oSIST prEN ISO 877-1:2016

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 877-1:2016
01-oktober-2016
Polimerni materiali - Metode izpostavitve vremenskim vplivom - 1. del: Splošna
navodila (ISO/DIS 877-1:2016)
Plastics - Methods of exposure to solar radiation - Part 1: General guidance (ISO/DIS
877-1:2016)
Kunststoffe - Freibewitterung - Teil 1: Allgemeine Anleitung (ISO/DIS 877-1:2016)
Plastiques - Méthodes d'exposition au rayonnement solaire - Partie 1: Lignes directrices
générales (ISO/DIS 877-1:2016)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 877-1
ICS:
83.080.01 Polimerni materiali na Plastics in general
splošno
oSIST prEN ISO 877-1:2016 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN ISO 877-1:2016

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oSIST prEN ISO 877-1:2016
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 877-1
ISO/TC 61/SC 6 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2016-08-03 2016-10-25
Plastics — Methods of exposure to solar radiation —
Part 1:
General guidance
Plastiques — Méthodes d’exposition au rayonnement solaire —
Partie 1: Lignes directrices générales
ICS: 83.080.01
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 877-1:2016(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2016

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COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
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Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Priciple . 2
5 Apparatus . 2
5.1 General requirements . 2
5.2 Apparatus for measurement of climatic factors . 3
5.2.1 Apparatus for measurement of radiant exposure . 3
5.2.2 Other climate-measuring instruments . 4
6 Test specimens. 4
6.1 Form, shape and preparation . 4
6.2 Number of test specimens . 5
6.3 Conditioning and storage . 5
7 Conditions of exposure of the test specimens . 6
7.1 Classes of climate . 6
7.2 Types of exposure used for specimens . 6
8 Exposure stages . 6
8.1 General considerations . 6
8.2 Duration of exposure . 7
8.3 Solar radiant exposure . 7
8.3.1 Importance . . 7
8.3.2 Instrumental measurement of solar radiant exposure . 7
9 Procedure. 7
9.1 Mounting of test specimens . 7
9.2 Mounting of reference materials . 8
9.3 Climatic observations . 8
9.4 Exposure of test specimens . 8
9.5 Determination of changes in properties, if required . 8
10 Expression of results . 9
10.1 Determination of changes in properties . 9
10.2 Levels (values) of exposure stages. 9
10.3 Climatic conditions . 9
11 Test report .10
Annex A (informative) Classification of climates .11
Bibliography .13
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 61/SC 6.
Together with the other parts (see below), it cancels and replaces ISO 877:2009, which has been
technically revised.
ISO 877 consists of the following parts.
— Part 1: General guidance
— Part 2: Direct weathering and exposure behind window glass
— Part 3: Intensified weathering using concentrated solar radiation
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Introduction
Outdoor-exposure tests of the type specified in the three parts of this International Standard are
needed to evaluate the performance of plastics when exposed to solar radiation. The results of such tests
should be regarded only as an indication of the effect of exposure to direct weathering (ISO/DIS 877-
2:2016, method A) or to indirect weathering using glass-filtered solar radiation (ISO/DIS 877-2:2016,
method B) or to intensified solar radiation (ISO 877-3) by the methods described. Results from tests
conducted in accordance with any of the parts of this International Standard will show some variability
when comparing results from repeat exposures conducted at the same location at a different time. This
is much more important for materials that show significant change after a year or less of exposure. In
general, results from repeat exposures at the same location are necessary to determine the range of
performance of a material subjected to exposure to solar radiation as specified in this International
Standard. Since the type of climate can have a significant effect on the rate and type of degradation,
results from exposures conducted in different types of climate are necessary to fully characterize
the outdoor durability of a material. For solar-concentrating exposures conducted in accordance with
ISO 877-3, exposure duration is defined in terms of the total solar UV radiant exposure because of the
annual and seasonal variations in solar ultraviolet radiation.
Fresnel-reflecting concentrators of the type described in ISO 877-3, which employ solar radiation as the
source of ultraviolet radiation, are utilized to provide accelerated outdoor-exposure testing of many
plastics materials.
