boundary which could compromise
the site works, ground conditions, unreported incidents within the area of study).
Requirements and systems for controlling the exposure of workers to substances hazardous to health
shall be complied with. Precise requirements might differ, but often include a framework requiring:
— avoidance of exposure to potential physical, chemical and biological hazards;
— if this is not possible, use of control measures to prevent exposure or limit exposure to “permitted
levels” (these might be defined in national regulations);
— if this is not possible, the use of personal protective equipment.
They could also require:
— the provision of information and training;
— health surveillance programmes;
— the preservation of personnel exposure records for an extended period of time.
NOTE 1 The above provides a useful framework for a policy to protect personnel from hazardous substances.
6 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

When establishing suitable safety procedures, not only should the hazard be considered, but also the
way the hazard is likely to be encountered by the investigator or sampler and the consequences of the
exposure to the hazard which might vary from skin irritation and simple physical injury to death.
NOTE 2 In most cases, chemicals are likely to be considered hazardous because they can cause acute toxic
effects, but chronic effects could also be of concern in respect of regular investigators and samplers.
NOTE 3 Annex A describes how investigators could be exposed to the hazards that might occur in different
situations and some of the consequences of such exposures.
6.3 Personnel
There are various roles that need to be performed by one or a number of persons during an investigation,
including project leader, field manager, field investigator and skilled operatives (e.g. drillers). Tasks
to be carried out include direction, planning and execution; supervision in the field; sampling and
measurement, formation of exploratory holes and logging of excavations and boreholes, etc. Whoever
performs these roles and tasks has responsibility to ensure safe working and that health is protected.
They should therefore be appropriately knowledgeable, qualified, trained, experienced and able to
communicate with other members of the team. The prescription of the qualifications, etc. required by
those performing these roles is outside the scope of this standard. However, the provisions in national,
international and European geotechnical standards might be useful by analogy regarding the roles to
be performed and appropriate levels of qualification, etc.
NOTE 1 Those performing the various roles and tasks mentioned above could work for the client, a consultant
or a contractor.
The lead driller in charge of an individual drilling rig should be skilled in the practice of exploration
of the ground by means of boreholes, simple sampling and testing, making groundwater observations
in boreholes, and properly recording the information obtained. In some jurisdictions, all boring and
drilling operatives are required to hold specific qualifications.
Operators of excavating plant should be skilled and experienced in the safe use for digging trial pits
and trenches and have any relevant specific qualifications required in the jurisdiction in which they are
operating.
Physical support to ensure safety on site should be installed by skilled operatives who should have any
relevant specific qualifications required in the jurisdiction in which they are operating.
[4]
NOTE 2 ISO/TS 22475-2 provides guidance on qualification criteria for enterprises and personnel including
[5]
for “qualified operators” and ISO/TS 22475-3 provides guidance on conformity assessment of enterprises and
personnel by a third party.
6.4 Safety equipment
Appropriate safety equipment including personal protective clothing and equipment and monitoring
equipment should be provided and operatives trained in their proper use by their employer.
The selection of appropriate safety equipment can be a complex process, because of the range of
conditions that might be encountered and the range of equipment available. The project manager
and/or safety manager should always obtain specialist advice if there is any doubt about the type of
equipment required.
The aim should always be to take precautions aimed at preventing hazards or reducing risks at source.
However, such measures, will seldom completely remove a risk and thus use of personal protective
equipment (PPE) will usually be necessary. Even in situations where chemical or similar hazards are
negligible, there will remain a need to provide protection against physical hazards and adverse weather
conditions. The selection of PPE can be made more difficult because of the availability in some markets
of counterfeit PPE.
For those forms of personal protective equipment (PPE) where several classes of protection are
available, it is important to select the right level of protection for the risk involved. For example,
respiratory protective equipment (RPE) shall be selected to provide the right type of protection (dusts
or vapours and gases need different forms of filter) and the right level of protection (high concentrations
of a substance will need a higher performance filter).
It is essential that the personnel involved are aware and understand the hazards and have been properly
trained, so that the risks are minimized. The most important aspect is that, however much safety
equipment is provided and used, its effectiveness can be totally negated by carelessness or inattention
on the part of the user. The ultimate safe operation of any sampling or site investigation exercise is in
the hands of the operating personnel and supervising personnel.
When PPE has been selected, it should always be readily available. Some forms of PPE are relatively
robust and long-lasting. Others, however, might be designed for limited use only (e.g. disposable RPE) or
might be easily soiled and made unsuitable. For example, gloves which have been heavily contaminated
by whatever they are protecting from might no longer provide suitable protection. Replacement
supplies shall be readily and easily available or any efforts to ensure compliance will be undermined.
Safety helmets are relatively robust and long-lasting but can deteriorate due to exposure to heat,
sunlight, or chemicals. They commonly are marked with a maximum product life after which they
should be changed.
The use of safety or protective equipment should not result in contamination of the samples collected,
and the equipment should be selected accordingly.
The equipment listed in Table 2 should be provided as necessary taking into account the anticipated
working environment, hazards likely to be encountered, and local legislation and regulations that
may exist.
NOTE 1 Guidance on the selection of PPE to provide protection against particular types of hazard is provided
in Table 3.
