SIST ISO 19130-1:2019

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19130-1
First edition
2018-09
Geographic information — Imagery
sensor models for geopositioning —
Part 1:
Fundamentals
Information géographique — Modèles de capteurs d'images et
géopositionnement —
Partie 1: Principes de base
Reference number
ISO 19130-1:2018(E)
©
ISO 2018

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ISO 19130-1:2018(E)

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© ISO 2018
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ISO 19130-1:2018(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms .11
5 Conformance .12
6 Notation .13
7 Image geopositioning: Overview and common elements .13
7.1 General .13
7.2 Type of geopositioning information .14
7.3 Calibration data .15
7.3.1 General.15
7.3.2 Geometric calibration .15
7.3.3 Radiometric calibration .15
7.4 Ground control points .16
7.4.1 General.16
7.4.2 Control point types .16
7.4.3 Control point schema .17
8 Physical Sensor Models.18
8.1 Sensor types .18
8.1.1 General.18
8.1.2 Frame sensor .19
8.1.3 Pushbroom sensor .20
8.1.4 Whiskbroom sensor .21
8.1.5 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) .22
8.2 Physical Sensor Model approach .24
8.2.1 Physical Sensor Model introduction .24
8.2.2 Physical Sensor Model parameters .24
8.2.3 Interior sensor parameters .24
8.2.4 Exterior sensor/platform parameters .25
8.2.5 Ground-to-image function .26
8.2.6 Image-to-ground function.28
8.2.7 Error propagation .29
8.2.8 Adjustable model parameters .29
8.3 Quality associated with Physical Sensor Models .29
8.4 Physical Sensor Model metadata .31
8.4.1 General.31
8.4.2 Overview of the Physical Sensor Model schema .31
8.5 Location and orientation .32
8.5.1 Overview .32
8.5.2 Position .32
8.5.3 Attitude .33
8.5.4 Dynamics .34
8.5.5 Position and orientation of a sensor relative to the platform .35
8.6 Sensor parameters .36
8.6.1 SD_SensorParameters .36
8.6.2 Detector array .37
8.6.3 Sensor system and operation .38
8.6.4 SD_OpticsOperation .39
8.6.5 Distortion correction . .40
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ISO 19130-1:2018(E)

8.6.6 Microwave sensors . .41
9 True Replacement Models and Correspondence Models .42
9.1 Functional fitting .42
9.2 True Replacement Model approach .43
9.2.1 General.43
9.2.2 Types of True Replacement Models .44
9.3 Quality associated with a True Replacement Model .49
9.4 Schema for True Replacement Model.50
9.5 Correspondence Model approach .51
9.5.1 General.51
9.5.2 Limitations of Correspondence Models .52
9.5.3 3D-to-2D Correspondence Models .52
9.5.4 2D-to-2D Correspondence Models .53
9.6 Schema for Correspondence Models .53
Annex A (normative) Conformance and testing .55
Annex B (normative) Geolocation information data dictionary .58
Annex C (normative) Coordinate systems .82
Annex D (informative) Frame sensor model metadata profile supporting precise
geopositioning .112
Annex E (informative) Pushbroom/Whiskbroom sensor model metadata profile .121
Annex F (informative) Synthetic aperture radar sensor model metadata profile supporting
precise geopositioning .136
Bibliography .150
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ISO 19130-1:2018(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
This first edition of ISO 19130 cancels and replaces ISO/TS 19130:2010, which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are:
— part number 1 was added to reflect that ISO 19130 is now divided into several parts;
— normative references are updated to reflect revisions;
— Annex B is updated to reference the updated versions of the ISO geographic information standards.
A list of all the parts in the ISO 19130 series, can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
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ISO 19130-1:2018(E)