A system of classifying and characterizing climates in different parts of the world is given in Annex A.
The test method chosen is usually that designed to expose the material to the most severe conditions
associated with any particular climate. It should, therefore, be borne in mind that the severity
of exposure in actual use is, in most cases, likely to be less than that specified in this International
Standard, and allowance should be made accordingly when interpreting the results. For example,
vertical exposure at 90° from the horizontal is considerably less severe in its effects on plastics than
near-horizontal exposure, particularly in tropical regions, where the sun is most powerful at high
zenith angles.
Polar-facing surfaces are much less likely to be degraded than equator-facing surfaces because they are
less exposed to solar radiation. However, the fact that they may remain wet for longer periods may be of
significance for materials affected by moisture or for materials that are susceptible to microbial growth.
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oSIST prEN ISO 877-1:2016
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 877-1:2016(E)
Plastics — Methods of exposure to solar radiation —
Part 1:
General guidance
1 Scope
This part of ISO 877 provides information and general guidance on the selection and use of the methods
of exposure to solar radiation described in detail in subsequent parts of ISO 877. These methods of
exposure to solar radiation are applicable to plastics materials of all kinds as well as to products and
portions of products.
It also specifies methods for determining radiant exposure.
It does not include direct weathering using black-box test fixtures, which simulate higher end-use
temperatures in some applications.
[1] [2]
NOTE ASTM G 7 and ASTM D 4141 describe black-box exposure tests.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 291, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 472, Plastics — Vocabulary
ISO/DIS 877-2:2016, Plastics — Methods of exposure to solar radiation — Part 2: Direct weathering and
exposure behind window glass
ISO 877-3, Plastics — Methods of exposure to solar radiation — Part 3: Intensified weathering using
concentrated solar radiation
ISO 2818, Plastics — Preparation of test specimens by machining
ISO 4582, Plastics — Determination of changes in colour and variations in properties after exposure to
daylight under glass, natural weathering or laboratory light sources
ISO 4892-1, Plastics — Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources — Part 1: General guidance
ISO 9370:2009, Plastics — Instrumental determination of radiant exposure in weathering tests — General
guidance and basic test method
ASTM G 179, Standard Specification for Metal Black Panel and White Panel Temperature Devices for
Natural Weathering Tests
ASTM G 183, Standard Practice for Field Use of Pyranometers, Pyrheliometers and UV Radiometers
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 472, ISO 4892-1, and ISO 9370
and the following apply.
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3.1
natural weathering
outdoor exposure of materials to unconcentrated sunlight, the purpose of which is to assess the effects
of environmental factors on various functional and decorative parameters of interest.
4 Priciple
Specimens or, if required, sheets or other shapes from which specimens can be cut, are exposed to
natural solar radiation (ISO/DIS 877-2:2016, method A), or to window-glass-filtered solar radiation
(ISO/DIS 877-2:2016, method B) or to intensified solar radiation using a Fresnel-reflecting concentrator
(ISO 877-3). After the prescribed exposure period, the specimens are removed from exposure and, if a
characterization is required, tested for changes in optical, mechanical or other properties of interest.
The exposure stage may be a given period of time or may be expressed in terms of a given total radiant
exposure or UV radiant exposure. The latter is preferred whenever the main objective of the exposure
is to determine resistance to solar radiation, since it minimizes the effect of variations in spectral
irradiance with climate, location and time.
Instrumental means of measuring irradiance, and means for integration to give the radiant exposure
over a period of time, are preferred.
NOTE 1 Physical standards that change in colour, or another property, upon exposure to solar radiation have
been used to determine radiant exposures. Determinations of radiant exposure using these procedures are less
reliable indicators than determination of radiant exposure by actual measurement of solar radiation.