Project managers should:
— oversee inductions, documentation of the RAMS (risk analysis management system), proof of
competency, preparation of health and safety plan, etc.;
— make sure anyone using protective clothing is aware of why it is needed, when it is to be used,
repaired or replaced — and its limitations;
— train and instruct people how to use PPE properly and make sure they are doing so;
— check regularly that protective work wear is being worn all the time workers are exposed to the
risk, and never allow exemptions for those exposed for only a short time;
— if PPE is not being worn, or not being worn correctly, investigate the reasons why not and record the
incident as a “near-miss”;
— provide facilities to keep clean clothing and dirty work clothing apart and check that workers use,
clean and store protective clothing and other PPE properly;
— make sure workers avoid contaminating the skin when removing PPE;
— not permit chemically contaminated protective coveralls to be washed at home;
— ensure that PPE is checked for any damage before and after use;
— ensure disposable PPE is used only once and disposed of safely after use, and in a suitable
approved method;
— keep abreast of national and international best practices.
8 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

Table 2 — Health and safety measures that might be required for site investigations
b
Protective clothing and equipment Monitoring equipment Safety procedures and facilities
— Overalls (water or chemical proof if — Hand-held gas monitors; — Training;
necessary);
— automatic gas detectors; — procedure for recording “inci-
— safety boots (not laced) with steel dents” and “possible exposures”;
— personal monitors;
toe and sole protection and chemically
— permit to work systems;
resistant where necessary; — environmental monitoring;
— notification to emergency
— gloves offering protection in rela- — radiation monitors;
services;
tion to the hazards likely to be encoun-
— services monitoring/detection
tered (physical, chemical, biological); — access to telephone contact;
equipment.
— protective helmet;
— decontamination facilities for
plant to prevent transport of con-
— eye protection such as glasses, gog-
tamination from site;
gles or face shield;
— decontamination facilities for
— ear protection;
a
personnel ;
— face masks and filters;
— safe sampling procedures;
— breathing apparatus;
— safe sample-handling proce-
— safety harness and lanyards; dures;
— protection against strong sunlight — access for emergency vehicles.
including eyes and skin;
— high visibility vest or jacket;
— safety torches;
— fire extinguishers;
— first aid equipment including
eyewash.
a
Washing and toilet facilities can vary from provision of water, soap and a towel for a “walk-on” site inspection to a fully
plumbed-in decontamination unit for a major investigation of a former industrial site, e.g. chemical works.
b
See also Table 3.
Table 3 — Personal protective equipment required for different hazards
Hazard Requirements for personal protective equipment (PPE)
—  Precautions against chemicals entail protection of the site investigator, sampler and
any other personnel involved in the site work to avoid direct contact with chemicals and
to avoid possible ingestion or inhalation of contaminated material, fumes or gases. In most
sampling situations, the feet and hands are the first parts of the body likely to come into
contact with the site, and then the face. The rest of the body can come into contact with
the site by falling down or being splashed.
—  Chemical-resistant safety boots should be worn to avoid contact with the site. They
should be appropriate to the task in hand and meet relevant health and safety standards
for PPE. Gloves should be worn to avoid contact between hands and any contamination.
The gloves should be of a suitably chemical-resistant material appropriate for the materi-
als expected to be encountered. Contamination of the face and eyes from hands should be
avoided by removing gloves and washing hands.
—  Wearing a suitable overall reduces the risk of contact of the remainder of the body.
7.3 Chemicals
Overalls should be made of at least strong cotton material. When appropriate, impervious
overalls should be worn.
—  Splashes to the face are difficult to avoid, other than by exercising care. Where there is
a serious risk of splashing, and particularly where hazardous liquids are known to exist,
at least eye protection should be worn and preferably the whole face should be protected.
If working on a contaminated site with chemical hazards, then wearing of eye protection
such as safety glasses, goggles or full face protection should be considered a standard
prudent procedure.
—  Subject to the nature of the hazard it could be appropriate to use masks fitted with
appropriate filters rather than an independent air supply.
—  Use of disposable protective clothing should be considered as a means of avoiding dis-
persal of contamination from the site, but the protective clothing shall then be disposed by
a suitable approved method.
—  Personal monitors for toxic and other gases.
a —  In some cases, provision of an independent external source of air for breathing could
7.4 Gases
be necessary, for example, by use of a breathing apparatus. This, however, requires
specialist instruction and training before use.
—  The precautions in relation to chemical hazards (see 7.3) apply equally to bacterial
hazards. However, one additional problem is the possibility of contracting Weil’s disease
(Leptospira) through contact with water that has been infected by rodent urine. If such
7.5 Biological haz-
a situation is possible, appropriate waterproof clothing should be worn. Cuts and abra-
ards
sions should be protected with waterproof plasters, etc. Regard should also be paid to the
possible presence of faecal bacteria, fungi (e.g. Aspergillus), anthrax and other possibly
infective agents (see also A.1, B.1.3 and B.2.4).
—  High visibility clothing should be worn in line with site-specific requirements.
—  Where the operations being carried out can cause flying particles, eye protection
should be worn.
—  Where the operations involve the generation of noise or the machinery is noisy, ear
7.9 Machines
protectors should be worn.
—  In wet ground and where there is the possibility of splashing with contaminated mate-
rial, personnel should either stand beyond the range of splashing or should be protected so
that splashing cannot affect them. Particular care should be taken to protect the face and
the eyes.
NOTE Information provided above is not exhaustive. Each situation needs to be judged individually following an
appropriate risk assessment. All equipment should comply with relevant standards. Regulations could exist and may need
to be taken into account.
a
“Gases” here embraces all gaseous substances including vapours and fumes.
