SIST EN ISO 23611-5:2013
(Main)Soil quality - Sampling of soil invertebrates - Part 5: Sampling and extraction of soil macro-invertebrates (ISO 23611-5:2011)
Soil quality - Sampling of soil invertebrates - Part 5: Sampling and extraction of soil macro-invertebrates (ISO 23611-5:2011)
This part of ISO 23611 specifies a method for sampling, extracting and preserving macro-invertebrates from soils, including the litter zone. The proposed method is a prerequisite for using these animals as bio-indicators (e.g. to assess the quality of a soil as a habitat for organisms). The main premise of this method is rapid assessment (completing the sampling of a plot in one or two days with only basic equipment and a small number of field assistants) in order to be able to address all the taxonomic groups of soil macro-invertebrates at the same time and in the same place. The Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF) method has evolved and some modifications have been introduced in order to use it in temperate regions. The sampling and extraction methods in this part of ISO 23611 are applicable to almost all types of soil, with the exception of soils in extreme climatic conditions (hard, frozen or flooded soils) and matrices other than soil, e.g. tree trunks, plants or lichens. A sampling design is specified in ISO 23611-6.
Bodenbeschaffenheit - Probenahme von Wirbellosen im Boden - Teil 5: Probenahme und Extraktion von Makroinvertebraten (Großwirbellosen) im Boden (ISO 23611-5:2011)
Dieser Teil von ISO 23611 legt ein Verfahren zur Probenahme, Extraktion und Konservierung von Makroinvertebraten aus Böden, einschließlich der Streuzone, fest. Das vorgeschlagene Verfahren ist Voraussetzung für die Verwendung dieser Tiere als Bioindikatoren (z. B. zur Beurteilung der Beschaffenheit eines Bodens als Lebensraum für Organismen). Die wichtigsten Voraussetzungen dieses Verfahrens sind das Vorliegen einer schnellen Beurteilung (Abschließen der Beprobung einer Probenahmestelle nur mit Grundausrüstung und einer geringen Anzahl von technischen Hilfskräften innerhalb von ein bis zwei Tagen), die Fähigkeit, alle taxonomischen Gruppen von Boden bewohnenden Makroinvertebraten gleichzeitig und am gleichen Ort zuzuordnen. Das Verfahren im Rahmen des Programms zur Untersuchung der Biologie und Fruchtbarkeit tropischer Böden (TSBF Verfahren, en: Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Program) wurde weiterentwickelt und es wurden einige Modifikationen eingebracht, um es in Regionen mit gemäßigtem Klima anzuwenden.
Die Probenahme und Extraktionsverfahren dieses Teils von ISO 23611 sind auf nahezu alle Bodenarten anwendbar. Ausgenommen davon können Böden aus extremen klimatischen Bedingungen (harte, gefrorene oder überflutete Böden) sowie andere Matrices als Boden, z. B. Baumstämme, Pflanzen oder Flechten, sein.
Der Probenahmeplan ist in ISO 23611 6 festgelegt.
ANMERKUNG 1 Das in diesem Teil von ISO 23611 festgelegte Verfahren beruht auf einer Anleitung, die im Rahmen des Programms zur Untersuchung der Biologie und Fruchtbarkeit tropischer Böden (TSBF Verfahren) [7] entwickelt wurde.
ANMERKUNG 2 Grundlegende Informationen zur Ökologie der Makroinvertebraten und ihrer Verwendung lassen sich den in den Literaturhinweisen aufgeführten Quellen entnehmen.
Qualité du sol - Prélèvement des invertébrés du sol - Partie 5: Prélèvement et extraction des macro-invertébrés du sol (ISO 23611-5:2011)
L'ISO 23611-5:2011 spécifie une méthode pour le prélèvement, l'extraction et la conservation des macro-invertébrés du sol, y compris la zone de litière. La méthode proposée est un prérequis à l'utilisation de ces animaux en tant que bio-indicateurs (par exemple pour évaluer la qualité d'un sol en tant qu'habitat pour des organismes). Les principes majeurs de cette méthode consistent à avoir une évaluation rapide (réaliser l'échantillonnage d'une zone en un ou deux jours avec un équipement de base et avec un nombre réduit d'assistants de terrain), pour être capable de traiter tous les groupes taxinomiques de macro‑invertébrés du sol en même temps et au même endroit. La méthode TSBF (biologie et fertilité des sols tropicaux) a évolué et quelques modifications ont été introduites afin de l'utiliser dans des régions tempérées.
Les méthodes de prélèvement et d'extraction de l'ISO 23611-5:2011 sont applicables à la quasi‑totalité des sols. Les sols présents sous des conditions climatiques extrêmes (sols durs, gelés ou inondés) et les matrices autres que le sol, par exemple des troncs d'arbres, des plantes ou des lichens, peuvent constituer des exceptions.
Le plan d'échantillonnage est spécifié dans l'ISO 23611-6.