When comparing the results of exposure using ISO/DIS 877-2:2016, method A or B, with ISO 877-3,
differences in specimen temperatures, ultraviolet radiant exposure levels and moisture deposition should
be taken into account. Additionally, when comparing ISO/DIS 877-2:2016, method B, to ISO 877-3, the glass
or other transparent material used as the filter must be identical. Comparison of results from ISO 877-3 to
those from ISO/DIS 877-2:2016, method A or B, must be based on equal radiant exposure levels
The climatic conditions during the test may be monitored and reported with the other conditions of
exposure.
It is recommended that a similar material of known behaviour be exposed simultaneously with the
experimental material as a control.
Unless otherwise specified, test pieces for the determination of change in colour and change in
mechanical properties are exposed in an unstrained state.
ISO/DIS 877-2:2016, method B, excludes the effects of wind and rain. The devices used for ISO 877-3 are
typically equipped to provide moisture in the form of water spray.
Exposures in hot and wet and in hot and dry climates are often used to benchmark the outdoor
durability of materials such as plastics. Information on climate classification can be found in Annex A.
NOTE 2 More detailed information about the effects of different climates and different exposure parameters
[3]
on the variability of results from outdoor exposures can be found in ASTM G 141 .
5 Apparatus
5.1 General requirements
Exposure equipment consisting essentially of an appropriate test rack shall be used. The rack,
specimen holders and other fixtures shall be made from inert materials that will not affect the test
results. Noncorrosive aluminium alloy, stainless steel and ceramics have been found to be suitable.
Untreated wood may be used, but may be subject to rot at locations high in moisture. Wood treated
with preservatives, copper or its alloys, zinc or its alloys, iron or non-galvanized steel shall not be used.
Materials with different thermal properties may affect the surface temperature and therefore the test
results. Copper or its alloys, zinc or its alloys, iron or steels other than stainless steels, galvanized or
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plated metals or timbers other than those above should preferably not be used in the vicinity of the test
specimens.
If backing is necessary to support the test specimens or to simulate special end-use conditions, such
backing shall be of inert material. Test specimens that require support to prevent sagging of the
specimen but do not require backing to elevate the temperature, or require no “solid” backing, should
preferably be supported with fine-strand wire netting or slit-expanded aluminium or stainless-
steel backing. Use 16-gauge to 18-gauge metal with approximately 12 mm to 13 mm openings. It is
recommended that the surface area of the wire netting be 60 % to 70 % open.
For tests on finished products, it is recommended that, wherever possible, the fixtures closely simulate
those used in practice.
ISO 877-2 gives specific requirements for rack design for outdoor exposures, and ISO 877-3 gives
specific requirements for the solar concentrator.
5.2 Apparatus for measurement of climatic factors
5.2.1 Apparatus for measurement of radiant exposure
5.2.1.1 General
All radiometers used to measure radiant exposure shall meet the requirements of ISO 9370 and shall
be calibrated at least annually, the calibration being traceable to national/international radiometric
references. Listed below are examples of instruments used to measure radiant exposure.
5.2.1.2 Pyranometers
A pyranometer is a radiometer used to measure global solar radiation if mounted horizontally, or
hemispherical radiation if mounted at an angle. Pyranometers shall meet or exceed the requirements
for a second-class pyranometer as specified in ISO 9370. In addition, pyranometers shall be calibrated
at least annually, more frequently if specified, using the calibration requirements given in ISO 9370.
5.2.1.3 Pyrheliometers
A pyrheliometer is a radiometer used to measure the direct component of solar irradiance on a surface
normal to the sun’s rays. Pyrheliometers shall meet or exceed the requirements for a first-class
pyrheliometer as specified in ISO 9370. In addition, pyrheliometers shall be calibrated at least annually,
using the calibration requirements given in ISO 9370.
5.2.1.4 Total-ultraviolet radiometers
When used to define exposure stages, total-ultraviolet radiometers shall have a passband that
maximizes the acceptance of radiation within the 290 nm to 400 nm wavelength region, and they
shall be cosine-corrected to include ultraviolet sky radiation. Total-ultraviolet radiometers shall be
calibrated at least annually, more frequently if specified, and their calibration shall be traceable to
national/international radiometric references.