10 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

7 Safety precautions in relation to particular hazards
7.1 General
On all sites irrespective of their history, the locations of any below-ground services (utilities) or other
vulnerable features should be identified before on-site work starts to prevent inadvertent and possibly
dangerous damage. Overhead power lines should also be identified. Further guidance is given in 8.3.
When using specialized sampling techniques, for instance, involving explosives, specialized personnel
should be employed.
Preliminary investigation in accordance with ISO 18400-202 should identify whether unexploded
ordnance might be present, e.g. munitions from former warfare or military training exercises. In which
case, an appropriate survey and removal action should be undertaken. Even when this has been done,
however, vigi
...


NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 18400-103
Première édition
2017-01
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 103:
Sécurité
Soil quality — Sampling —
Part 103: Safety
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2017
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2017, Publié en Suisse
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf indication contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée
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l’internet ou sur un Intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Les demandes d’autorisation peuvent être adressées à l’ISO à
l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
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ii © ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés

Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction .v
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Considérations préliminaires . 1
5 Concepts et processus . 3
5.1 Généralités . 3
5.2 Évaluation des risques. 3
5.3 Gestion des risques . 5
5.4 Identification des dangers . 5
6 Mesures de sécurité ― Aspects généraux . 5
6.1 Politique de sécurité . 5
6.2 Planification et gestion de la sécurité . 6
6.3 Personnel . 7
6.4 Équipements de sécurité . 8
7 Mesures de sécurité contre les dangers spécifiques .12
7.1 Généralités .12
7.2 Équipements de protection individuelle .12
7.3 Produits chimiques .12
7.4 Les gaz .14
7.5 Dangers d’origine biologique (bactéries et virus) .14
7.6 Les rayonnements .15
7.7 L’amiante .15
7.8 La topographie .15
7.9 Par rapport aux machines .16
7.10 Bâtiments et autres structures .17
7.11 Munitions explosives non explosées et autres dangers d’explosion .18
7.12 Conditions météorologiques extrêmes .18
8 Procédures de sécurité ― Activités spécifiques .18
8.1 Généralités .18
8.2 Protection des bâtiments et des installations, y compris les canalisations et
câbles enterrés .19
8.3 Sécurité sur les sites agricoles (voir également 6.4 et B.2) .19
8.4 Sécurité sur les sites pollués (voir également 6.4 et B.3).20
8.4.1 Diagnostic préliminaire et reconnaissance du site .20
8.4.2 Investigations de terrain ― Généralités .20
8.4.3 Investigations de terrain – Gaz de sol .21
Annexe A (informative) Voies d’exposition au danger .23
Annexe B (informative) Dangers potentiels sur le site liés à l’échantillonnage et à la
zone d’investigation .26
Annexe C (informative) Exemple d’évaluation des risques .34
Bibliographie .36
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux.
L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www
.iso .org/ directives).
L’attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l’élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l’Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l’ISO (voir www .iso .org/ brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion
de l’ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles
techniques au commerce (OTC), voir le lien suivant: w w w . i s o .org/ avant -propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 190, Qualité du sol, sous-comité SC 2,
Échantillonnage.
Cette première édition de l’ISO 18400-103 annule et remplace l’ISO 10381-3:2001, qui a fait l’objet d’une
révision technique et structurelle. La série de l’ISO 18400 est fondée sur une structure modulaire et ne
peut être comparée, article par article, à l’ISO 10381-3.
Une liste de toutes les parties de la série ISO 18400 se trouve sur le site Web de l’ISO.
iv © ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés

Introduction
Le présent document fait partie d’une série de normes internationales destinées à être utilisées
ensemble si nécessaire (le rôle/la fonction des Normes internationales au sein du programme
d’investigation global est illustré(e) à la Figure 1).
Elle traite de la sécurité durant l’échantillonnage et d’autres activités d’investigation des sols. Des
réglementations internationales et nationales applicables en matière de santé et de sécurité au travail
et des directives associées émanant d’organismes réglementaires et d’associations professionnelles
peuvent exister et devoir être prises en compte.
Elle n’a pas pour objectif de traiter des dangers courants liés à l’utilisation d’articles tels que des
instruments acérés, du matériel de forage/creusement, ni aux dangers liés à la circulation des véhicules
vers un site d’investigation. Il est supposé que de tels dangers sont traités de manière satisfaisante par
le personnel réalisant l’investigation et l’échantillonnage.
Les anciens sites de production de munitions et autres matériels militaires posent des problèmes
particuliers aux investigateurs et autres personnes impliquées dans la manipulation des échantillons
prélevés dans de tels endroits. Les lignes directrices données dans le présent document seront utiles
dans de telles situations, mais il convient que des lignes directrices supplémentaires sur les précautions
à prendre soient obtenues auprès des spécialistes responsables de l’exploitation antérieure de ces sites.
Les activités de reconnaissance géologique et géotechnique ne relèvent pas du domaine d’application
du présent document et, pour des informations détaillées, il est nécessaire de se référer à d’autres
normes internationales appropriées. Toutefois, les investigations de qualité du sol peuvent être parfois
combinées à des investigations géotechniques pour des raisons d’ordre pratique et économique et, par
conséquent, les dangers et les risques spécifiques associés aux investigations géotechniques peuvent
devoir être pris en compte dans l’évaluation globale des risques.
NOTE 1 Les chiffres figurant dans les cercles de la Figure 1 définissent les éléments clés (1 à 7) du programme
d’investigation.
NOTE 2 La Figure 1 présente un processus générique qui peut être modifié si nécessaire.
