SIST-TP CEN ISO/TR 24971:2020

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST-TP FprCEN ISO/TR 24971:2020
01-maj-2020
Medicinski pripomočki - Navodilo za uporabo ISO 14971 (ISO PRF/TR 24971:2020)
Medical devices - Guidance on the application of ISO 14971 (ISO PRF/TR 24971:2020)
Medizinprodukte - Leitfaden zur Anwendung von ISO 14971 (ISO PRF/TR 24971:2020)
Dispositifs médicaux - Directives relatives à l'ISO 14971 (ISO PRF/TR 24971:2020)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprCEN ISO/TR 24971
ICS:
11.040.01 Medicinska oprema na Medical equipment in general
splošno
kSIST-TP FprCEN ISO/TR 24971:2020 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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kSIST-TP FprCEN ISO/TR 24971:2020
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 24971
Second edition
2020-05
Medical devices — Guidance on the
application of ISO 14971
Dispositifs médicaux — Directives relatives à l'ISO 14971
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO/TR 24971:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020

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COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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Published in Switzerland
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Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General requirements for risk management system . 1
4.1 Risk management process . 1
4.2 Management responsibilities . 1
4.2.1 Top management commitment . 1
4.2.2 Policy for establishing criteria for risk acceptability . 2
4.2.3 Suitability of the risk management process . 2
4.3 Competence of personnel . 2
4.4 Risk management plan . 3
4.4.1 General. 3
4.4.2 Scope of the risk management plan . 4
4.4.3 Assignment of responsibilities and authorities . 4
4.4.4 Requirements for review of risk management activities . 4
4.4.5 Criteria for risk acceptability . 4
4.4.6 Method to evaluate overall residual risk and criteria for acceptability . 4
4.4.7 Verification activities . 5
4.4.8 Activities related to collection and review of production and post-
production information . 5
4.5 Risk management file . 5
5 Risk analysis . 6
5.1 Risk analysis process . 6
5.2 Intended use and reasonably foreseeable misuse . 6
5.3 Identification of characteristics related to safety . 7
5.4 Identification of hazards and hazardous situations . 7
5.4.1 Hazards . 7
5.4.2 Hazardous situations in general . 7
5.4.3 Hazardous situations resulting from faults . 8
5.4.4 Hazardous situations resulting from random faults . 8
5.4.5 Hazardous situations resulting from systematic faults . 8
5.4.6 Hazardous situations arising from security vulnerabilities . 9
5.4.7 Sequences or combinations of events . 9
5.5 Risk estimation .11
5.5.1 General.11
5.5.2 Probability .12
5.5.3 Risks for which probability cannot be estimated .12
5.5.4 Severity .13
5.5.5 Examples .13
6 Risk evaluation .15
7 Risk control .15
7.1 Risk control option analysis .15
7.1.1 Risk control for medical device design .15
7.1.2 Risk control for manufacturing processes .17
7.1.3 Standards and risk control .18
7.2 Implementation of risk control measures .18
7.3 Residual risk evaluation .18
7.4 Benefit-risk analysis .18
7.4.1 General.18
7.4.2 Benefit estimation .19
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7.4.3 Criteria for benefit-risk analysis .20
7.4.4 Benefit-risk comparison.20
7.4.5 Examples of benefit-risk analyses .20
7.5 Risks arising from risk control measures .21
7.6 Completeness of risk control .21
8 Evaluation of overall residual risk .21
8.1 General considerations .21
8.2 Inputs and other considerations .22
8.3 Possible approaches .23
9 Risk management review .24
10 Production and post-production activities.24
10.1 General .24
10.2 Information collection .24
10.3 Information review .26
10.4 Actions .27
Annex A (informative) Identification of hazards and characteristics related to safety .29
Annex B (informative) Techniques that support risk analysis .37
Annex C (informative) Relation between the policy, criteria for risk acceptability,risk
control and risk evaluation .42
Annex D (informative) Information for safety and information on residual risk .47
Annex E (informative) Role of international standards in risk management .50
