SIST-TS CEN/TS 16599:2014

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-junij-2014
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Photocatalysis - Irradiation conditions for testing photocatalytic properties of
semiconducting materials and the measurement of these conditions
Photokatalyse - Bestrahlungsbedingungen zum Prüfen photokatalytischer Eigenschaften
von halbleitenden Werkstoffen und die Messung dieser Bedingungen
Photocatalyse - Détermination des conditions d’irradiation pour tester les propriétés
photocatalytiques de matériaux semi-conducteurs
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 16599:2014
ICS:
25.220.20 Površinska obdelava Surface treatment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 16599
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
March 2014
ICS 25.220.20
English Version
Photocatalysis - Irradiation conditions for testing photocatalytic
properties of semiconducting materials and the measurement of
these conditions
Photocatalyse - Détermination des conditions d'irradiation Photokatalyse - Bestrahlungsbedingungen zum Prüfen
pour tester les propriétés photocatalytiques de matériaux photokatalytischer Eigenschaften von halbleitenden
semi-conducteurs Werkstoffen und die Messung dieser Bedingungen
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 14 October 2013 for provisional application.

The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.

CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 16599:2014 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Symbols and abbreviations .5
3 Specification of spectral areas and irradiance values .5
4 Lamp types and filters .6
4.1 Examples of different lamp types .6
4.1.1 Xenon lamps .6
4.1.2 Halogen lamps .7
4.1.3 Fluorescence lamps .7
4.1.4 Mercury vapour lamps .7
4.1.5 Light emitting diodes (LED) .8
4.1.6 Sunlight .8
4.2 Controlling of the ageing behaviour of the used lamp .8
4.3 Filters .8
4.3.1 Cut-on/Cut-off-filters for irradiation of large areas .8
4.3.2 Band-pass-filters for irradiation of small areas .8
4.3.3 Interference filters.9
5 Diffusers .9
6 Measuring systems .9
6.1 General .9
6.2 Thermopile-Sensors . 10
6.3 Calibrated Si-Photodiodes . 10
6.4 Quantum counter based on fluorescence . 11
6.5 Chemical actinometry . 11
6.6 Spectral radiometers . 11
7 Homogeneous irradiation of areas . 11
7.1 Homogeneity of intensity . 11
7.2 Number and local positions of the measurement points . 12
7.3 Position of the measurement plane . 13
8 Test report . 14
Annex A (informative) Informative examples and definitions. 15
A.1 Informative Terms and definitions . 15
A.1.1 Standard irradiation conditions . 15
A.1.2 Irradiation conditions for specific applications . 15
A.2 Examples for available cut-on-filters . 16
A.3 Examples for available band-pass-filters . 17
A.4 Examples for available light emitting diodes (LED) . 18
A.5 Example of different angle distribution of various diffusor types . 19
A.6 Examples for spectra of different fluorescence tubes. 19
Bibliography . 21

Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 16599:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 386
“Photocatalysis”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
CEN (the European Committee for Standardization) is a European committee of national standards bodies
(CEN member bodies). The work of preparing European Standards is normally carried out through
CEN Technical Committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a Technical Committee has
been established has the right to be represented on that committee.
European organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with CEN, also take part in the work.
The main task of Technical Committees is to prepare European Standards. Drafts adopted by the Technical
Committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as a European Standard requires
approval by at least 71 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Safety statement
Persons using this document should be familiar with the normal laboratory practice, if applicable. This
document cannot address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of
the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to ensure compliance with any regulatory
conditions.
Environmental statement
It is understood that some of the material permitted in this standard may have negative environmental impact.
As technological advantages lead to better alternatives for these materials, they will be eliminated from this
standard to the extent possible.
At the end of the test, the user of the standard will take care to carry out an appropriate disposal of the
wastes, according to local regulation.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Introduction
Photocatalysis is a very efficient advanced oxidation technique which enables the production of hydroxyl
radicals (∙OH) or perhydroxyl radicals (∙OOH), capable of partly or completely mineralising/oxidising the
majority of organic compounds. Its principle is based on the simultaneous actions of photons and of a catalytic
layer which allows degradation of molecules. The most commonly used photocatalyst is titanium dioxide
(TiO ), the latter being thermodynamically stable, non-toxic and economical. It can be used in powder form or
deposited on a substrate (glass fibre, fabrics, plates/sheets, etc.). The objective is to introduce performance
standards for photo-induced effects (including photocatalysis). These standards will mainly concern test and
analysis methods.
1 Scope
This Technical Specification prescribes the conditions for irradiating photocatalytic surfaces in order to
perform photocatalytic efficiency tests. In addition, the measurement and documentation of these irradiation
conditions with respect to the spectral distribution, irradiance and homogeneity are given.
2 Symbols and abbreviations
APD avalanche photodiode
A (λ)
decadic absorbance
CA chemical actinometry
E
irradiance
FWHM full width at half maximum
h
height difference
d
h maximum height difference
max
h
measurement plane
s
LED light emitting diode
PC-A photocatalytic amber
PC-B photocatalytic blue
PC-C photocatalytic cyan
PC-G photocatalytic green
PC-R photocatalytic red
PC-U photocatalytic ultraviolet
PC-UC photocatalytic ultraviolet C
PC-V photocatalytic violet
QP (λ) total amount of absorbed photons
abs
q ° (λ) incident photon flux
p
λ wavelength
φ (λ) quantum yield
In Annex A, further examples concerning literature, terms and definitions, quantities and figures are listed for
information.
3 Specification of spectral areas and irradiance values
As shown in Table 1, different spectral areas in combination with the specified irradiance should be used for
irradiation during photocatalytical analysis. The test procedures themselves are described in their according
standards, e.g. ISO 22197-1 [6] for the abatement of nitrogen monoxide.
Table 1 — Specification of spectral areas and irradiance values
a
Cut-off-Lim
Cut-on-Limit Irradiance
Range Abbreviation Colour Peak FWHM it
max
E < 2 %
E < 5 %
nm nm nm nm W/m
UV not
PC-UC Ultraviolet C 254 ± 5 not defined not defined not defined