Figure 1 — Liens entre les éléments essentiels d’un programme d’investigation
vi © ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés

NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 18400-103:2017(F)
Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage —
Partie 103:
Sécurité
1 Domaine d’application
Le présent document fournit des lignes directrices concernant:
— les dangers pouvant être rencontrés lors d’une investigation de site et lors du prélèvement
d’échantillons de sols et d’autres matériaux du sol, y compris les dangers inhérents aux opérations
d’échantillonnage (par exemple, dangers physiques) en plus des dangers liés, par exemple, à la
contamination par des produits chimiques ou des agents biologiques;
— les mesures à adopter pour maîtriser les risques après avoir procédé à une évaluation appropriée
des risques.
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants cités dans le texte constituent, pour tout ou partie de leur contenu, des
exigences du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l’édition citée s’applique. Pour les
références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s’applique (y compris les éventuels
amendements).
ISO 11074, Qualité du sol — Vocabulaire
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions donnés dans l’ISO 11074.
L’ISO et l’IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l’adresse http:// www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l’adresse http:// www .iso .org/ obp
4 Considérations préliminaires
Les objectifs principaux des présentes lignes directrices concernant la sécurité sont les suivants:
a) identifier les dangers pouvant exister lors d’une investigation de site et de programmes
d’échantillonnage de sol;
b) indiquer des procédures de gestion afin de fournir un cadre de travail en sécurité;
c) indiquer que des procédures de travail peuvent être adoptées pour réduire autant que possible
les risques liés aux polluants, les dangers physiques et autres dangers associés au prélèvement
d’échantillons et à l’utilisation de machines; et
d) indiquer les précautions à prendre concernant la protection individuelle et les dispositifs de
nettoyage afin de réduire autant que possible les risques éventuels.
Il n’est pas possible, dans des lignes directrices fournies dans un document tel que celui-ci, d’identifier
tous les dangers susceptibles d’être rencontrés lors de travaux sur un site, ni de fournir des informations
sur la manière dont il convient de traiter les risques associés dans toutes les situations. La sécurité
dépend finalement, dans toute situation particulière, de l’adoption d’une attitude et d’une approche
qui donnent l’assurance que les dangers sont identifiés, correctement évalués, et que les précautions
appropriées sont prises.
Les personnes qui autorisent, conçoivent et supervisent les travaux, les employeurs et le personnel qui
effectue(nt) le travail ont tous une responsabilité collective vis-à-vis de la sécurité. Cette responsabilité
s’étend, au-delà du personnel impliqué dans les travaux, au grand public, qu’il habite ou travaille à
proximité du site à étudier, ou qu’il soit susceptible de pénétrer sur le site avec ou sans autorisation
pendant les travaux.
Dans toutes les activités journalières, il existe un facteur de risque et ce risque augmente dans un
environnement inconnu. Même lors de l’échantillonnage d’une zone agricole, il existe un risque plus
important pour l’échantillonneur, car cette personne ne connaît pas nécessairement la nature du sol et
les dangers éventuels.
Lors d’une recherche de pollution sur un site, les risques sont accrus suite à la présence de produits
chimiques, de composés et agents présentant un danger pour la santé humaine. Lors de l’examen d’un
site industriel ancien, les risques de blessure sont importants car il peut exister des cavités et des vides
souterrains (dangers physiques) imparfaitement comblés. Des poches peuvent aussi exister à cause
de combustions souterraines (par exemple dans des décharges et des sites de stockage de produits
résiduels de houillères).
Le risque de préjudice physique existe aussi dans toute situation d’échantillonnage où des machines
sont utilisées. Même des blessures mineures peuvent permettre à des substances toxiques et à des
agents pathogènes de pénétrer dans le corps.
Il convient de prendre des précautions pour assurer la sécurité de l’investigateur lorsqu’une visite de
site préliminaire (reconnaissance de site) est effectuée avant le début de l’investigation complète du site,
étant donné, en particulier, que tous les dangers potentiels peuvent ne pas avoir été identifiés à ce stade.
Sur la plupart des sites industriels et de construction, des instructions de sécurité particulières sont
en vigueur. De plus, des réglementations peuvent exister et devoir être prises en compte sur le site. Il
convient, le cas échéant, que l’échantillonneur soit informé avant de pénétrer sur le site.
Si, au cours de la reconnaissance du site effectuée dans le cadre d’un diagnostic préliminaire, on
considère que des éléments sont susceptibles de constituer une menace immédiate pour la santé et la
sécurité humaine ou pour l’environnement, il convient de signaler cela immédiatement au responsable
du site afin qu’il puisse entreprendre d’urgence toutes les actions nécessaires.
NOTE 1 Il est possible qu’une législation en matière de santé et de sécurité et/ou un code de déontologie exige
d’entreprendre de telles actions.
Si, avant l’investigation, la surface du site semble de toute évidence contaminée, ou si elle présente un
problème environnemental général dû à l’exposition d’êtres humains ou d’animaux et s’il y a un risque
de dispersion de poussière contaminée ou de déversement d’eau polluée, il convient non seulement de
prendre les précautions nécessaires pour limiter autant que possible le remaniement et la propagation
de la pollution durant l’étude du site, mais également de signaler cette situation au propriétaire du
terrain et aux autorités selon le cas, afin que des actions préventives puissent être mises en œuvre.