Annex F (informative) Guidance on risks related to security .55
Annex G (informative) Components and devices designed without using ISO 14971 .60
Annex H (informative) Guidance for in vitro diagnostic medical devices .62
Bibliography .85
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives -and -policies).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see the following
URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared jointly by Technical Committee ISO/TC 210, Quality management and
corresponding general aspects for medical devices, and Subcommittee IEC/SC 62A, Common aspects of
electrical equipment used in medical practice.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition, which has been technically revised. The main
changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— The clauses of ISO/TR 24971:2013 and some informative annexes of ISO 14971:2007 are merged,
restructured, technically revised, and supplemented with additional guidance.
— To facilitate the use of this document, the same structure and numbering of clauses and subclauses
as in ISO 14971:2019 is employed. The informative annexes contain additional guidance on specific
aspects of risk management.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
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Introduction
This document provides guidance to assist manufacturers in the development, implementation and
maintenance of a risk management process for medical devices that aims to meet the requirements
of ISO 14971:2019, Medical devices — Application of risk management to medical devices. It provides
guidance on the application of ISO 14971:2019 for a wide variety of medical devices. These medical
devices include active, non-active, implantable, and non-implantable medical devices, software as medical
devices and in vitro diagnostic medical devices.
The clauses and subclauses in this document have the same structure and numbering as the clauses
and subclauses of ISO 14971:2019, to facilitate the use of this guidance in applying the requirements
of the standard. Further division into subclauses is applied where considered useful. The informative
annexes contain additional guidance on specific aspects of risk management. The guidance consists of
the clauses of ISO/TR 24971:2013 and some of the informative annexes of ISO 14971:2007, which are
merged, restructured, technically revised, and supplemented with additional guidance.
Annex H was prepared in cooperation with Technical Committee ISO/TC 212, Clinical laboratory testing
and in vitro diagnostic test systems.
This document describes approaches that manufacturers can use to develop, implement and maintain
a risk management process conforming to ISO 14971:2019. Alternative approaches can also satisfy the
requirements of ISO 14971:2019.
When judging the applicability of the guidance in this document, one should consider the nature of
the medical device(s) to which it will apply, how and by whom these medical devices are used, and the
applicable regulatory requirements.
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 24971:2020(E)
Medical devices — Guidance on the application of ISO 14971
1 Scope
This document provides guidance on the development, implementation and maintenance of a risk
management system for medical devices according to ISO 14971:2019.
The risk management process can be part of a quality management system, for example one that is based
[24]
on ISO 13485:2016 , but this is not required by ISO 14971:2019. Some requirements in ISO 13485:2016
(Clause 7 on product realization and 8.2.1 on feedback during monitoring and measurement) are
related to risk management and can be fulfilled by applying ISO 14971:2019. See also the ISO Handbook:
[25]
ISO 13485:2016 — Medical devices — A practical guide .
2 Normative references
ISO 14971:2019, Medical devices — Application of risk management to medical devices
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 14971:2019 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
[20]
NOTE The defined terms in ISO 14971:2019 are derived as much as possible from ISO/IEC Guide 63:2019
which was developed specifically for the medical device sector.
4 General requirements for risk management system
4.1 Risk management process