Introduction
The purpose of this document is to specify the geolocation information that an imagery data provider
shall supply in order for the user to be able to find the earth location of the data using a Physical Sensor
Model (PSM), a True Replacement Model (TRM) or a Correspondence Model (CM). Detailed PSMs are
defined for passive electro-optical visible/ IR sensors (frame, pushbroom and whiskbroom) and for an
active microwave sensing system (SAR). A set of components from which models for other sensors can
be constructed is also provided. Metadata required for geopositioning using a TRM, a CM, or ground
control points (GCPs) are also specified. The intent is to standardize sensor descriptions and specify the
minimum geolocation metadata requirements for data providers and geopositioning imagery systems.
Vast amounts of data from imaging systems are collected, processed and distributed by government
mapping and remote sensing agencies and commercial data vendors. In order for this data to be
useful in extraction of geographic information, it requires further processing. Geopositioning, which
determines the ground coordinates of an object from image coordinates, is a fundamental processing
step. Because of the diversity of sensor types and the lack of a common sensor model standard, data
from different producers can contain different parametric information, lack parameters required to
describe the sensor that produces the data, or lack ancillary information necessary for geopositioning
and analysing the data. Consequently, a separate software package often has to be developed to deal
with data from each individual sensor or data producer. Standard sensor models and geolocation
metadata allow agencies or vendors to develop generalized software products that are applicable to
data from multiple data producers or from multiple sensors. With such a standard, different producers
can describe the geolocation information of their data in the same way, thus promoting interoperability
of data between application systems and facilitating data exchange.
This document defines the set of metadata elements specified for providing sensor model and other
geopositioning data to users. For the case where a PSM is provided, it includes a location model and
metadata relevant to all sensors; it also includes metadata specific to whiskbroom, pushbroom, frame,
and SAR sensors. It also includes metadata for functional fit geopositioning, where the function is part
of a CM or a TRM. This document also provides a schema for all of these metadata elements.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19130-1:2018(E)
Geographic information — Imagery sensor models for
geopositioning —
Part 1:
Fundamentals
1 Scope
This document identifies the information required to determine the relationship between the position
of a remotely sensed pixel in image coordinates and its geoposition. It supports exploitation of remotely
sensed images. It defines the metadata to be distributed with the image to enable user determination of
geographic position from the observations.
This document specifies several ways in which information in support of geopositioning can be
provided.
a) It may be provided as a sensor description with the associated physical and geometric information
necessary to rigorously construct a PSM. For the case where precise geoposition information is
needed, this document identifies the mathematical equations for rigorously constructing PSMs that
relate 2D image space to 3D ground space and the calculation of the associated propagated errors.
This document provides detailed information for three types of passive electro-optical/ IR sensors
(frame, pushbroom and whiskbroom) and for an active microwave sensing system SAR. It provides
a framework by which these sensor models can be extended to other sensor types.
b) It can be provided as a TRM, using functions whose coefficients are based on a PSM so that they
provide information for precise geopositioning, including the calculation of errors, as precisely as
the PSM they replace.
c) It can be provided as a CM that provides a functional fitting based on observed relationships
between the geopositions of a set of GCPs and their image coordinates.
d) It can be provided as a set of GCPs that can be used to develop a CM or to refine a PSM or TRM.
This document does not specify either how users derive geoposition data or the format or content of the
data the users generate.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19103:2015, Geographic information — Conceptual schema language
ISO 19107, Geographic information — Spatial schema
ISO 19108, Geographic information — Temporal schema
ISO 19111:2007, Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates
ISO 19115-1:2014, Geographic information — Metadata — Part 1: Fundamentals
ISO 19115-2:2009, Geographic information — Metadata — Part 2: Extensions for imagery and gridded data
ISO 19123, Geographic information — Schema for coverage geometry and functions
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ISO 19130-1:2018(E)

ISO 19157:2013, Geographic information — Data quality
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http: //www .iso .org/obp
3.1
active sensing system
sensing system that emits energy that the sensor (3.79) uses to perform sensing
3.2
adjustable model parameters
model parameters that can be refined using available additional information, such as ground control
points (3.42), to improve or enhance modelling corrections
3.3
along-track
direction in which the sensor (3.79) platform moves
3.4
aperture reference point
APR
3D location of the centre of the synthetic aperture
Note 1 to entry: It is usually expressed in ECEF coordinates (3.11) in metres.
3.5
attitude
orientation of a body, described by the angles between the axes of that body’s coordinate system (3.13)
and the axes of an external coordinate system
[SOURCE: ISO 19116:2004, 4.2, modified – NOTE is deleted.]
3.6
attribute
named property of an entity
Note 1 to entry: In this document, the property relates to a geometrical, topological, thematic, or other
characteristic of an entity.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 2121440, modified – Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.7
azimuth resolution
〈SAR〉 resolution in the cross-range direction
Note 1 to entry: This is usually measured in terms of the impulse response (3.56) of the SAR (3.76) sensor (3.79)
and processing system. It is a function of the size of the synthetic aperture, or alternatively the dwell time (i.e. a
larger aperture results in a longer dwell time results in better resolution).
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3.8
beam width
〈SAR〉 useful angular width of the beam of electromagnetic energy
Note 1 to entry: Beam width is usually measured in radians and as the angular width between two points that
have 50 % of the power (3 dB below) of the centre of the beam. It is a property of the antenna. Power emitted
outside of this angle is too little to provide a usable return.
3.9
broadside
〈SAR〉 direction orthogonal to the velocity vector and parallel to the plane tangent to the Earth's ellipsoid
(3.21) at the nadir point of the ARP (3.4)
3.10
calibrated focal length
distance between the perspective centre (3.62) and the image plane (3.53) that is the result of balancing
positive and negative radial lens distortions during sensor (3.79) calibration
3.11
coordinate
one of a sequence of n numbers designating the position of a point in n-dimensional space
Note 1 to entry: In a coordinate reference system (3.12), the coordinate numbers are qualified by units.
[SOURCE: ISO 19111:2007, 4.5]
3.12
coordinate reference system
CRS
coordinate system (3.13) that is related to an object by a datum (3.17)
Note 1 to entry: For geodetic and vertical datums, the object will be the Earth.
[SOURCE: ISO 19111:2007, 4.8]
3.13
coordinate system
set of mathematical rules for specifying how coordinates (3.11) are to be assigned to points
[SOURCE: ISO 19111:2007, 4.10]
3.14
Correspondence Model
CM
functional relationship between ground and image (3.47) coordinates (3.11) based on the correlation
between a set of ground control points (3.42) and their corresponding image coordinates
3.15
cross-track
perpendicular to the direction in which the collection platform moves
3.16
data
reinterpretable representation of information in a formalised manner suitable for communication,
interpretation, or processing
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 2121272]
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ISO 19130-1:2018(E)