En plus des lignes directrices fournies dans le présent document, d’autres lignes directrices sont
disponibles dans:
— la législation internationale et nationale ainsi que dans les lignes directrices associées;
— les codes de pratique industrielle;
— les documents relatifs à la sécurité élaborés par les entreprises et d’autres organisations;
2 © ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés

— les instructions de sécurité spécifiques du site.
Une liste de quelques documents de référence éventuellement pertinents est fournie dans la
Bibliographie.
[7]
La BS OHSAS 18001 spécifie les exigences relatives à un système de management de la santé et de la
sécurité au travail, destinées à permettre à une organisation de maîtriser les risques pour la santé et la
sécurité au travail de ses employés et d’améliorer ses performances en matière de santé et de sécurité
[8]
au travail. Des lignes directrices pour sa mise en œuvre sont fournies dans la BS OHSAS 18002 .
[7] [2] [3]
La BS OHSAS 18001 est destinée à être compatible avec l’ISO 9001 (Qualité) et l’ISO 14001
(Environnemental), afin de faciliter l’intégration des systèmes de management de la qualité, de
management environnemental et de management de la sécurité, par les organisations, si celles-ci
souhaitent le faire.
[7]
NOTE 2 La BS OHSAS 18001 est la spécification, reconnue internationalement, d’évaluation des systèmes de
management de la santé et de la sécurité au travail. Elle a été élaborée avec le concours de plusieurs organismes
nationaux de normalisation, d’organismes de réglementation et de certification, ainsi que d’organismes
professionnels pour traiter un écart lorsqu’aucune Norme internationale certifiable par une tierce partie n’est
actuellement disponible. Il est prévu que la future ISO 45001 remplacera la BS OHSAS 18001.
5 Concepts et processus
5.1 Généralités
Afin que la santé et la sécurité au travail soient correctement prises en compte, il est nécessaire:
— d’identifier les dangers, c’est-à-dire toute entité susceptible de causer un préjudice (ceci pouvant
comprendre des substances ou des machines, des méthodes de travail et d’autres aspects de
l’organisation du travail);
— d’identifier et de quantifier les risques, c’est-à-dire la probabilité qu’un danger particulier puisse
causer un préjudice aux personnes exposées à un tel danger et les conséquences pour ces personnes
(le risque reflète donc à la fois la probabilité d’occurrence d’un préjudice et sa gravité);
— de réaliser une évaluation des risques (un examen approfondi de ce qui serait susceptible de causer
un préjudice à des personnes), afin de déterminer si le nécessaire a été fait (précautions prises) pour
gérer les risques ou ce qui doit être fait dorénavant pour éviter le préjudice; et
— de gérer les risques en procédant à leur évaluation, à la mise en place de mesures raisonnables en
matière de santé et de sécurité pour maîtriser les risques et en s’assurant que ces mesures sont
effectivement appliquées (processus habituellement appelé «management du risque»).
5.2 Évaluation des risques
Il convient qu’une évaluation des risques soit effectuée par une personne dûment qualifiée, avant
la réalisation de toute activité d’échantillonnage ou autre activité d’investigation, y compris une
reconnaissance du site, dans le cadre d’un diagnostic préliminaire. Cela est particulièrement important
sur d’anciens sites industriels et sur des sites de décharge des déchets. Si une reconnaissance du site
fait partie du diagnostic préliminaire, il convient que l’investigation soit fondée sur les résultats de la
recherche documentaire. Une fois le diagnostic préliminaire effectué, il est possible d’affiner l’évaluation
et il convient de réexaminer celle-ci au fur et à mesure du déroulement de l’investigation.
En règle générale, une évaluation des risques implique:
— l’identification des dangers;
— la détermination des personnes ou des objets susceptibles de subir un préjudice, et la manière dont
ils pourraient le subir;
— l’appréciation des risques et la décision concernant les précautions à prendre;
— l’enregistrement des observations faites ainsi que leur mise en œuvre;
— la revue fréquente de l’évaluation des risques (par exemple, quotidiennement) et sa modification, si
nécessaire.
Il convient que l’évaluation des risques tienne compte du fait que les personnes travaillant dans le cadre
de l’investigation du site sont, en règle générale:
— exposées aux intempéries;
— exposées aux dangers physiques;
— parfois exposées à d’autres substances potentiellement dangereuses, telles que ciment et adhésifs;
— sont souvent itinérantes (se déplacent entre les sites et travaillent éventuellement pour différents
employeurs).
Il convient que l’enregistrement de l’évaluation des risques souligne:
— une vérification correcte des dangers a été effectuée;
— les personnes susceptibles d’être exposées à ces dangers ont été identifiées;
— tous les dangers significatifs évidents ont été pris en considération, y compris le nombre de
personnes susceptibles d’être concernées;
— les mesures de contrôle sont acceptables et le risque résiduel est réduit au minimum;
— le personnel ou ses représentants ont été impliqués dans le processus;
— les personnes qui ont réalisé l’évaluation des risques et leurs qualifications pour exécuter cette tâche.
NOTE 1 Une méthode commune d’évaluation des risques implique la détermination d’un niveau de risque
par catégorisation de la probabilité d’occurrence du préjudice et de la gravité potentielle de celui-ci, ainsi que le
report de la relation entre ces deux facteurs de détermination des risques dans une matrice de classement des
risques (voir Tableau 1). Le niveau de risque détermine les risques qu’il convient de maîtriser en premier.
L’utilisation d’une matrice peut être très utile pour le classement des actions par ordre de priorité.