Kakovost tal - Vzorčenje nevretenčarjev v tleh - 5. del: Vzorčenje in ekstrakcija velikih nevretenčarjev v tleh (ISO 23611-5:2011)
Ta del standarda ISO 23611 določa metodo za vzorčenje, ekstrakcijo in shranjevanje velikih nevretenčarjev v tleh, vključno z območjem opada. Predlagana metoda je predpogoj za uporabo teh živali kot bioloških indikatorjev (npr. za oceno kakovosti tal kot habitata za organizme). Glavna predpostavka te metode je hitra ocena (zaključek vzorčenja na kosu tal v enem ali dveh dneh s samo osnovno opremo in majhnim številom terenskih pomočnikov), da se lahko hkrati in na istem mestu obravnavajo vse taksonomske skupine velikih nevretenčarjev v tleh. Razvila se je metoda biologije in rodovitnosti tropskih tal (TSBF) in vpeljane so bile nekatere spremembe, da se lahko uporablja v zmernih regijah. Metode vzorčenja in ekstrakcije v tem delu standarda ISO 23611 se uporabljajo za skoraj vse vrste tal, razen za tla v ekstremnih vremenskih pogojih (trda, zmrznjena ali poplavljena tla), in za vse vrste matric, ki niso tla, npr. debla dreves, rastline ali lišaje. Načrt vzorčenja je določen v standardu ISO 23611-6.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 23611-5:2013
01-maj-2013
.DNRYRVWWDO9]RUþHQMHQHYUHWHQþDUMHYYWOHKGHO9]RUþHQMHLQHNVWUDNFLMD
YHOLNLKQHYUHWHQþDUMHYYWOHK,62
Soil quality - Sampling of soil invertebrates - Part 5: Sampling and extraction of soil
macro-invertebrates (ISO 23611-5:2011)
Bodenbeschaffenheit - Probenahme von Wirbellosen im Boden - Teil 5: Probenahme
und Extraktion von Makroinvertebraten (Großwirbellosen) im Boden (ISO 23611-5:2011)
Qualité du sol - Prélèvement des invertébrés du sol - Partie 5: Prélèvement et extraction
des macro-invertébrés du sol (ISO 23611-5:2011)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 23611-5:2013
ICS:
13.080.30 Biološke lastnosti tal Biological properties of soils
SIST EN ISO 23611-5:2013 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 23611-5:2013
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SIST EN ISO 23611-5:2013
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 23611-5
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
February 2013
ICS 13.080.30; 13.080.05
English Version
Soil quality - Sampling of soil invertebrates - Part 5: Sampling
and extraction of soil macro-invertebrates (ISO 23611-5:2011)
Qualité du sol - Prélèvement des invertébrés du sol - Partie Bodenbeschaffenheit - Probenahme von Wirbellosen im
5: Prélèvement et extraction des macro-invertébrés du sol Boden - Teil 5: Probenahme und Extraktion von
(ISO 23611-5:2011) Makroinvertebraten (Großwirbellosen) im Boden (ISO
23611-5:2011)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 February 2013.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 23611-5:2013: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 23611-5:2013
EN ISO 23611-5:2013 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword . 3
2
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SIST EN ISO 23611-5:2013
EN ISO 23611-5:2013 (E)
Foreword
The text of ISO 23611-5:2011 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190 “Soil quality” of the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 23611-5:2013 by
Technical Committee CEN/TC 345 “Characterization of soils” the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by August 2013.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 23611-5:2011 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 23611-5:2013 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 23611-5:2013
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SIST EN ISO 23611-5:2013
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23611-5
First edition
2011-12-01
Soil quality — Sampling of soil
invertebrates —
Part 5:
Sampling and extraction of soil macro-
invertebrates
Qualité du sol — Prélèvement des invertébrés du sol — Partie 5:
Prélèvement et extraction des macro-invertébrés du sol
Reference number
ISO 23611-5:2011(E)
©
ISO 2011
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SIST EN ISO 23611-5:2013
ISO 23611-5:2011(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2011
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 23611-5:2013
ISO 23611-5:2011(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 23611-5 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 4, Biological
methods.
ISO 23611 consists of the following parts, under the general title Soil quality — Sampling of soil invertebrates:
— Part 1: Hand-sorting and formalin extraction of earthworms
— Part 2: Sampling and extraction of micro-arthropods (Collembola and Acarina)
— Part 3: Sampling and soil extraction of enchytraeids
— Part 4: Sampling, extraction and identification of soil-inhabiting nematodes
— Part 5: Sampling and extraction of soil macro-invertebrates
— Part 6: Guidance for the design of sampling programmes with soil invertebrates
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SIST EN ISO 23611-5:2013
ISO 23611-5:2011(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO 23611 was prepared in response to a need to standardize sampling and extraction methods for
soil macro-invertebrates in several European (temperate) and tropical countries. These methods are needed
for the following purposes:
— biological classification of soils, including soil quality assessment (e.g. References [21], [32] and [41]);
— terrestrial bio-indication and long-term monitoring (e.g. References [71], [79], [80] and [81]).
Data collected using standardized methods can be evaluated more accurately as it allows more reliable
comparison between sites (e.g. polluted vs non-polluted sites, changes in land-use practices).
Soils of the world host an abundance of highly diverse macro-invertebrate communities. Their biology and
ecology have been widely studied. Soil invertebrates are irreplaceable actors of soil formation and conservation
in natural ecosystems. Their relevance to the soil system comes from their abundance and diversity, and also
from their role in key biological processes. They are sensitive indicators of soil quality and recognized agents
of its fertility (e.g. References [63] and [56]). Among the wide diversity of species, adaptive strategies and size
ranges represented, one specific group, also called “soil ecosystem engineers”, includes large invertebrates
that actually determine the activities of other smaller organisms through the mechanical activities they produce
in soil (e.g. References [24] and [49]).