3.17
datum
parameter or set of parameters that define the position of the origin, the scale, and the orientation of a
coordinate system (3.13)
[SOURCE: ISO 19111:2007, 4.14]
3.18
detector
device that generates an output signal in response to an energy input
3.19
Doppler angle
〈SAR〉 angle between the velocity vector and the range vector (3.72)
3.20
Doppler shift
wavelength change resulting from relative motion of source and detector (3.18)
Note 1 to entry: In the SAR (3.76) context, it is the frequency shift imposed on a radar signal due to relative
motion between the transmitter and the object being illuminated.
3.21
ellipsoid
surface formed by the rotation of an ellipse about a main axis
Note 1 to entry: The Earth ellipsoid is a mathematical ellipsoid figure of the Earth which is used as a reference
frame for computations in geodesy, astronomy and the geosciences.
[SOURCE: ISO 19111:2007, 4.17, modified – a new Note 1 to entry replaces NOTE.]
3.22
ellipsoidal coordinate system
geodetic coordinate system
coordinate system (3.13) in which position is specified by geodetic latitude (3.30), geodetic longitude
(3.31) and (in the three-dimensional case) ellipsoidal height (3.23)
[SOURCE: ISO 19111:2007, 4.18]
3.23
ellipsoidal height
geodetic height
h
distance of a point from the ellipsoid (3.21) measured along the perpendicular from the ellipsoid to this
point, positive if upwards or outside of the ellipsoid
Note 1 to entry: Only used as part of a three-dimensional ellipsoidal coordinate system (3.22) and never on its own.
[SOURCE: ISO 19111:2007, 4.19]
3.24
error propagation
process of determining the uncertainties of derived quantities from the known uncertainties of the
quantities on which the derived quantity is dependent
Note 1 to entry: Error propagation is governed by the mathematical function relating the derived quantity to the
quantities from which it was derived.
3.25
external coordinate reference system
coordinate reference system (3.12) whose datum (3.17) is independent of the object that is located by it
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3.26
fiducial centre
point determined on the basis of the camera fiducial marks (3.27)
Note 1 to entry: When there are four fiducial marks, fiducial centre is the intersection of the two lines connecting
the pairs of opposite fiducial marks.
3.27
fiducial mark
index marks, typically four or eight rigidly connected with the camera body, which form images (3.47)
on the film negative and define the image coordinate reference system (3.48)
Note 1 to entry: When a camera is calibrated the distances between fiducial marks are precisely measured and
assigned coordinates (3.11) that assist in correcting for film distortion.
3.28
frame sensor
sensor (3.79) that detects and collects all of the data (3.16) for an image (3.47) (frame/rectangle) at an
instant of time
3.29
geodetic datum
datum (3.17) describing the relationship of a two- or three-dimensional coordinate system (3.13) to
the Earth
Note 1 to entry: In most cases, the geodetic datum includes an ellipsoid (3.21) description.
[SOURCE: ISO 19111:2007, 4.24, modified – Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.30
geodetic latitude
ellipsoidal latitude
φ
angle from the equatorial plane to the perp
...