NOTE Traditionally, UV radiometers measuring from 295 nm to 385 nm have been used. Use of radiometers
with different wavelength measurement range (for example, those that respond to 400 nm) can result in
recorded UV radiant exposures that are up to 25 % to 30 % higher than the UV radiant exposure determined
with radiometers that only measure up to 385 nm. See Annex A of ISO 9370:2009 for more information about the
differences in measured total solar UV radiation between total ultraviolet radiometers that have differences in
long wavelength UV response.
5.2.1.5 Narrow-band ultraviolet radiometers (NBUVRs)
When used to define exposure stages, NBUVRs shall be cosine-corrected if used in conjunction with
either natural fixed angles or glass-filtered exposures. The acceptance angle of NBUVRs shall exceed
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the mirror system’s effective field of view if used in conjunction with devices used for intensified solar
radiation exposures in accordance with ISO 877-3. In either case, they shall be calibrated at least every
six months, more often if required to ensure stability of their instrument constants.
5.2.2 Other climate-measuring instruments
Instrumentation used for the measurement of air temperature, specimen temperature, relative
humidity, rainfall, wet time, sunshine hours, black- or white-standard temperature, and black- or white-
panel temperature shall be appropriate to the exposure method used and shall be agreed upon between
the interested parties. Unless otherwise specified, if measurement of black- or white-panel temperature
is required, the panels shall be constructed, calibrated and maintained in accordance with ASTM G 179.
Unless otherwise specified, if measurement of black- or white-standard temperature is required, the
panels shall be constructed and maintained in accordance with ISO 4892-1.
NOTE 1 Time-of-wetness measurements are typically made using methods that employ galvanic cells or other
[4]
electrical means. ASTM G 84 describes a procedure for measuring time of wetness with a small galvanic-cell
device. Use of this sensor for measurement of time of wetness has been discontinued by several major suppliers
of equipment for outdoor weathering tests because of inconsistent results.
NOTE 2 At the time of publication, there is no acceptable standardized calibration technique for black- or
white-standard thermometers used outdoors.
NOTE 3 Either a black-standard thermometer or a black-panel thermometer may be used. If a black-standard
thermometer is used, the temperature indicated will be higher than that indicated by a black-panel thermometer
under typical exposure conditions.
6 Test specimens
6.1 Form, shape and preparation
The methods used for the preparation of test specimens can have a significant impact on their apparent
durability. Therefore, the method used for specimen preparation shall be agreed upon by the interested
parties. It should preferably be closely related to the method normally used to process the material for
typical applications. A complete description of the method used for the preparation of test specimens
shall be included with the test report.
The dimensions of the test specimens are normally those specified in the appropriate test method for
the property or properties to be measured after exposure. When the behaviour of a specific type of
article is to be determined, the article itself should be exposed whenever possible.
If the material to be tested is an extrusion- or moulded-grade polymer in the form of granules, chips,
pellets or some other raw state, specimens to be exposed shall be cut from a sheet produced from the
material in the raw state by an appropriate method. The exact shape and dimensions of the specimens
will be determined by the specific test procedure used for measurement of the property or properties
of interest. The procedures used to machine or cut individual test specimens from a larger sheet or
article may affect the results of the property measurement, and hence the apparent durability of the
specimens. For preparation of test specimens, the procedures described in ISO 293, ISO 294-1, ISO 294-2
and ISO 294-3, ISO 295, ISO 2557-1 and ISO 3167 have been found to be satisfactory.
In some cases, individual specimens used for property measurement may need to be cut from a larger
specimen which has been exposed. For example, materials that delaminate at the edges may be exposed
in the form of larger sheets from which individual test specimens are cut after exposure. The effects
of any cutting or machining operation on the properties of individual test specimens are usually much
larger when the test specimens are cut from a large piece after exposure. This is especially true for
materials that embrittle on exposure. Follow the procedures described in ISO 2818 for preparation
of test specimens by machining. Do not cut specimens from larger specimens that have been exposed
unless this preparation procedure is required in the specification or standard being followed.
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When test specimens are cut from an exposed sheet or
...