Soil macro-invertebrates span a wide range of ecological functions in soil: decomposition of organic matter,
through their own activity and by stimulating the soil’s microbiological activity (e.g. References [8], [10] and
[40]), predation that plays an important part in food webs (e.g. References [16], [55], [61], [64] and [68]), soil
aggregation by the production of organo-mineral structures (e.g. nests, galleries, casts) that can last for days,
months or years, and soil bioturbation (e.g. Reference [32]), etc. These characteristics, coupled with in-depth
taxonomic knowledge, has enabled their use as study organisms in several research programmes dealing
with the impacts of forest practices (e.g. References [18], [40], [50], [62], [65] and [75]) or crop management
practices (e.g. References [15], [25], [31], [33], [34], [37], [42], [60] and [66]). These features make them suitable
organisms for use as bio-indicators of changes in soil quality, especially with respect to land-use practices and
pollution (e.g. References [26], [39], [48], [52], [53], [59], [65] and [79]).
The method proposed in this part of ISO 23611 covers the sampling of all soil macro-invertebrates. However,
the sampling of earthworms is already covered in ISO 23611-1. This method is described in ISO 23611-1:2006,
Annex C, as an alternative sampling method for earthworms.
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SIST EN ISO 23611-5:2013
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23611-5:2011(E)
Soil quality — Sampling of soil invertebrates —
Part 5:
Sampling and extraction of soil macro-invertebrates
1 Scope
This part of ISO 23611 specifies a method for sampling, extracting and preserving macro-invertebrates from
soils, including the litter zone. The proposed method is a prerequisite for using these animals as bio-indicators
(e.g. to assess the quality of a soil as a habitat for organisms). The main premise of this method is rapid
assessment (completing the sampling of a plot in one or two days with only basic equipment and a small
number of field assistants) in order to be able to address all the taxonomic groups of soil macro-invertebrates
at the same time and in the same place. The Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF) method has evolved and
some modifications have been introduced in order to use it in temperate regions.
The sampling and extraction methods in this part of ISO 23611 are applicable to almost all types of soil, with
the exception of soils in extreme climatic conditions (hard, frozen or flooded soils) and matrices other than soil,
e.g. tree trunks, plants or lichens.
A sampling design is specified in ISO 23611-6.
NOTE 1 The method specified in this part of ISO 23611 is based on guidelines developed under the Tropical Soil
[7]
Biology and Fertility Program (TSBF method) .
NOTE 2 Basic information on the ecology of macro-invertebrates and their use can be found in the references listed in
the Bibliography.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
macro-invertebrates
soil organism whose longest dimension is greater than 10 mm
NOTE See Annex A for further details.
EXAMPLE These include especially the following groups: Oligochaeta, Gastropoda, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Isopoda,
Arachnida, plus various insects: Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Dermaptera, Lepidoptera (larvae) and
Diptera (larvae).
2.2
blotted mass
mass of individuals after preservation in formalin or ethanol (when the substance used for preservation has
been absorbed by the tissues)
3 Principle
Soil macro-invertebrates are collected in the field using a metallic frame to delimit the soil surface of the
sampling point. Macro-invertebrates present in litter and soil are picked up separately. In temperate regions, a
reagent is used to extract macro-invertebrates from soil. The sampling is completed by hand-sorting. Animals
are preserved and transported to the laboratory for further identifications (e.g. References [11], [12], [13], [14],
[17], [19], [20], [22], [23], [27], [28], [29], [30], [35] ,[36], ,[38], [45], [46], [47], [54], [57], [70], [72], [73], [76], [77],
2
[78] and [84]). Abundance values are usually recalculated relative to area (1 m).
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SIST EN ISO 23611-5:2013
ISO 23611-5:2011(E)
4 Reagents
4.1 Ethanol, (70 % volume fraction).
4.2 Formalin [formaldehyde solution], 4 % (volume fraction).
Both 70 % ethanol and 4 % formalin should be available for the preservation of specimens (4 % formalin is
more suitable for taxa with soft body parts, which can be transferred to ethanol after about 4 d fixation).
4.3 Formalin, 0,2 % (volume fraction), prepared by diluting 25 ml of formalin (39 %) in 5 l of water, for soil
macro-invertebrate extraction.
5 Apparatus
Use standard laboratory equipment and the following.
5.1 Petri dishes.
5.2 Stereo-microscope.
5.3 Plastic vials.
5.4 Entomological forceps.
5.5 Pencil, notebook, water-resistant marker, labels.
5.6 Tape measures.
5.7 Knife (cut glass).
5.8 Spade.
5.9 Plastic-weave produce sacks, for spreading on the ground.
5.10 Precision balance.
5.11 Large flat plastic trays (500 mm × 400 mm × 100 mm), for sorting the soil and litter.
5.12 Trowel.
5.13 Small plastic trays.
5.14 Fine forceps (or entomological forceps), pipette, fine paint brushes.
5.15 Sample vials, in various sizes with secure alcohol-tight caps.
5.16 Indian-ink pen (waterproof).
5.17 Stiff card for labels, ranging compass.
5.18 Large strong plastic bags (sealable).
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ISO 23611-5:2011(E)
5.19 Table and plastic chairs, for sorting.
5.20 Cover, for protection from heavy rain.
5.21 Polyvinyl gloves, to protect hands from formalin.
5.22 Metallic frame, preferably 250 mm × 250 mm.
Sample frame (250 mm × 250 mm × 50 mm) made of stainless steel and with sharpened edges to delimit the
sampling point where animals are sampled from the litter layer and soil.
5.23 Watering can.
5.24 Pair of scissors, to cut vegetation inside the frame.
5.25 Field balances.
6 Field procedure
6.1 General
Sampling should take place when accessible biodiversity is thought to be largest. In temperate regions, it
corresponds to spring or autumn, and in the tropics, it should take place towards the end of the rainy season.