Cette matrice convient pour de très nombreuses évaluations, mais elle ne se prête pas aisément à des
situations plus complexes. Cependant, elle nécessite un niveau raisonnable d’expertise et d’expérience
pour juger avec exactitude la probabilité d’occurrence d’un préjudice. Une utilisation erronée de
cette méthode pourrait conduire à effectuer des contrôles inutiles ou à en omettre d’autres pourtant
importants. Les personnes travaillant à plein temps dans le domaine de la santé et de la sécurité
utilisent souvent une version de cette méthode. Elle fournit une bonne alternative à l’approche fondée
sur la «bonne pratique», à savoir l’adoption de pratiques largement reconnues et énoncées dans des
directives émanant d’organismes réglementaires.
Tableau 1 — Matrice de classement des risques
Gravité potentielle du préjudice
Légèrement préjudi- Extrêmement préju-
Préjudiciable
ciable diciable
1 3
Très improbable Insignifiant Tolérable Modéré
1 1 2 3
Probabilité d’occur- Improbable Tolérable Modéré Important
rence du préjudice 2 2 4 6
Probable Modéré Important Intolérable
3 3 6 9
NOTE 2 Un exemple d’évaluation des risques pour le forage par sondes contrôlées (carottier avec fenêtre/sans
fenêtre) est fourni dans l’Annexe C.
4 © ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés

5.3 Gestion des risques
Afin d’assurer des conditions de travail en toute sécurité (c’est-à-dire afin de réduire les risques à un
niveau minimal acceptable), il convient que les organisations commanditaires adoptent des «politiques»
formelles et des cadres de mise en œuvre exigeant (voir également 6.1 et 6.2):
— l’identification des dangers et l’appréciation des risques;
— la prévention des risques, dans la mesure du possible;
— à défaut, le contrôle des risques par l’adaptation des procédures opérationnelles appropriées;
— à défaut, ou en plus, la protection des personnes contre les risques inévitables.
Il convient que les employeurs assurent la formation des employés et conservent des enregistrements
des procédures adoptées et des incidents éventuels. Il peut être nécessaire d’établir des programmes de
dépistage et de surveillance sanitaires.
Afin que des procédures appropriées de gestion et de réduction des risques puissent être identifiées sur
une base spécifique au site, il convient que les personnes responsables de la gestion du site:
— identifient les dangers;
— identifient les circonstances dans lesquelles les dangers sont susceptibles de présenter un risque;
— quantifient les risques réels.
En ce qui concerne les sites pollués, l’accent est mis sur l’importance d’un diagnostic préliminaire
1)
(voir l’ISO 18400-202 ) pour l’identification des dangers liés à la pollution et aux conditions dangereuses
physiquement.
5.4 Identification des dangers
Comme indiqué en 5.2, il convient que les dangers potentiels et les dangers réels soient identifiés en
tenant compte:
1)
— de l’historique du site tel qu’il a été établi lors du diagnostic préliminaire (voir l’ISO 18400-202 );
— des activités à entreprendre sur le site (par exemple, les techniques d’exploration et d’échantillonnage);
— de la nature du site (par exemple, terrain agricole, site industriel, forêt);
— de la topographie et d’autres aspects physiques tels que l’engorgement d’eau;
— des conditions météorologiques/climatiques.
NOTE L’Article 6 et l’Annexe B fournissent des informations sur les dangers susceptibles d’être rencontrés
dans diverses situations, y compris sur les sites agricoles et les sites contaminés.
6 Mesures de sécurité ― Aspects généraux
6.1 Politique de sécurité
Il convient que toute organisation impliquée dans des investigations et des échantillonnages sur site ait
défini une politique de sécurité qui établisse les exigences permettant un travail en sécurité. Il convient
1) En cours d’élaboration.
que le respect de cette politique fasse partie des conditions d’embauche de l’ensemble du personnel. Il
convient que cette politique:
— souligne la nécessité d’une vigilance du personnel travaillant sur le site, cela dans le but de se
protéger des dangers liés aux investigations et à l’échantillonnage;
— souligne la nécessité de respecter les procédures normalisées, le cas échéant;
— définisse clairement les responsabilités de chaque membre des équipes d’investigation, y compris
les responsabilités envers le personnel des éventuels sous-traitants et envers le grand public;
— exige que la compétence soit démontrée et que la preuve soit enregistrée;
— inclue une interdiction formelle de fumer, de manger ou de boire sur le site lors d’un exercice
d’échantillonnage ou de toute autre investigation du site.
Il convient que cette politique soit étayée par des procédures normalisées définissant les exigences
relatives à la sécurité du travail, en général et dans des lieux spécifiques tels que des espaces confinés.
Il convient d’inclure dans ces procédures normalisées la mise à disposition et l’utilisation de vêtements
et d’équipements de protection et le nombre minimal de personnes pouvant travailler sur le site. Il
convient également de spécifier dans les procédures normalisées les exigences relatives à l’alerte
des services de secours locaux, les méthodes de communication et les méthodes de nettoyage et de
décontamination.
NOTE Les employeurs (c’est-à-dire les clients) imposent parfois, à l’organisation ou aux organisations
réalisant l’investigation, leurs propres politiques de sécurité par le biais d’exigences contractuelles.
