ISO 11855-1:2012

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11855-1
First edition
2012-08-01
Building environment design — Design,
dimensioning, installation and control
of embedded radiant heating and
cooling systems —
Part 1:
Definition, symbols, and comfort criteria
Conception de l’environnement des bâtiments — Conception,
construction et fonctionnement des systèmes de chauffage et de
refroidissement par rayonnement —
Partie 1: Définition, symboles et critères de confort
Reference number
ISO 11855-1:2012(E)
©
ISO 2012

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ISO 11855-1:2012(E)
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ISO 11855-1:2012(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviations .10
5 Comfort criteria .15
5.1 General thermal comfort .15
5.2 Local thermal comfort .17
5.3 Acoustical comfort .20
Annex A (informative) Floor surface temperature for thermal comfort .22
Annex B (informative) Draught .25
Bibliography .26
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ISO 11855-1:2012(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 11855-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 205, Building environment design.
ISO 11855 consists of the following parts, under the general title Building environment design — Design,
dimensioning, installation and control of embedded radiant heating and cooling systems:
— Part 1: Definition, symbols, and comfort criteria
— Part 2: Determination of the design and heating and cooling capacity
— Part 3: Design and dimensioning
— Part 4: Dimensioning and calculation of the dynamic heating and cooling capacity of Thermo Active
Building Systems (TABS)
— Part 5: Installation
— Part 6: Control
Part 1 specifies the comfort criteria which should be considered in designing embedded radiant heating and
cooling systems, since the main objective of the radiant heating and cooling system is to satisfy thermal comfort
of the occupants. Part 2 provides steady-state calculation methods for determination of the heating and cooling
capacity. Part 3 specifies design and dimensioning methods of radiant heating and cooling systems to ensure
the heating and cooling capacity. Part 4 provides a dimensioning and calculation method to design Thermo
Active Building Systems (TABS) for energy-saving purposes, since radiant heating and cooling systems can
reduce energy consumption and heat source size by using renewable energy. Part 5 addresses the installation
process for the system to operate as intended. Part 6 shows a proper control method of the radiant heating and
cooling systems to ensure the maximum performance which was intended in the design stage when the system
is actually being operated in a building.
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ISO 11855-1:2012(E)
Introduction
The radiant heating and cooling system consists of heat emitting/absorbing, heat supply, distribution, and
control systems. The ISO 11855 series deals with the embedded surface heating and cooling system that
directly controls heat exchange within the space. It does not include the system equipment itself, such as heat
source, distribution system and controller.
The ISO 11855 series addresses an embedded system that is integrated with the building structure. Therefore,
the panel system with open air gap, which is not integrated with the building structure, is not covered by this series.
The ISO 11855 series shall be applied to systems using not only water but also other fluids or electricity as a
heating or cooling medium.
The object of the ISO 11855 series is to provide criteria to effectively design embedded systems. To do this, it
presents comfort criteria for the space served by embedded systems, heat output calculation, dimensioning,
dynamic analysis, installation, operation, and control method of embedded systems.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11855-1:2012(E)
Building environment design — Design, dimensioning,
installation and control of embedded radiant heating and
cooling systems —
Part 1:
Definition, symbols, and comfort criteria
1 Scope
This part of ISO 11855 specifies the basic definitions, symbols, and a comfort criteria for radiant heating and
cooling systems.
The ISO 11855 series is applicable to water based embedded surface heating and cooling systems in
residential, commercial and industrial buildings. The methods apply to systems integrated into the wall, floor or
ceiling construction without any open air gaps. It does not apply to panel systems with open air gaps which are
not integrated into the building structure.
The ISO 11855 series also applies, as appropriate, to the use of fluids other than water as a heating or cooling
medium. The ISO 11855 series is not applicable for testing of systems. The methods do not apply to heated or
chilled ceiling panels or beams.
2 Normative references
ISO 7726:1998, Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Instruments for measuring physical quantities
ISO 7730:2005, Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Analytical determination and interpretation of
thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria
ISO 13731:2003, Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Vocabulary and symbols
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
additional thermal resistance
thermal resistance representing layers added to the building structure and acting mostly as thermal resistances
because of their own low thermal inertia
EXAMPLE Carpets, moquette, and suspended ceilings.