When sampling soil invertebrates, it is strongly recommended that the site be physico-chemically characterized.
In particular, pH, particle size distribution, C/N ratio, organic carbon content and water-holding capacity should
be measured using ISO 10390, ISO 10694, ISO 11274, ISO 11277, ISO 11461, ISO 11465.
6.2 Collecting macro-invertebrates from the litter zone
At each sampling point (= monolith) (previously defined according to sampling design rules), a litter sample is
collected using a metallic frame (5.22). The metallic frame is pressed into the litter by hand. The litter inside the
frame is removed and checked manually in the field using a large tray (5.11). Litter invertebrates are preserved
in 4 % formalin (4.2).
6.3 Collecting macro-invertebrates from soil
6.3.1 General
In temperate countries, the extraction of soil macro-invertebrates is carried out in two steps (see 6.3.2.1 and
6.3.2.2), while in tropical countries only the second step shall be performed (see 6.3.3).
6.3.2 Temperate regions
6.3.2.1 Formalin extraction
The soil surface delimited by the metallic frame (5.22) is sprayed with 0,2 % formalin (4.3) using a watering can
(5.23). Two applications of 1,5 l of formalin are performed at intervals of about 10 min. Soil invertebrates coming
up to the surface are collected and preserved in vials (5.3) containing formalin (4.2).
6.3.2.2 Hand-sorting of “passive” macro-invertebrates
At the end of the formalin extraction, the metallic frame (5.22) is removed and the upper 150 mm of soil is
excavated within the frame area (250 mm × 250 mm). The excavated soil is placed in a plastic bag (5.18) that
can be closed with a cover to prevent animals from escaping from the soil sample.
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Appropriate sub-samples of soil are taken from the container and spread on a large tray (5.11). Macro-invertebrates
are collected and preserved in vials (5.3) with formalin (4.2). When hand-sorting is finished, the excavated soil
is replaced to avoid creating holes on the sampling site.
6.3.3 Tropical regions
In tropical countries, soil macro-invertebrates are sampled using a 250 mm × 250 mm × 300 mm deep soil
monolith. The monolith is isolated by cutting with a spade (5.8) a few centimetres outside the quadrate (metallic
frame) and then digging a 20 mm wide by 300 mm deep trench around it. This facilitates cutting of the sample
into horizontal strata and collecting animals escaping from the block.
The delimited block is divided into three layers, 0 mm to 100 mm, 100 mm to 200 mm and 200 mm to 300 mm,
and the soil and litter material is hand-sorted in trays (5.11). Since formalin is not applied in tropical regions, the
sampling depth shall be doubled in order to be sure to collect endogenic species of earthworms.
For social insects, it is recommended that special measures be considered that take account of their high
abundance and marked patchiness; a nest can contain millions of individuals, of which none are sampled
by a short transect, and the contribution of the species concerned to a macrofaunal assemblage can thus
be completely missed. On the other hand, a highly populated nest sampled directly by a monolith can lead
to a large overestimation of the overall numerical or biomass density. In general, the TSBF transect should
be placed so as to avoid direct contact with termite and ant nests. For discussions, see References [39] and
[40]. The protocol for a 100 m × 2 m transect designed to assess termite biodiversity (and feeding group
representation) is given in Reference [52]. In suitable circumstances, this protocol can also be deployed in
parallel with the TSBF transect.
NOTE Besides the general characterization of the site, it is useful to determine the actual moisture of the soil to be
sampled.
7 Laboratory procedure
7.1 Treatment of collected samples
In the laboratory, samples are cleaned and animals are placed in new vials (5.15) with ethanol (70 % volume
fraction) (4.1). Organisms with soft body parts are kept in formalin for at least 4 d, or forever if possible.
For taxonomic identification, specimens are placed on petri dishes (5.1) and observed under the stereo-
microscope (5.2). A practical way to identify macro-invertebrates is to group them first into orders. Each order
is then identified into families and each family into species using taxonomy keys (examples of taxonomy keys
are given in the Bibliography (see Rerences [11], [12], [13], [14], [17], [19], [20], [23], [27], [28], [29], [30], [35],
[36], [38], [45], [46], [47], [57], [72], [73], [77], [78] and [84]).
Ideally, taxonomic determination should be based on the species level. If identification of species levels fails
due to time constraints, taxonomic expertise or missing taxonomic keys, e.g. mainly in tropical regions, sorting
to genus (and some higher taxonomic units) represents a good compromise between the morphospecies and
ordinal level approaches, especially as this allows most specimens to be assigned to a functional group.
WARNING — Appropriate precautions (i.e. gloves, mask) shall be taken when dealing with formalin
to avoid danger from inhalation or skin exposure. According to the “Material Safety Data Sheet” for
formaldehyde 37 % solution published by producing companies, the compound is a skin sensitizer
and is considered to be carcinogenic (humans: limited evidence; animals: sufficient evidence). It is
legally notified in industrialized countries for scientific use.
7.2 Preservation of specimens
From any mixed soil sample of macrofauna, the following steps should be followed in order to obtain standardized
preserved specimens.
a) If the animal has no soft body parts, the organisms should be preserved in 70 % ethanol (commercial
ethanol should be diluted).