defined
10,0
PC-U Ultraviolet 365 ± 5 20 345 385
(± 10 %)
VIS PC-V Violet 405 ± 5 15 370 440 9,0 (± 7 %)
PC-B Blue 450 ± 5 20 400 495 8,1 (± 5 %)
PC-C Cyan 500 ± 5 27 440 560 7,3 (± 5 %)
PC-G Green 530 ± 5 30 465 595 6,8 (± 5 %)
PC-A
Amber 590 ± 5 15 555 620 6,2 (± 5 %)
PC-R Red 630 ± 5 15 595 655 5,8 (± 5 %)
NOTE 1 For more information about the definition of UV- and VIS-range see reference [7].
NOTE 2 The above mentioned irradiance values are named as guidelines for the level of irradiance. As well as the
unification to use the same photon flux is a suggestion in order to have a valid basis on the same concentration of
photogenerated active species with respect to the typical heterogeneous catalytic reactions standing behind
photocatalytic reactions. If special photocatalytic measurements need to use different parameters, it is important that
these deviations be named and refer to this Technical Specification. The basis of 10 W/m UVA-radiation is a
compromise of outside day and night irradiance during the whole year in Central Europe and therefore also a
compromise between Northern Europe, e.g. Scandinavia, which usually has less irradiance, and Southern Europe, e.g.
Mediterranean Area, which usually has more irradiance. This is the same assumption as to have a compromise between
indoor (most of the time lower) and outdoor (most of the time higher) irradiation conditions.
a
A min. 75 % of the irradiance has to be within FWHM and a min. 93 % of the irradiance has to be within Cut-on- and
Cut-off-Limit. The used irradiance values should represent the same flux of photons within the described part of the
spectra.
Presently only PC-U, PC-V, PC-B, PC-C and PC-G are important for photocatalytic applications. PC-A and
PC-R are only important for future innovations in photocatalytic materials, which use these defined
wavelengths for photo-oxidation processes. Examples of available and suitable filters and LEDs which fulfil
these conditions are shown in A.3 and A.4.
4 Lamp types and filters
4.1 Examples of different lamp types
4.1.1 Xenon lamps
In a pure xenon lamp, the light generation volume is cone-shaped, and the luminous intensity falls off
exponentially moving from cathode to anode. Electrons passing through the plasma cloud strike the anode,
causing it to heat. Pure xenon short-arc lamps have a "near daylight" spectrum, that is, the light output of the
lamp is relatively flat over the entire colour spectrum. All xenon short-arc lamps generate significant amounts
of ultraviolet radiation while in operation. Xenon has strong spectral lines in the UV bands, and these readily
pass through the fused quartz lamp envelope. Unlike the borosilicate glass used in standard lamps, fused
quartz does not attenuate UV radiation. The UV radiation released by a short-arc lamp can cause a secondary
problem of ozone generation. Equipment that uses short-arc lamps as the light source shall contain UV
radiation and prevent ozone build-up. Many lamps have a low-UV blocking coating on the envelope and are
sold as "Ozone Free" lamps. Some lamps have envelopes made out of ultra-pure synthetic, which roughly
doubles the cost, but which allows them to emit useful light into the so-called vacuum UV region. These lamps
are normally operated in a pure nitrogen atmosphere.
NOTE Xe-Arc-bow lamps show the disadvantage when broader areas than 100*100 mm have to be irradiated
homogeneously.
4.1.2 Halogen lamps
A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen lamp, is an incandescent lamp with a tungsten filament
contained within an inert gas and a small amount of a halogen such as iodine or bromine. The combination of
the halogen gas and the tungsten filament produces a chemical reaction known as a halogen cycle which
increases the lifetime of the filament and prevents darkening of the bulb by redepositing tungsten from the
inside of the bulb back onto the filament. Because of this, a halogen lamp can be operated at a higher
temperature than a standard gas-filled lamp of similar power and operating life. The higher operating
temperature results in light of a higher colour temperature (blue shift). Because of their smaller size, halogen
lamps can be used advantageously with optical systems that are more efficient in how they cast emitted light.