6.2 Planification et gestion de la sécurité
La planification et la gestion de la sécurité sont nécessaires pour assurer la sécurité du personnel
effectuant les investigations ou les prélèvements d’échantillons sur site. Cela nécessite une série de
mesures pouvant inclure, selon le cas (voir également le Tableau 2):
— la conformité à la politique de sécurité de la société (voir 6.1);
— la préparation d’un plan de sécurité;
— la nomination d’une personne responsable de la mise en œuvre du plan et des mesures de sécurité;
— une définition claire des responsabilités;
— l’information de toutes les personnes concernées;
— l’assurance d’une formation adéquate;
— l’identification et l’évaluation des dangers liés au site (voir 5.3 et 5.4);
— la prévention des dangers, dans la mesure du possible;
— le choix des méthodes d’échantillonnage dans un souci de sécurité;
— la mise à disposition et l’utilisation d’un équipement de protection individuelle (voir 6.4 et Tableau 2);
— la mise à disposition d’un équipement permettant de détecter les environnements dangereux
(voir Tableau 2);
— l’adoption de procédures de travail appropriées et la mise à disposition des équipements associés
tels qu’énumérés dans le Tableau 2);
— un suivi médical;
— la coopération avec les responsables du site lorsque des travaux doivent être réalisés pour
déterminer les conditions du site, les travaux sur le site dans la zone d’échantillonnage ainsi que
6 © ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés

d’autres problèmes se rapportant à la sécurité générale lors de l’exécution des travaux (activités
entreprises au-delà du périmètre du site et pouvant compromettre les travaux sur le site, conditions
du sol, incidents non signalés dans la zone concernée par l’étude).
Il est nécessaire de se conformer aux exigences et d’utiliser les systèmes de surveillance de l’exposition
du personnel aux substances dangereuses pour la santé. Les exigences précises peuvent différer, mais
elles incluent souvent un cadre exigeant:
— la prévention de l’exposition aux dangers potentiels physiques, chimiques et biologiques;
— si cela n’est pas possible, l’utilisation de mesures de contrôle pour prévenir l’exposition ou limiter
celle-ci à des «niveaux admissibles» (pouvant être définis dans des réglementations nationales);
— si cela n’est pas possible, l’utilisation d’équipements de protection individuelle.
Ces exigences peuvent également spécifier:
— la mise à disposition d’informations et de formation;
— des programmes de surveillance médicale;
— la conservation des enregistrements d’exposition du personnel pendant une période prolongée.
NOTE 1 Les points énoncés ci-dessus fournissent un cadre utile pour mener une politique de protection du
personnel contre les substances dangereuses.
Lors de l’élaboration de procédures de sécurité appropriées, il convient non seulement de tenir
compte du danger, mais également de la manière dont le danger est susceptible d’être rencontré par
l’investigateur ou l’échantillonneur et des conséquences de l’exposition au danger qui peuvent aller
d’une irritation cutanée et d’une simple lésion physique jusqu’à la mort.
NOTE 2 Dans la plupart des cas, les substances chimiques sont susceptibles d’être considérées comme
dangereuses car elles peuvent avoir non seulement des effets toxiques aigus, mais également des effets chroniques
préoccupants sur les investigateurs et les échantillonneurs.
NOTE 3 L’Annexe A décrit la manière dont les investigateurs peuvent être exposés aux dangers susceptibles de
survenir dans différentes situations, ainsi que les conséquences de telles expositions.
6.3 Personnel
Plusieurs fonctions peuvent être remplies par une ou plusieurs personnes lors d’une investigation,
parmi lesquelles les fonctions de chef de projet, de responsable sur le terrain, d’investigateur de
terrain et d’opérateurs qualifiés (par exemple, foreur). Les tâches à réaliser comprennent la direction,
la planification et l’exécution; la supervision sur le terrain; l’échantillonnage et la prise de mesures,
la réalisation de sondages d’exploration et le repérage d’excavations et de trous de forage, etc. Les
personnes qui remplissent ces fonctions et tâches ont la responsabilité de garantir un travail en toute
sécurité et la protection de la santé. Par conséquent, il convient que ces personnes soient compétentes,
dûment qualifiées, formées, expérimentées et aptes à communiquer avec les autres membres de
l’équipe. Les exigences des qualifications, etc., requises par les personnes remplissant ces fonctions
ne relève pas du domaine d’application de la présente norme. Cependant, les dispositions de normes
géotechniques nationales, internationales et européennes peuvent être utiles par analogie en ce qui
concerne les fonctions à remplir et les niveaux de qualification appropriés, etc.
NOTE 1 Les personnes remplissant les diverses fonctions et tâches mentionnées ci-dessus peuvent travailler
pour le compte du client, d’un consultant ou d’un entrepreneur.
Il convient que le foreur en charge d’une machine de forage soit compétent dans des domaines tels
que l’exploration du sol au moyen de trous de forage, les activités simples d’échantillonnage et d’essai,
l’observation des nappes d’eau dans les trous de forage et l’enregistrement correct des informations
obtenues. Selon certaines réglementations, tous les opérateurs de forage et fonçage sont tenus d’avoir
des qualifications spécifiques.
Il convient que les conducteurs d’un engin mécanique soient compétents et expérimentés pour la
réalisation en toute sécurité de fosses et de tranchées de reconnaissance, et qu’ils disposent de toutes
les qualifications spécifiques requises par les autorités compétentes.
Il convient que le soutien physique pour garantir la sécurité sur le site soit installé par des opérateurs
compétents qui doivent normalement disposer des qualifications spécifiques requises par les autorités
compétentes.
[4]
NOTE 2 L’ISO/TS 22475-2 fournit des lignes directrices pour les critères de qualification applicables aux
[5]
entreprises et au personnel, «opérateurs qualifiés» inclus, et l’ISO/TS 22475-3 fournit des lignes directrices
pour l’évaluation de la conformité, par une tierce partie, des entreprises et du personnel.