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SIST EN ISO 23611-5:2013
ISO 23611-5:2011(E)
b) If the animal has soft body parts, the organism should be fixed in 4 % formalin and should, if possible, be
preserved in the same solution. Alternatively, 80 % ethanol could be used (if the organism has been fixed
during at least 4 d with 4 % formalin).
c) In all cases, samples should be stored separately in different vials, according to the smallest unit of
analysis (i.e. a monolith if the data is compared at that level).
d) Every vial should be labelled without using code numbers and should at least be written using permanent
ink, like Indian or Chinese ink, and using sturdy paper like goatskin parchment. Every label should contain
the following information:
— country;
— region;
— locality;
— collector’s name;
— date of collection.
e) For storing specimens:
— use vials (or glass tubes) that are not degraded by the ethanol or formalin, with screw caps;
— monitor levels of ethanol and formalin in order to keep them constant;
— store vials away from direct sunlight;
— change the preserving solution of each vial once every five years.
7.3 Biomass determination
Determination of biomass is performed using the preserved material. The animal’s surface should be gently
dried with filter paper, then weighed using a precision balance (0,001 g).
It is virtually impossible to keep invertebrates alive after their capture in order to measure fresh masses. In most
cases, invertebrates are conserved in 70 % (volume fraction) ethanol or 4 % (volume fraction) formalin. The
latter is recommended for earthworms that shall at least be fixed in formalin before being kept in 70 % ethanol.
Preservation always involves a decrease in mass, as body water is extracted by osmotic forces. The amount
lost can vary between 15 % and 40 %, depending on the water content of the animal and its physiological state.
Since most studies only aim to compare different sites and/or situations, mass loss is not likely to distort the
result. If accurate fresh mass data are necessary, it is easy to keep an aliquot of each group and compare the
mass, alive and fixed, a few days after fixation.
8 Assessment of results
The following measurement end points can be used for the bioclassification of a soil, including bio-indication
or biomonitoring (e.g. anthropogenic stress-like chemicals or land-use changes):
— abundance (number of individuals per area);
— biomass;
— number of species or other taxonomically or ecologically defined groups;
— diversity indices (alpha, beta and gamma diversity).
Firstly, the number of individuals (total number by species or group) is counted and expressed as individuals
per sample. Secondly, the total abundance of individuals is multiplied by a factor (16) to obtain the number of
individuals per square metre.
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SIST EN ISO 23611-5:2013
ISO 23611-5:2011(E)
Fresh mass measured in the field is the ideal way to calculate biomass. Failing this, the use of blotted mass,
after preservation, is acceptable. Other methods are reported in the literature, for example fresh mass after
blotting, dry mass at 60 °C overnight, drying to constant mass at higher temperatures, degutted fresh mass,
degutted dry mass, fresh mass × a constant (for assumed water content) and head width (referenced to a
calibration curve). However, these have less biological meaning than fresh mass.
9 Test report
The test report shall include at least the following information:
a) a reference to this part of ISO 23611, i.e. ISO 23611-5:2011);
b) a full description of the study design and procedures;
c) characterization of the study site (especially soil properties);
d) sampling method;
e) description of the sampling conditions, including date and duration of sampling in the field and weather
parameters like air temperature and humidity, rain or snow, etc.;
f) details of the extraction procedure of the biological material;
2
g) values recalculated to 1 m or another standard size, if necessary;
h) a summary of the results obtained;
i) a discussion of the results;
j) all information, including all measured raw data and all problems which might have occurred or developed
during all phases of the study.
6 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 23611-5:2013
ISO 23611-5:2011(E)
Annex A
(normative)
Background information
Soil macro-invertebrates can also be defined as organisms belonging to taxa of which over 90 % of specimens
are visible to the naked eye. Soil macro-invertebrates comprise the following groups: Oligochaeta (Annelida),
Gastropoda (snails and slugs), Coleoptera (larvae and adults), Isoptera, Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Hymenoptera,
Arachnida, Dyctioptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Dermaptera, Isopoda, Lepidoptera (larvae) and Diptera
(larvae). It specifically excludes groups with a relatively small number of specimens visible to the naked eye
such as Nematoda (e.g. Mermithidae), Enchytraeidae, Collembola, Acarina, Symphyla, Pauropoda and Diplura.
Core taxonomic units should be adopted as standard units for macrofaunal sampling. The choice of 17 main
taxa was made during the IBOY Workshop using the MDB (Macrofauna Data Base) containing information
about 32 countries and almost 1 000 sampled sites. The 17 taxa, Oligochaeta (order opisthopora), Coleoptera
(larvae and adults), Isoptera, Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Formicidae, Gastropoda, Aranaea, Blattoidea, Orthoptera,
Dermaptera, Isopoda, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera larvae, Diptera (larvae and adults) and residues (insects and
non-insects), correspond to the most important soil macro-invertebrates in terms of abundance and biomass.
Choice of a 250 mm × 250 mm × 300 mm monolith size is based on extensive, although largely empirical,
experience. First used by Zajonc (1956), it has been proposed as a standard for the Tropical Soil Biology and
[7][59]
Fertility Program . This monolith size is the same for both tropical and temperate soils. The aim was to
propose a method that was not excessively time-consuming, but which would provide an accurate assessment
of the composition and structure of soil macro-invertebrate communities. The method has been extremely
successful and has become a standard used in several hundred sites. Although studies aimed at specific
groups, especially termites, earthworms or ants, prefer different sample sizes, the size proposed represents
a very good compromise that allows a reasonable number of replicates to be made and the representation of
most orders in one single sample. Larger samples are excessively time-consuming and do not allow enough
replicates to be made. In most cases, a group of four well-trained persons can sort out 10 samples a day.
