SIST EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Leitern - Teil 2: Anforderungen, Prüfung, KennzeichnungÉchelles - Partie 2: Exigences, essais, marquageLadders - Part 2: Requirements, testing, marking97.145LestveLaddersICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012SIST EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012en,fr,de01-julij-2012SIST EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012SLOVENSKI
STANDARD



SIST EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012



EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 131-2:2010+A1
May 2012 ICS 97.145 Supersedes EN 131-2:2010English Version
Ladders - Part 2: Requirements, testing, marking
Échelles - Partie 2: Exigences, essais, marquage
Leitern - Teil 2: Anforderungen, Prüfung, Kennzeichnung This European Standard was approved by CEN on 20 May 2010 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 16 April 2012.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012: ESIST EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012



EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .3Introduction .41Scope .52Normative references .53Terms and definitions .64Requirements .64.1General .64.2Materials .74.3Design . 124.4Surface finish . 124.5Hinges (turning points) . 134.6Opening restraints . 134.7Rungs/steps/platforms . 134.8Platform . 154.9Antiskid devices. 154.10Extending and sectional ladders . 155Testing . 155.1General . 155.2Strength test of stiles . 165.3Bending test of the stiles . 165.4Lateral deflection test of the ladder . 175.5Bottom stile ends test . 185.6Vertical load on rungs, steps and platforms . 195.7Torsion test of rungs and steps . 205.8Test of opening restraints and hinges of standing ladders . 215.9Test for ladder rung/step hooks of extending ladders and combination ladders . 225.10Kick-up test of the platform of standing ladders . 235.11Feet pull test . 245.12Test on hand-/kneerails . 265.13Maximum extension of ladder . 285.143-part combination ladder in A-position test . 285.15Torsion on ladder length . 285.16Test methods for plastic ladders . 306Marking and user instructions . 347Certification . 34Annex A (normative)
Test sequence . 35Annex B (informative)
A-deviations . 37Bibliography . 40 SIST EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012



EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 93 “Ladders”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2012 and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2012. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes !EN 131-2:2010". This document includes Amendment 1, approved by CEN on 2012-04-16. The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags ! ". This standard is a revised version of EN 131-2:1993. Compared to the version EN 131-2:1993 the following modifications have been made: The specifications for plastics in 4.2.3, for wood in 4.2.4 and the test methods in Clause 5 have been completely revised. This European Standard is one of a series about ladders. The other standards of this series are listed in Clause 2 and in the Bibliography. On stability tests and ladder classes no consensus could be reached. These issues will be addressed in the next revision. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012



EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012 (E) 4 Introduction Due to the unhomogeneity of the material wood, special requirements have been appropriated on this item.
SIST EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012



EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard specifies the general design features, requirements and test methods for portable ladders. It does not apply to step stools or ladders for specific professional use such as firebrigade ladders, roof ladders and mobile ladders.
It does not apply to ladders used for work on or near live electrical systems or installations. For this purpose EN 61478 applies. NOTE For insulating ladders for use on or near low voltage electrical installations in the range below 1000 V a.c or
1 500 V d.c. EN 50528 is under preparation. This European Standard is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 131-1. For single or multiple hinge joint ladders EN 131-4 applies. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 59, Glass reinforced plastics — Measurement of hardness by means of a Barcol impressor EN 131-1:2007, Ladders — Part 1: Terms, types, functional sizes EN 131-3, Ladders — Part 3: User Instructions EN 204, Classification of thermoplastic wood adhesives for non-structural applications EN 301, Adhesives, phenolic and aminoplastic, for load-bearing timber structures — Classification and performance requirements EN 385, Finger jointed structural timber — Performance requirements and minimum production requirements EN 386:2001, Glued laminated timber — Performance requirements and minimum production requirements EN 391:2001, Glued laminated timber — Delamination test of glue lines EN 392, Glued laminated timber — Shear test of glue lines EN 408, Timber structures — Structural timber and glued laminated timber — Determination of some physical and mechanical properties EN 844-9:1997, Round and sawn timber — Terminology — Part 9: Terms relating to features of sawn timber EN 1310, Round and sawn timber — Method of measurement of features EN 61478, Live working — Ladders of insulating material (IEC 61478:2001) EN ISO 179-1, Plastics — Determination of Charpy impact properties — Part 1: Non-instrumented impact test (ISO 179-1:2000) EN ISO 527-1, Plastics — Determination of tensile properties — Part 1: General principles (ISO 527-1:1993 including Corr 1:1994) SIST EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012



EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012 (E) 6 EN ISO 527-2, Plastics — Determination of tensile properties — Part 2: Test conditions for moulding and extrusion plastics (ISO 527-2:1993 including Corr 1:1994) EN ISO 3834-1, Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 1: Criteria for the selection of the appropriate level of quality requirements (ISO 3834-1:2005) EN ISO 3834-2, Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 2: Comprehensive quality requirements (ISO 3834-2:2005) EN ISO 3834-3, Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 3: Standard quality requirements (ISO 3834-3:2005) EN ISO 3834-4, Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 4: Elementary quality requirements (ISO 3834-4:2005) EN ISO 4892-2:2006, Plastics — Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources — Part 2: Xenon-arc lamps (ISO 4892-2:2006) EN ISO 6892-1, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
(ISO 6892-1:2009) EN ISO 14125, Fibre-reinforced plastic composites — Determination of flexural properties (ISO 14125:1998) EN ISO 14731, Welding coordination — Tasks and responsibilities (ISO 14731:2006) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 131-1:2007 and the following apply. 3.1 thermoset plastic plastic that has been cured by heat or by other means such as radiation, catalysts, etc., into a substantially infusible and insoluble state [EN ISO 472:2001] 3.2 composite material crosslinkable resin-based material with a continuous reinforcement fibre as filler (e.g. fibreglass) 3.3 thermoplastic material plastic material other than thermoset plastic or composite with or without filler and with or without rein-forcement 3.4 maximal total load maximum weight that the ladder is designed to support when set up in accordance with the manufacturer's instruction 4 Requirements 4.1 General The requirements are based upon a maximum total load of 150 kg. SIST EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012



EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012 (E) 7 Ladders are determined to be used by one person at a time but this excludes any person footing (stabilising) the ladder. 4.2 Materials 4.2.1 Aluminium — alloy All load bearing parts made of aluminium alloy shall have an elongation A5 at rupture measured according to
EN ISO 6892-1 of minimum 5 %. All load bearing parts made of aluminium alloy shall have a thickness of at least 1,2 mm. 4.2.2 Steel If cold rolled steel or a special alloy-steel is used the ratio between 0,2 % yield-stress and ultimate strength (Rp 0,2/Rm) shall be lower than 0,92. All load bearing parts made of steel shall have a thickness of at least 1,0 mm. 4.2.3 Plastics Glass-fibre reinforced plastics shall be protected against penetration of water and dirt. The surface shall be smooth. The fibres shall be embedded. The Barcol hardness according to EN 59 shall be at least 35. The test methods and acceptance criteria for defining the characteristics of the composite and reinforced thermoplastic materials are given in 5.16. They apply to the load-bearing elements (stiles, climbing supports, platforms) of the structure of ladders at time of use. Thermoplastic materials without reinforcements shall not be used for load bearing-elements.
The minimum thickness for load-bearing elements made of thermoset plastics and composite material is 2 mm. When using plastics materials, ageing and temperature resistance shall be taken into account. 4.2.4 Timber 4.2.4.1 Different kind of timber For stiles, stanchions, braces, rungs and steps the types of timber to be used shall have a bulk density greater than or equal to 450 kg/m3 for softwoods and 690 kg/m3 for hardwoods. The bulk density shall be measured with a moisture content of 15 %. Examples of suitable species of wood are: Softwood: Fir (Abies alba) Larch (Larix decidua) Spruce (Picea abies) Pine (Pinus sylvestris) Oregon pine (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) Hardwood: Beech (Fagus sylvatica) Ash (Fraxisnus excelsior) SIST EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012



EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012 (E) 8 Oak (Quercus robur) Robina (Robinia pseudoacacia) Other types of timber having at least the same quality as the mentioned above are permitted too. The following species of wood are not permitted for the production of ladders: Parana Pine (Araucaria angustifolia O.Ktze.) Hem Fir (Abies magnifica) and Corsican Pine (Pinus nigra Arnold). 4.2.4.2 General requirements The general requirements are given in Table 1. SIST EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012



EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012 (E) 9
Table 1 — General requirements Hard-wood Soft-wood Criteria Requirements X X 1. Wane Only permitted for stiles on one edge for a max. depth of 10 mm with a max. length of 500 mm. It is not permitted for rungs (see Figure 1). X
X X 2. Width of annual rings< 4 mm Pitch pine: < 6 mm at a bulk density of 550 kg/m3. For ring porous hardwoods < 1 mm not permitted e.g. oak (Quercus sp.), ash (Fraxinus sp.) robinia (Robinia sp.). X X 3. Slope of annual ringsA deviation of the slope of annual rings from the longitudinal edges of the wood of 100 mm per 1 000 mm maximum is admissible (see Figure 2). Local deviation e. g at knot positions, are neglected. X X 4. Shakes
— splitsa
not permitted
— checksa < 100 mm length
Lightning/frost shakes, Ring shake not permitted
5. Colour
X Blue stain Permitted
X Red streakes permitted up to 25 % of the surface
X Red rot, brown rot not permitted X
Red heart of beech, brown heart of ash Permitted X
Doty wood not permitted X X 6. Reaction wood admissible until 1/5 of the cross section or of the surface X X 7. Pithnot permitted X
8. Defects caused by insectsnot permitted X X 9. Mistletoe traces not permitted
X 10. Resin pockets
not continuous permitted until 4 mm width and 1,5 × width of the stiles (see Figure 3)
Continuous not permitted X X 11. Spiral grain A deviation of the grain direction from the longi-tudinal edges of the wood of not more than 50 mm per 1 000 mm, measured either with the help of shrinkage shakes or the scratching method is admissible (see Figure 4). The measurement is to be carried out in two faces perpendicular to each other. The largest deviation is decisive. In the case of rungs and steps, the grain ends, with the exception of knots, shall be at the rung or step ends. a Definitions see EN 844-9:1997
SIST EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012



EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012 (E) 10 Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 1 — Admissible wane Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 2 — Admissible deviation of the slope of annual rings to the longitudinal edges Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 3 — Admissible resin pockets Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 4 — Admissible deviation of the grain direction related to the longitudinal edges
(spiral grain) SIST EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012



EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012 (E) 11 4.2.4.3 Knots 4.2.4.3.1 Knots in stiles and supporting elements Traversing splay knots1) are not permitted on any section of stiles or supporting elements (see Figure 5).
Figure 5 — Inadmissible knot Pin knots2) (including black pin knots) with a diameter of less than or equal to 5 mm are permitted. In the upper and lower third of the stile or supporting element, one sound, intergrown knot1), of diameter d, less than or equal to 0,2 × b (the width of the stile) is permitted per metre. The diameter of the knot is measured in accordance with EN 1310. The knot shall be a minimum of 10 mm from the edges of the stile or supporting element and a minimum of 50 mm from any rung holes, tenons and milled recesses for treads. (see Figure 6). Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 6 — Admissible knot For ladders made of laminated wood the above mentioned number, size and position of knots are allowed over the total length of the ladder. 4.2.4.3.2 Knots in rungs, steps, braces Intergrown pin knots up to a maximum diameter of 3 mm are admissible. 4.2.4.4 Moisture content (Related to the kiln-dry weight) at time of manufacture The moisture content shall be determined by means of hygrometer; in critical or referee cases in accordance with the oven-dry method. The moisture content of the wood is to be chosen according to the equilibrium moisture content resulting from open air drying, normally in Europe 12 % to 20 %. The moisture content of the rungs and steps shall be lower than that of the stiles at time of production.
1) Definitions see EN 844-9:1997 2) Pin knots are knots having approximately a circular cross section SIST EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012



EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012 (E) 12 4.2.4.5 Laminated wood a) Finger jointed wood Finger jointed wood shall be in accordance with EN 385. The result of the bending test of the finger jointing shall be in accordance with EN 385 and EN 408. The result of this test shall be in minimum 35 N/mm. b) Laminated wood The use of laminated wood is accepted if the following requirements are satisfied:  The wood used conforms with the requirements of 4.2.4.1 to 4.2.4.4 inclusive.  The test of adhesive lines integrity and strength in laminated wood shall be in accordance with EN 391:2001, method A or B and EN 392. The result of this test shall be in accordance of the requirements on EN 386:2001, Table 1 and Table 2. 4.2.4.6 Adhesives Adhesives shall conform with the following requirements: For connection stile — rung: Requirement according to EN 204, class D3; For laminated wood: Requirement according to EN 301, type 1 or EN 204, D4. 4.3 Design !The design shall seek to minimize the existence of shearing and squeeze points and where they do exist to minimize the shearing and squeezing effects as far as practicable." NOTE Shear or squeeze points exist if the distance between two accessible parts relative to each other is less than 18 mm and more than 7 mm in any position during movement (see EN 581-1). All connections should be durable and have a strength corresponding to the strain (see also Clause 5). The connections should be designed in a manner that arising notch tensions remain low. Screws and nuts shall be secured against loosening, e.g. by means of self locking or mechanically locked safety devices. Nails are allowed only if their function is related to the production process, e.g. fixation during the drying of glues. Welding of joints is permitted if welding procedures and welding personnel are suitable. EN ISO 14731 and
EN ISO 3834-1 to EN ISO 3834-4 have to be observed. 4.4 Surface finish In order to avoid injuries, accessible edges, corners, and protruding parts shall be free of burrs, for example chamfered or rounded. Metal parts susceptible to corrosion shall be protected by means of a paint coating or other coating. Under normal conditions aluminium alloys are not susceptible to corrosion. Wooden parts shall be smoothed and coated on all sides. The coating shall be transparent and permeable to water vapour. SIST EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012



EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012 (E) 13 4.5 Hinges (turning points) Hinges shall connect the legs of the standing rung ladders and the standing step ladders durably. Hinges shall be designed in such a manner that no abutment of the ladder parts over the hinges is formed during use of the ladder. The hinge pin shall be secured against unintentional loosening. Pins shall have at least the same strength as M 6 (5,3 mm) pins of steel 8.8. If the pin has several shearing points (piano hinge) there is no restriction as to the hinge pin diameter. The hinges shall satisfy the tests according to 5.8. 4.6 Opening restraints The legs of the standing ladders shall be prevented from opening beyond the normal use configuration by means of opening restraints. If chains are used, all chain links with the exception of the first and the last one shall be free to move. The opening restraints shall satisfy the tests according to 5.8. 4.7 Rungs/steps/platforms Rungs, steps and platforms made of metal or plastics shall have a textured surface on the working face to reduce slipping. The contact surface of the coverings shall adhere firmly to the rungs or steps. Rungs and steps shall be firmly and durably connected to the stiles. Wooden rungs shall be tenoned and mortised into the stiles and glued and wedged in the case of through tenon construction (see examples in Figure 7, 8 and 9). The minimum dimensions of wooden rungs are specified in Figure 7.
SIST EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012



EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012 (E) 14 Dimensions in millimetres
Key 1 stile 2 rung Figure 7 — Example of a concealed joint
Key 1 stile 2 rung Figure 8 — Example of an open joint
Key 1 stile 2 rung Figure 9 — Example of a concealed joint Round rungs shall have a diameter greater than or equal to 25 mm. The top surface of flat standing surfaces shall have an angle less than or equal to 25° to the horizontal. For leaning ladders the angle related to the stile shall be 65° to 90° for rungs and 60° to 70° for steps. SIST EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012



EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012 (E) 15 Rungs/steps/platforms shall satisfy the tests according to 5.6 and 5.7. 4.8 Platform If the topmost walking surface of a standing ladder is designed as a foldable platform, the latter shall be lifted up by a device when the ladder is folded. The platform shall satisfy the kick-up test according to 5.10. 4.9 Antiskid devices Bottom ends of the ladder shall be slip resistant. The ends of wood stiles are considered to be slip resistant. 4.10 Extending and sectional ladders 4.10.1 Rung/step hooks/locking devices The ladder parts of push-up extension ladders shall be secured from unintentional closing and separation in the position of use. All sectional and extending ladders shall be fitted with a locking device to keep the ladders hooks engaged on the rung during use. It is the choice of the manufacturer whether the operation of the locking device is manual or automatic. The locking device shall be capable of supporting the weight of the lower parts of the ladder. Locking devices on rope-operated extending ladders shall reliably ensure a safe catch. The rung/step hooks of rope-operated extension ladders shall be designed in such a way that the upper ladder parts cannot fall down by more than one rung per ladder part if the rope loosens or breaks. This safety requirement shall apply both when the ladder is vertical and in the position of use. During use of the ladder the rungs overlapping one another shall be in the same plane perpendicular to the stiles or in one horizontal plane or in any other plane between these. 4.10.2 Ropes Ropes for extending ladders shall have a minimum strength of 4 000 N. Hand operated ropes shall have a minimum diameter of 8 mm. Synthetic ropes shall be stabilized against ultra violet light. 5 Testing 5.1 General For all tests, unless otherwise stated in the particular test, the following tolerances apply:
± 1 mm for longitudinal measurements;
± 5 mm for the measurement of the distance between the supports and the overhanging length;
± 1° for the measurement of angles;
± 1 % for static forces and torque. SIST EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012



EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012 (E) 16 5.2 Strength test of stiles The test shall be carried out on the complete ladder. In the case of extending ladders and combination ladders the test shall be carried out on the complete extended ladder. Sectional ladders shall be tested at full length with all permitted pieces. The test shall be carried out without supporting legs if not permanently fixed to the ladder. Where the ascendable side cannot be determined by the construction of the product, or where it is a multiple part combination ladder the ladder shall be tested twice. For the second test the ladder shall be rotated 180° about the longitudinal axis. The ladder shall be placed horizontally on supports situated 200 mm from each end of the ladder. The supports shall be cylindrical with diameters between 25 mm and 100 mm and one shall be free to rotate the other shall be fixed. The test load shall be slowly applied in the middle of the ladder equally to both stiles over a width of 100 mm while it has to be taken care that an applying by jerks is avoided. A pre-load of 500 N shall be applied for a duration of one minute. The position of the ladder after removal of the pre-load is the origin for measurement. A test load F of 1 100 N (see Figure 10) shall be applied for a duration of one minute. The measurement shall be taken one minute after removal of the test load. The permanent deformation f of the ladder shall not exceed 0,1 % of the distance l between the support. For standing ladders the test load F shall be determined by the equation F = 2 600 N × cos α. where α = manufacturer's designed angle of use. (Permitted angle: min 60°, max. 70°). Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 10 — Strength test 5.3 Bending test of the stiles The test shall be carried out on the complete ladder. In the case of extending ladders and combination ladders the test shall be carried out on the complete extended ladder. Sectional ladders shall be tested at full length with all permitted pieces. The test shall be carried out without supporting legs if not permanently fixed to the ladder. Where the ascendable side cannot be determined by the construction of the product, or where it is a multiple part combination ladder the ladder shall be tested twice. For the second test the ladder shall be rotated 180° about the longitudinal axis. SIST EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012



EN 131-2:2010+A1:2012 (E) 17 The ladder shall be placed horizontally on supports situated 200 mm from each end of the ladder. The supports shall be cylindrical with diameters between 25 mm and 100 mm and one shall be free to rotate the other shall be
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