2.2
average specific thermal capacity of the internal walls
thermal capacity related to one square metre of the internal walls
NOTE Since internal walls are shared with other rooms, then just half of the total specific thermal capacity of the wall
must be taken into account, since the second half is influenced by the opposite rooms that are considered to be at the
same thermal conditions as the one under consideration.
2.3
average surface temperature
θ
s,m
average value of all surface temperatures in the occupied or peripheral area
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ISO 11855-1:2012(E)
2.4
basic characteristic curve
curve or formula reflecting the relationship between the heat flux and the mean surface temperature difference
NOTE This depends on heating/cooling and surface (floor/wall/ceiling) but not on the type of embedded system.
2.5
calculation time step
length of time considered for the calculation of the temperatures and heat flows in the room and slab
NOTE This is typically assumed to equal 3 600 s.
2.6
circuit
section of system connected to a distributor which can be independently switched and controlled
2.7
circuit total thermal resistance
thermal resistance representing the circuit as a whole, determining a straight connection between the water
inlet temperature and the mean temperature at the pipe level
NOTE It includes the water flow thermal resistance, the convection thermal resistance at the pipe inner side, the pipe
thickness thermal resistance, and the pipe level thermal resistance.
2.8
clothing insulation
basic clothing insulation that is the resistance of a uniform layer of insulation covering the entire body that has
the same effect on sensible heat flow as the actual clothing under standardized (static, wind-still) conditions
NOTE The definition of clothing insulation also includes the uncovered parts of the body, e.g. the head. It is described
as the intrinsic insulation from the skin to the clothing surface, not including the resistance provided by the air layer around
2 2
the clothed body, and is expressed in the clo unit or in m K/W; 1 clo = 0,155 m K/W.
2.9
conductive region of the slab
region of the slab that includes the pipes with thermal conductivities of the layers higher than 0,8 W/(m·K)
NOTE Due to the subdivision of the slab into an upper slab and a lower slab, the conductive region is also subdivided
into an upper conductive region and a lower conductive region.
2.10
convection thermal resistance at the pipe inner side
thermal resistance associated to the convection heat transfer taking place between the water flowing in the
pipe and the pipe inner side, thus connecting the mean water temperature along the circuit with the mean
temperature of the pipe inner side
2.11
convective heating and cooling system
system that directly conditions the air in the room for the purpose of heating and cooling
2.12
convective peak load
maximum cooling load to be extracted by a virtual convective system used to keep comfort conditions in the room
2.13
daily average temperature of the conductive region of the slab
average temperature of the conductive region of the slab during the day
2.14
design cooling capacity
Q
H,c
thermal output by a cooling surface at design conditions
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ISO 11855-1:2012(E)
2.15
design cooling load
Q
N,c
required thermal output necessary to achieve the specified design conditions in outside summer design conditions
2.16
design sensible cooling load
required sensible thermal output necessary to achieve the specified design conditions in outside summer
design conditions
2.17
design dew point
θ
Dp,des
dew point determined for the design
2.18
design supply temperature of heating/cooling medium
θ
V,des
value of flow water temperature with the thermal resistance of the chosen floor covering, at maximum value of
heat flux q
max
NOTE The flow and the supply temperature are the same throughout the EN 1264 series.
2.19
design heat flux
q
des
heat flow divided by the heating or cooling surface, taking into account the surface temperature required to
reach the design thermal capacity of a surface heated or cooled space, Q , reduced by the thermal capacity
H
of any supplementary heating or cooling equipment, if applicable
2.20
design heating capacity
Q
H,h
thermal output from a heating surface at design conditions
2.21
design heating load
Q
N,h
required thermal output necessary to achieve the specified design conditions in outside winter design conditions
NOTE When calculating the value of the design heat load, the heat flow from embedded heating systems into
neighbouring rooms is not taken into account.
2.22
design heating/cooling medium differential temperature
Δθ
H,des
temperature difference at design heat flux
2.23
design heating medium differential supply temperature
Δθ
V,des
temperature difference between the design supply medium temperature and indoor temperature at design heat flux
2.24
design heating/cooling medium flow rate
m
H
mass flow rate in a circuit which is needed to achieve the design heat flux
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ISO 11855-1:2012(E)
2.25
design indoor temperature
θ
i
operative temperature at the centre of the conditioned space used for calculation of the design load and capacity
NOTE The operative temperature is considered relevant for thermal comfort assessment and heat loss calculations.