Unpublished field studies have shown that 15 to 20 samples are necessary in a single site to reduce variance
to a reasonably low proportion of mean (<20 %). However, a comparison of sites with different plant cover or
soils and/or which have be subjected to different management options exposes significant differences using as
little as five samples, provided adapted statistical treatment (often multivariate analyses) is used.
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SIST EN ISO 23611-5:2013
ISO 23611-5:2011(E)
Bibliography
[1] ISO 10390, Soil quality — Determination of pH
[2] ISO 10694, Soil quality — Determination of organic and total carbon after dry combustion (elementary
analysis)
[3] ISO 11274, Soil quality — Determination of the water-retenti
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012
01-december-2012
.DNRYRVWWDO9]RUþHQMHQHYUHWHQþDUMHYYWOHKGHO9]RUþHQMHLQHNVWUDNFLMD
YHOLNLKQHYUHWHQþDUMHYYWOHK,62
Soil quality - Sampling of soil invertebrates - Part 5: Sampling and extraction of soil
macro-invertebrates (ISO 23611-5:2011)
Bodenbeschaffenheit - Probenahme von Wirbellosen im Boden - Teil 5: Probenahme
und Extraktion von Makroinvertebraten (Großwirbellosen) im Boden (ISO 23611-5:2011)
Qualité du sol - Prélèvement des invertébrés du sol - Partie 5: Prélèvement et extraction
des macro-invertébrés du sol (ISO 23611-5:2011)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprEN ISO 23611-5
kSIST FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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kSIST FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012
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kSIST FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012
EUROPEAN STANDARD
FINAL DRAFT
FprEN ISO 23611-5
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
August 2012
ICS
English Version
Soil quality - Sampling of soil invertebrates - Part 5: Sampling
and extraction of soil macro-invertebrates (ISO 23611-5:2011)
Qualité du sol - Prélèvement des invertébrés du sol - Partie Bodenbeschaffenheit - Probenahme von Wirbellosen im
5: Prélèvement et extraction des macro-invertébrés du sol Boden - Teil 5: Probenahme und Extraktion von
(ISO 23611-5:2011) Makroinvertebraten (Großwirbellosen) im Boden (ISO
23611-5:2011)
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for unique acceptance procedure. It has been drawn up by the Technical
Committee CEN/TC 345.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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kSIST FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012
FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
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kSIST FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012
FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012 (E)
Foreword
The text of ISO 23611-5:2011 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190 “Soil quality” of the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012 by
Technical Committee CEN/TC 345 “Characterization of soils” the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This document is currently submitted to the Unique Acceptance Procedure.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 23611-5:2011 has been approved by CEN as a FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012 without any
modification.
3
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kSIST FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012
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kSIST FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23611-5
First edition
2011-12-01
Soil quality — Sampling of soil
invertebrates —
Part 5:
Sampling and extraction of soil macro-
invertebrates
Qualité du sol — Prélèvement des invertébrés du sol — Partie 5:
Prélèvement et extraction des macro-invertébrés du sol
Reference number
ISO 23611-5:2011(E)
©
ISO 2011
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kSIST FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012
ISO 23611-5:2011(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2011
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved
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kSIST FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012
ISO 23611-5:2011(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 23611-5 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 4, Biological
methods.
ISO 23611 consists of the following parts, under the general title Soil quality — Sampling of soil invertebrates:
— Part 1: Hand-sorting and formalin extraction of earthworms
— Part 2: Sampling and extraction of micro-arthropods (Collembola and Acarina)
— Part 3: Sampling and soil extraction of enchytraeids
— Part 4: Sampling, extraction and identification of soil-inhabiting nematodes
— Part 5: Sampling and extraction of soil macro-invertebrates
— Part 6: Guidance for the design of sampling programmes with soil invertebrates
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kSIST FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012
ISO 23611-5:2011(E)
Introduction
This part of ISO 23611 was prepared in response to a need to standardize sampling and extraction methods for
soil macro-invertebrates in several European (temperate) and tropical countries. These methods are needed
for the following purposes:
— biological classification of soils, including soil quality assessment (e.g. References [21], [32] and [41]);
— terrestrial bio-indication and long-term monitoring (e.g. References [71], [79], [80] and [81]).
Data collected using standardized methods can be evaluated more accurately as it allows more reliable
comparison between sites (e.g. polluted vs non-polluted sites, changes in land-use practices).
Soils of the world host an abundance of highly diverse macro-invertebrate communities. Their biology and
ecology have been widely studied. Soil invertebrates are irreplaceable actors of soil formation and conservation
in natural ecosystems. Their relevance to the soil system comes from their abundance and diversity, and also
from their role in key biological processes. They are sensitive indicators of soil quality and recognized agents
of its fertility (e.g. References [63] and [56]). Among the wide diversity of species, adaptive strategies and size
ranges represented, one specific group, also called “soil ecosystem engineers”, includes large invertebrates
that actually determine the activities of other smaller organisms through the mechanical activities they produce
in soil (e.g. References [24] and [49]).
Soil macro-invertebrates span a wide range of ecological functions in soil: decomposition of organic matter,
through their own activity and by stimulating the soil’s microbiological activity (e.g. References [8], [10] and
[40]), predation that plays an important part in food webs (e.g. References [16], [55], [61], [64] and [68]), soil
aggregation by the production of organo-mineral structures (e.g. nests, galleries, casts) that can last for days,
months or years, and soil bioturbation (e.g. Reference [32]), etc. These characteristics, coupled with in-depth
taxonomic knowledge, has enabled their use as study organisms in several research programmes dealing
with the impacts of forest practices (e.g. References [18], [40], [50], [62], [65] and [75]) or crop management
practices (e.g. References [15], [25], [31], [33], [34], [37], [42], [60] and [66]). These features make them suitable
organisms for use as bio-indicators of changes in soil quality, especially with respect to land-use practices and
pollution (e.g. References [26], [39], [48], [52], [53], [59], [65] and [79]).