6.4 Équipements de sécurité
Il convient que des équipements de sécurité appropriés, comprenant des vêtements et équipements de
protection individuelle ainsi que des équipements de surveillance, soient fournis et que l’employeur
assure la formation des opérateurs sur leur usage correct.
Le choix des équipements de sécurité appropriés peut être un processus complexe, en raison de la
grande variété des situations pouvant être rencontrées et de la vaste gamme d’équipements disponibles.
Il convient que le chef de projet et/ou le responsable de la sécurité demandent toujours l’avis d’un expert
en cas de doute concernant le type d’équipement requis.
Il convient que le but soit de toujours prendre les mesures de précaution nécessaires pour prévenir
les dangers ou pour réduire les risques à la source. Toutefois, sachant que de telles mesures éliminent
rarement un risque dans sa totalité, l’utilisation d’un équipement de protection individuelle (EPI)
sera en général nécessaire. Même dans des situations où les dangers chimiques ou similaires sont
négligeables, il sera toujours nécessaire d’assurer la protection contre les dangers physiques et les
conditions météorologiques défavorables. Le choix des EPI peut être rendu plus difficile en raison de la
présence, sur certains marchés, d’EPI contrefaits.
Pour ces types d’équipements de protection individuelle (EPI), où plusieurs classes de protection sont
disponibles, il est important de choisir le niveau adéquat de protection pour le risque concerné. Par
exemple, des équipements de protection respiratoire (EPR) doivent être choisis pour fournir le type
adéquat de protection (les poussières ou les vapeurs et les gaz nécessitent différentes types de filtres)
et le type adéquat de protection (des concentrations élevées d’une substance nécessiteront un filtre de
performance plus élevée).
Il est indispensable que le personnel concerné soit conscient des dangers, qu’il les comprenne et qu’il
ait reçu une formation adéquate pour limiter autant que possible les risques. L’aspect le plus important
réside dans le fait que, bien que de nombreux équipements de sécurité soient fournis et utilisés, leur
efficacité peut être totalement compromise par une imprudence ou un manque d’attention de la part de
l’utilisateur. La réalisation en toute sécurité de toute activité d’échantillonnage ou d’investigation de site
reste, en dernier ressort, entre les mains du personnel d’exploitation et du personnel de supervision.
Dès lors qu’un EPI a été choisi, il convient qu’il soit toujours aisément disponible. Certains types d’EPI
sont relativement robustes et résistants. D’autres peuvent toutefois être uniquement conçus pour un
usage limité (par exemple, EPR jetable) ou être facilement souillés et devenir inadéquats. Par exemple,
des gants qui ont été sévèrement contaminés par l’élément contre lequel ils sont censés assurer la
protection, ne peuvent plus le faire de manière adéquate. Les fournitures de remplacement doivent être
aisément et rapidement disponibles, sous peine de ne plus être en mesure d’assurer la conformité.
Les casques de protection sont relativement robustes et résistants, mais ils peuvent se détériorer du
fait de l’exposition à la chaleur, à la lumière solaire ou les produits chimiques. Ils portent en général
un marquage indiquant la durée de vie maximale du produit, au-delà de laquelle il convient de les
remplacer.
Il convient que l’utilisation d’équipements de sécurité ou de protection n’entraîne pas la contamination
des échantillons prélevés et que les équipements soient choisis en conséquence.
8 © ISO 2017 – Tous droits réservés

Il convient que les équipements énumérés dans le Tableau 2 soient fournis en quantité suffisante en
tenant compte de l’environnement prévu, des dangers susceptibles d’être rencontrés ainsi que de la
législation et des réglementations locales pouvant exister.
NOTE 1 Le Tableau 3 fournit des lignes directrices pour le choix d’EPI capables d’assurer la protection contre
des types particuliers de dangers.
Il convient que les chefs de projet:
— supervisent les orientations, la documentation du système de gestion et d’analyse des risques,
l’attestation de compétence, l’élaboration du plan de santé et de sécurité, etc.;
— s’assurent que toute personne portant un vêtement de protection est consciente de la raison pour
laquelle il est nécessaire, du moment où il doit être utilisé, réparé ou remplacé – et ses limitations;
— forment et instruisent les personnes sur la manière d’utiliser correctement le vêtement de protection
(EPI) et s’assurent qu’elles le font effectivement;
— vérifient régulièrement que le vêtement de protection est porté pendant toute la période durant
laquelle les employés sont exposés au risque et qu’elles n’autorisent jamais les personnes exposées
pendant une courte durée à ne pas porter de vêtements de protection;
— si un EPI n’est pas du tout porté ou s’il n’est pas porté correctement, cherchent les raisons de cette
anomalie et enregistrent l’incident en tant que «quasi-échec»;
— prévoient des installations pour ranger séparément les vêtements propres et les tenues de travail
sales et vérifient que les employés utilisent, nettoient et rangement correctement les vêtements de
protection et autres EPI;
— s’assurent que les employés ne se contaminent pas la peau lorsqu’ils retirent les EPI;
— ne permettent pas que les employés nettoient à leur domicile les combinaisons de protection
contaminées;
— s’assurent que l’état des EPI est vérifié avant et après utilisation;
— s’assurent que les EPI jetables sont utilisés une seule fois et éliminés en toute sécurité après
utilisation selon une méthode approuvée appropriée;
— utilisent en parallèle les meilleures pratiques nationales et internationales.
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