This value of internal temperature is used for the calculation method.
2.26
distributor
common connection point for several circuits
2.27
draught
unwanted local cooling of a body caused by movement of air and related to temperature
2.28
electric floor (wall, ceiling) heating system
several panel systems that convert electrical energy to heat, raising the temperature of conditioned indoor
surfaces and the indoor air
2.29
embedded surface heating and cooling system
system consisting of circuits of pipes embedded in floor, wall or ceiling construction, distributors and
control equipments
2.30
equivalent heat transmission coefficient
K
H
coefficient describing the relationship between the heat flux from the surface and the heating/cooling medium
differential temperature
2.31
family of characteristic curves
curves denoting the system-specific relationship between the heat flux, q, and the required heating medium
differential temperature Δθ for conduction resistance of various floor coverings
H
2.32
heat flux
q
heat flow between the space and surface divided by the heated/cooled surface
NOTE For heating it is a positive value and for cooling it is a negative value.
2.33
heat transfer coefficient
h
t
combined convective and radiative heat transfer coefficient between the heated or cooled surface and the
space operative temperature (design indoor temperature)
2.34
heating or cooling surface
surface (floor, wall, ceiling) covered by the embedded surface heating/cooling system between the pipes at the
outer edges of the system with the addition of a strip at each edge of width equal to half the pipe spacing, but
not exceeding 0,15 m
2.35
heating or cooling surface area
A
F
area of surface (floor, wall, ceiling) covered by the embedded surface heating/cooling system between the
pipes at the outer edges of the system with the addition of a strip at each edge of width equal to half the pipe
spacing, but not exceeding 0,15 m
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ISO 11855-1:2012(E)
2.36
heating/cooling capacity for circuit
Q
HC
heat exchange between a pipe circuit and the conditioned room
2.37
heating/cooling medium differential temperature
Δθ
H
logarithmically determined average difference between the temperature of the heating/cooling medium and the
design indoor temperature
2.38
internal convective heat gains
convective contributions by internal heat gains acting in the room
NOTE Mainly due to people or electrical equipment.
2.39
internal radiant heat gains
radiant contributions by internal heat gains acting in the room
NOTE Mainly due to people or electrical equipment.
2.40
internal thermal resistance of the slab conductive region
total thermal resistance connecting the pipe level with the middle points of the upper conductive region and
lower conductive region of the slab
2.41
limit curves
curves in the field of characteristic curves showing the pattern of the limit heat flux depending on the heating
medium differential temperature and the floor covering
2.42
limit heat flux
q
G
heat flux at which the maximum or minimum permissible surface temperature is achieved
2.43
limit heating medium temperature difference
Δθ
H,G
intersection of the system characteristic curve with the limit curve
2.44
maximum cooling power
maximum thermal power of the cooling equipment, referring only to the room under consideration
2.45
maximum permissible surface temperature
q
max
required design heat flux in the room in order to design supply medium temperature
2.46
maximum operative temperature allowed for comfort conditions
maximum operative temperature allowed in the room according to comfort requirements in cooling conditions
2.47
maximum operative temperature drift allowed for comfort conditions
maximum drift in operative temperature allowed in the room according to comfort requirements
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ISO 11855-1:2012(E)
2.48
maximum permissible surface temperature
θ
S,max
maximum temperature permissible for physiological reasons or for the physical building, for calculation of the
limit curves, which may occur at a point on the surface (floor, wall, ceiling) in the occupied or peripheral area
depending on the particular usage at a temperature drop σ of the heating medium equal to 0
2.49
mean radiant temperature
uniform surface temperature of an imaginary black enclosure in which an occupant would exchange the same
amount of radiant heat as in the actual non-uniform enclosure
2.50
mean surface temperature difference
difference between the average surface temperature θ and the design indoor temperature θ
S,m i
NOTE It determines the heat flux.
2.51
metabolic rate
rate of transformation of chemical energy into heat and mechanical work by aerobic and anaerobic metabolic
activities within an organism, usually expressed in terms of unir area of the total body surfaces
2 2
NOTE The metabolic rate varies with each activity. It is expressed in the met unit or in W/m ; 1 met = 58,2 W/m .