The method proposed in this part of ISO 23611 covers the sampling of all soil macro-invertebrates. However,
the sampling of earthworms is already covered in ISO 23611-1. This method is described in ISO 23611-1:2006,
Annex C, as an alternative sampling method for earthworms.
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kSIST FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23611-5:2011(E)
Soil quality — Sampling of soil invertebrates —
Part 5:
Sampling and extraction of soil macro-invertebrates
1 Scope
This part of ISO 23611 specifies a method for sampling, extracting and preserving macro-invertebrates from
soils, including the litter zone. The proposed method is a prerequisite for using these animals as bio-indicators
(e.g. to assess the quality of a soil as a habitat for organisms). The main premise of this method is rapid
assessment (completing the sampling of a plot in one or two days with only basic equipment and a small
number of field assistants) in order to be able to address all the taxonomic groups of soil macro-invertebrates
at the same time and in the same place. The Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF) method has evolved and
some modifications have been introduced in order to use it in temperate regions.
The sampling and extraction methods in this part of ISO 23611 are applicable to almost all types of soil, with
the exception of soils in extreme climatic conditions (hard, frozen or flooded soils) and matrices other than soil,
e.g. tree trunks, plants or lichens.
A sampling design is specified in ISO 23611-6.
NOTE 1 The method specified in this part of ISO 23611 is based on guidelines developed under the Tropical Soil
[7]
Biology and Fertility Program (TSBF method) .
NOTE 2 Basic information on the ecology of macro-invertebrates and their use can be found in the references listed in
the Bibliography.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
macro-invertebrates
soil organism whose longest dimension is greater than 10 mm
NOTE See Annex A for further details.
EXAMPLE These include especially the following groups: Oligochaeta, Gastropoda, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Isopoda,
Arachnida, plus various insects: Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Dermaptera, Lepidoptera (larvae) and
Diptera (larvae).
2.2
blotted mass
mass of individuals after preservation in formalin or ethanol (when the substance used for preservation has
been absorbed by the tissues)
3 Principle
Soil macro-invertebrates are collected in the field using a metallic frame to delimit the soil surface of the
sampling point. Macro-invertebrates present in litter and soil are picked up separately. In temperate regions, a
reagent is used to extract macro-invertebrates from soil. The sampling is completed by hand-sorting. Animals
are preserved and transported to the laboratory for further identifications (e.g. References [11], [12], [13], [14],
[17], [19], [20], [22], [23], [27], [28], [29], [30], [35] ,[36], ,[38], [45], [46], [47], [54], [57], [70], [72], [73], [76], [77],
2
[78] and [84]). Abundance values are usually recalculated relative to area (1 m).
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kSIST FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012
ISO 23611-5:2011(E)
4 Reagents
4.1 Ethanol, (70 % volume fraction).
4.2 Formalin [formaldehyde solution], 4 % (volume fraction).
Both 70 % ethanol and 4 % formalin should be available for the preservation of specimens (4 % formalin is
more suitable for taxa with soft body parts, which can be transferred to ethanol after about 4 d fixation).
4.3 Formalin, 0,2 % (volume fraction), prepared by diluting 25 ml of formalin (39 %) in 5 l of water, for soil
macro-invertebrate extraction.
5 Apparatus
Use standard laboratory equipment and the following.
5.1 Petri dishes.
5.2 Stereo-microscope.
5.3 Plastic vials.
5.4 Entomological forceps.
5.5 Pencil, notebook, water-resistant marker, labels.
5.6 Tape measures.
5.7 Knife (cut glass).
5.8 Spade.
5.9 Plastic-weave produce sacks, for spreading on the ground.
5.10 Precision balance.
5.11 Large flat plastic trays (500 mm × 400 mm × 100 mm), for sorting the soil and litter.
5.12 Trowel.
5.13 Small plastic trays.
5.14 Fine forceps (or entomological forceps), pipette, fine paint brushes.
5.15 Sample vials, in various sizes with secure alcohol-tight caps.
5.16 Indian-ink pen (waterproof).
5.17 Stiff card for labels, ranging compass.
5.18 Large strong plastic bags (sealable).
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kSIST FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012
ISO 23611-5:2011(E)
5.19 Table and plastic chairs, for sorting.
5.20 Cover, for protection from heavy rain.
5.21 Polyvinyl gloves, to protect hands from formalin.
5.22 Metallic frame, preferably 250 mm × 250 mm.
Sample frame (250 mm × 250 mm × 50 mm) made of stainless steel and with sharpened edges to delimit the
sampling point where animals are sampled from the litter layer and soil.
5.23 Watering can.
5.24 Pair of scissors, to cut vegetation inside the frame.
5.25 Field balances.
6 Field procedure
6.1 General
Sampling should take place when accessible biodiversity is thought to be largest. In temperate regions, it
corresponds to spring or autumn, and in the tropics, it should take place towards the end of the rainy season.
When sampling soil invertebrates, it is strongly recommended that the site be physico-chemically characterized.
In particular, pH, particle size distribution, C/N ratio, organic carbon content and water-holding capacity should
be measured using ISO 10390, ISO 10694, ISO 11274, ISO 11277, ISO 11461, ISO 11465.