Like all incandescent light bulbs, a halogen lamp produces a continuous spectrum of light, from near
ultraviolet to deep into the infrared.
4.1.3 Fluorescence lamps
A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapour.
The excited mercury atoms produce short-wave ultraviolet radiation that then causes a phosphor to
fluorescence, producing visible light. A fluorescent lamp converts electrical power into useful light more
efficiently than an incandescent lamp. Lower energy cost typically offsets the higher initial cost of the lamp.
The lamp fixture is more costly because it requires a ballast to regulate the current through the lamp. While
larger fluorescent lamps have been mostly used in commercial or institutional buildings, the compact
fluorescent lamp is now available in the same popular sizes as incandescent and is used as an energy-saving
alternative in homes.
NOTE 1 The United States Environmental Protection Agency classifies fluorescent lamps as hazardous waste, and
recommends that they be segregated from general waste for recycling or safe disposal.
Fluorescence lamps have very different spectral distributions, but typically a combination of three or five
different phosphors lead to a three- or five-band fluorescent lamp. Each phosphor used gives characteristic
emission spectra. Comparable peak wavelengths of the phosphors might also shift during the period of use
due to ageing effects (red shift). Some examples for different emission spectra of fluorescence tubes are
given in A.6.
NOTE 2 Due to the different emission bands of various fluorescence tubes, a comparison of photocatalytic activities
will be very difficult.
4.1.4 Mercury vapour lamps
A mercury vapour lamp is a gas discharge lamp that uses mercury in an excited state to produce light. The arc
discharge is generally confined to a small fused quartz arc tube mounted within a larger borosilicate glass
bulb. The outer bulb may be clear or coated with a phosphor; in either case, the outer bulb provides thermal
insulation, protection from ultraviolet radiation, and a convenient mounting for the fused quartz arc tube.
Mercury vapour lamps (and their relatives) are often used because they are relatively efficient. Phosphor
coated bulbs offer better colour rendition than either high- or low-pressure sodium vapour lamps. Mercury
vapour lamps also offer a very long lifetime, as well as intense lighting for several special purpose
applications.
NOTE Hg-low-pressure lamps are only usable for PC-UC.
4.1.5 Light emitting diodes (LED)
A light-emitting diode is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and
are increasingly used for other lighting. When a light-emitting diode is switched on, electrons are able to
recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called
electroluminescence and the colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by
the energy gap of the semiconductor. A LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm ), and integrated optical
components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent
light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster
switching, and greater durability and reliability. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively
expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of
comparable output.
NOTE Light emitting diodes are available in all spectral ranges defined in Clause 3.
4.1.6 Sunlight
Sunlight, in the broad sense, is the total frequency spectrum of electromagnetic radiation emitted from sun. On
earth, sunlight is filtered through the earth's atmosphere, and solar radiation is obvious as daylight when the
sun is above the horizon. When the direct solar radiation is not blocked by clouds, it is experienced as
sunshine, a combination of bright light and radiant heat. When it is blocked by the clouds or reflects off other
objects, it is experienced as diffused light. The World Meteorological Organization uses the term "sunshine
duration" to mean the cumulative time during which an area receives direct irradiance from the sun of at least
120 W/m . Sunlight may be recorded using a sunshine recorder, pyranometer or pyrheliometer. Bright sunlight
2 2
pro
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