ISO 14971:2019 requires that the manufacturer establishes, implements, documents and maintains an
ongoing risk management process throughout the life cycle of the medical device. The required elements
in this process and the responsibilities of top management are given in ISO 14971:2019 and explained in
further detail in this document.
4.2 Management responsibilities
4.2.1 Top management commitment
Top management has the responsibility to establish and maintain an effective risk management process.
It is important to note the emphasis on top management in ISO 14971:2019 Top management has the
power to assign authorities and responsibilities, to set priorities and to provide resources within the
organization. Commitment at the highest level of the organization is essential for the risk management
process to be effective.
If the manufacturer’s organization consists of separate entities, for example business units or divisions,
then top management can refer to those individuals who direct and control the entity implementing the
risk management process. Each entity can have its own risk management process (and its own quality
management system).
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4.2.2 Policy for establishing criteria for risk acceptability

ISO 14971:2019 requires top management to define and document the policy for establishing criteria
for risk acceptability. Annex C provides detailed guidance on how to define such a policy and which
elements should be included, such as applicable regulations, relevant international standards, the
generally acknowledged state of the art and known stakeholder concerns. Annex C also explains the
relation between the policy and the criteria for risk acceptability and how these criteria are used in risk
control and risk evaluation.
The policy can allow specific criteria for each type of medical device (or medical device family). This
can depend on the characteristics of the medical device and its intended use (including the intended

patient population). ISO 14971:2019 requires that the policy provides guidelines on how to establish the
criteria for acceptability of the overall residual risk.
4.2.3 Suitability of the risk management process

ISO 14971:2019 requires top management to review the suitability of the risk management process at
planned intervals. The review of the suitability is a high-level review of the risk management process
and can include reviewing the following aspects, for example:
— the effectiveness of the implemented risk management procedures;
— the adequacy of the criteria for risk acceptability, which can imply the need for an adaptation of the
criteria for risk acceptability for specific medical devices; and
— the effectiveness of the feedback loop of the production and post-production information (see 10.4).
4.3 Competence of personnel
Ensuring the assignment of competent personnel is a responsibility of top management. Examples of
the personnel that can be involved in specific risk management tasks and the relevant knowledge and
experience supporting effective completion of the associated tasks are given in Table 1.
Some risk management activities can be performed by external consultants or specialists. The
required competence should be documented as well as the objective evidence of the fulfilment of these
requirements.
Table 1 — Examples of competent personnel and relevant knowledge and experience
Personnel or function Knowledge and experience
Risk management owner Medical device risk management process
Engineer or scientist Medical device technologies, design and
operating principles
Operations Manufacturing processes
Supply-chain management Sources of material and services, in-
cluding outsourced processes
Medical or clinical expert Clinical evaluation methodologies and
requirements
Use in medical practice, including ben-
efits, hazardous situations and possible
harm
Regulatory affairs Regulatory requirements pertaining to
safety and risk management in coun-
tries/regions where the medical device
is intended to be marketed
Quality assurance Quality management systems and qual-
ity practices
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Table 1 (continued)
Personnel or function Knowledge and experience
Packaging, storage, handling Hazards and risk control measures in
and distribution relation to packaging, storage, handling
and distribution
Service engineer, biomedical Hazards and risk control measures in
engineer or medical physicist relation to installation, maintenance,
repair, calibration, service and support
processes and practices
Post-production Customer complaints and adverse event
reporting, post-market surveillance
Information services Data mining processes, methodologies
for literature search
All individuals involved in the Expertise in the functional area for
review and approval of the which they are reviewing and approving
records
Consider the need to include the following topics in the education of risk management experts:
— management of a risk management program for medical devices;
— ethics, safety, security and liability;
— concepts of risk, risk acceptability and benefit-risk analysis;
— probability and statistics for risk management and reliability;
— risk management and reliability in design and development;
— relevant standards and regulations;
— risk estimation including methods to determine the severity and probability of occurrence of harm;
— risk assessment methodology;
— methods for risk control;
— methods for verifying the effectiveness of risk control measures;
— methods for analysing production and post-production information.
4.4 Risk management plan
4.4.1 General
The risk management plan describes the scope of the risk management activities, the responsibilities
and authorities of those involved, the criteria for risk acceptability, the production and post-production
information to be collected and reviewed for the medical device, and all risk management activities that
are carried out during the entire product life cycle. The risk management plan can be a separate document,
or it can be integrated with other documentation, e.g. quality management system documentation. It
can be self-contained or it can reference other documents, such as planning of clinical, biological or
usability evaluations or planning of post-production activities.
The risk management plan is a “living document” that will be reviewed and updated throughout the life
cycle of the medical device as new information becomes available. The information should be collected

on a continuous basis, even after the last medical device is sold and placed on the market. ISO 14971:2019
requires that changes to the risk management plan be recorded in the risk management file.
The extent of planned activities and the level of detail of the risk management plan should be
commensurate with the level of risk associated with the medical device. The requirements in
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ISO 14971:2019 are the minimum requirements for a risk management plan. Manufacturers can include
other items such as time-schedule, risk analysis tools, or a rationale for the choice of specific risk
acceptability criteria.
4.4.2 Scope of the risk management plan
The scope identifies and describes the medical device and the life cycle phases for which each element of
the plan is applicable.
Some of the elements of the risk management plan can apply to the product realization process (design,
development and production of the medical device).
...