6.2 Collecting macro-invertebrates from the litter zone
At each sampling point (= monolith) (previously defined according to sampling design rules), a litter sample is
collected using a metallic frame (5.22). The metallic frame is pressed into the litter by hand. The litter inside the
frame is removed and checked manually in the field using a large tray (5.11). Litter invertebrates are preserved
in 4 % formalin (4.2).
6.3 Collecting macro-invertebrates from soil
6.3.1 General
In temperate countries, the extraction of soil macro-invertebrates is carried out in two steps (see 6.3.2.1 and
6.3.2.2), while in tropical countries only the second step shall be performed (see 6.3.3).
6.3.2 Temperate regions
6.3.2.1 Formalin extraction
The soil surface delimited by the metallic frame (5.22) is sprayed with 0,2 % formalin (4.3) using a watering can
(5.23). Two applications of 1,5 l of formalin are performed at intervals of about 10 min. Soil invertebrates coming
up to the surface are collected and preserved in vials (5.3) containing formalin (4.2).
6.3.2.2 Hand-sorting of “passive” macro-invertebrates
At the end of the formalin extraction, the metallic frame (5.22) is removed and the upper 150 mm of soil is
excavated within the frame area (250 mm × 250 mm). The excavated soil is placed in a plastic bag (5.18) that
can be closed with a cover to prevent animals from escaping from the soil sample.
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kSIST FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012
ISO 23611-5:2011(E)
Appropriate sub-samples of soil are taken from the container and spread on a large tray (5.11). Macro-invertebrates
are collected and preserved in vials (5.3) with formalin (4.2). When hand-sorting is finished, the excavated soil
is replaced to avoid creating holes on the sampling site.
6.3.3 Tropical regions
In tropical countries, soil macro-invertebrates are sampled using a 250 mm × 250 mm × 300 mm deep soil
monolith. The monolith is isolated by cutting with a spade (5.8) a few centimetres outside the quadrate (metallic
frame) and then digging a 20 mm wide by 300 mm deep trench around it. This facilitates cutting of the sample
into horizontal strata and collecting animals escaping from the block.
The delimited block is divided into three layers, 0 mm to 100 mm, 100 mm to 200 mm and 200 mm to 300 mm,
and the soil and litter material is hand-sorted in trays (5.11). Since formalin is not applied in tropical regions, the
sampling depth shall be doubled in order to be sure to collect endogenic species of earthworms.
For social insects, it is recommended that special measures be considered that take account of their high
abundance and marked patchiness; a nest can contain millions of individuals, of which none are sampled
by a short transect, and the contribution of the species concerned to a macrofaunal assemblage can thus
be completely missed. On the other hand, a highly populated nest sampled directly by a monolith can lead
to a large overestimation of the overall numerical or biomass density. In general, the TSBF transect should
be placed so as to avoid direct contact with termite and ant nests. For discussions, see References [39] and
[40]. The protocol for a 100 m × 2 m transect designed to assess termite biodiversity (and feeding group
representation) is given in Reference [52]. In suitable circumstances, this protocol can also be deployed in
parallel with the TSBF transect.
NOTE Besides the general characterization of the site, it is useful to determine the actual moisture of the soil to be
sampled.
7 Laboratory procedure
7.1 Treatment of collected samples
In the laboratory, samples are cleaned and animals are placed in new vials (5.15) with ethanol (70 % volume
fraction) (4.1). Organisms with soft body parts are kept in formalin for at least 4 d, or forever if possible.
For taxonomic identification, specimens are placed on petri dishes (5.1) and observed under the stereo-
microscope (5.2). A practical way to identify macro-invertebrates is to group them first into orders. Each order
is then identified into families and each family into species using taxonomy keys (examples of taxonomy keys
are given in the Bibliography (see Rerences [11], [12], [13], [14], [17], [19], [20], [23], [27], [28], [29], [30], [35],
[36], [38], [45], [46], [47], [57], [72], [73], [77], [78] and [84]).
Ideally, taxonomic determination should be based on the species level. If identification of species levels fails
due to time constraints, taxonomic expertise or missing taxonomic keys, e.g. mainly in tropical regions, sorting
to genus (and some higher taxonomic units) represents a good compromise between the morphospecies and
ordinal level approaches, especially as this allows most specimens to be assigned to a functional group.
WARNING — Appropriate precautions (i.e. gloves, mask) shall be taken when dealing with formalin
to avoid danger from inhalation or skin exposure. According to the “Material Safety Data Sheet” for
formaldehyde 37 % solution published by producing companies, the compound is a skin sensitizer
and is considered to be carcinogenic (humans: limited evidence; animals: sufficient evidence). It is
legally notified in industrialized countries for scientific use.
7.2 Preservation of specimens
From any mixed soil sample of macrofauna, the following steps should be followed in order to obtain standardized
preserved specimens.
a) If the animal has no soft body parts, the organisms should be preserved in 70 % ethanol (commercial
ethanol should be diluted).
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kSIST FprEN ISO 23611-5:2012
ISO 23611-5:2011(E)
b) If the animal has soft body parts, the organism should be fixed in 4 % formalin and should, if possible, be
preserved in the same solution. Alternatively, 80 % ethanol could be used (if the organism has been fixed
during at least 4 d with 4 % formalin).
c) In all cases, samples should be stored separately in different vials, according to the smallest unit of
analysis (i.e. a monolith if the data is compared at that level).
d) Every vial should be labelled without using code numbers and should at least be written using permanent
ink, like Indian or Chinese ink, and using stur
...
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