1 met is the energy produced per unit surface area of a sedentary person at rest. The surface area of an average person
2 0,725 0,425
can be determined by Dubois Equation, Body Surface Area (m ) = 0,20 247 × Height (m) × Weight (kg) .
2.52
minimum permissible surface temperature
θ
S,min
minimum temperature permissible for physiological reasons or for the physical building, for calculation of the
limit curves, which may occur at a point on the surface (floor, wall, ceiling) in the occupied or peripheral area
depending on the particular usage at a temperature drop σ of the heating medium equal to 0
2.53
nominal heat flux
q
N
limit heat flux achieved without surface covering
2.54
nominal heating/cooling medium differential temperature
Δθ
N
absolute temperature difference at nominal heat flux q
N
2.55
non-active area
area of the surface not covered by a heating/cooling system
2.56
number of active surfaces
number of surfaces in straight thermal connection with the pipe level, so that it distinguishes whether the slab
transfers heat both through the floor side and through the ceiling side or whether the ceiling side is much more
active than the floor side
NOTE Two active surfaces when the conductive region extends from the floor to the ceiling, one active surface otherwise.
2.57
number of operation hours of the circuit
length of time during which the system runs in the day
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ISO 11855-1:2012(E)
2.58
occupied area
A
A
surface area which is heated or cooled, excluding peripheral area
2.59
occupied zone
part of the conditioned zone in which persons normally reside and where requirements as to the internal
environment are satisfied
NOTE Normally, the zone between the floor and 1,8 m above the floor and 1,0 m from outside walls/windows and
heating/cooling appliances, 0,5 m from internal surfaces.
2.60
open air gap
air gap in the floor, wall, or ceiling construction, where air exchange with space or the outside may occur
2.61
operative temperature
OT
θ
o
uniform temperature of an imaginary black enclosure in which an occupant exchanges the same amount of
heat by radiation and convection as in the actual non-uniform environment
2.62
orientation of the room
orientation of the main windowed external wall: East, South or West
NOTE It is used to determine when the peak load from heat gains happens, since internal heat gains are considered
almost constant and the widest variation is expected to happen in solar heat gains.
2.63
outward heat flux
q
U
heat flow which is exchanged through the construction with unconditioned spaces, another building entity, the
ground or outdoor air
2.64
peak load
maximum cooling load to be extracted by the system used to keep comfort conditions in the room
2.65
peripheral area
A
R
surface area which is heated or cooled to a higher or lower temperature
NOTE It is generally an area of 1 m maximum in width along exterior walls. It is not an occupied area.
2.66
pipe level
virtual plane where the pipe circuit lies
2.67
pipe level thermal resistance
thermal resistance associated to the 2-D conduction heat transfer taking place between the pipes and the
embedding layer, virtually referred to the pipe level, thus connecting the mean temperature of the pipe outer
side with the mean temperature at the pipe level
2.68
pipe spacing
spacing or distance between pipes embedded in the surface
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ISO 11855-1:2012(E)
2.69
pipe thickness thermal resistance
thermal resistance associated to the conduction heat transfer taking place through the pipe wall, thus connecting
the mean temperature of the pipe inner side with the mean temperature of the pipe outer side
2.70
predicted mean vote
PMV
index that predicts the mean value of the thermal sensation votes of a large group of persons on a 7-point
thermal sensation scale
2.71
predicted percentage of dissatisfied
PPD
index that establishes a quantitative prediction of the percentage of thermally dissatisfied people who are either
too warm of too cool
2.72
primary air convective heat gains
heat gains acting in the room due to the infiltration or primary air inflow
2.73
radiant surface heating and cooling system
heating and cooling system that controls the temperature of indoor surfaces on the floor, walls, or ceiling
2.74
radiant temperature asymmetry
difference between the plane radiant temperature of the two opposite sides of a small plane element
2.75
relative air velocity
air velocity relative to the occupant, including body movements
2.76
regional dew point
θ
Dp,R
dew point specified depending on the climatic conditions of the region
2.77
running mode
running mode of the circuit that defines whether the system is currently switched on or off
2.78
slab
horizontal building structure separating two rooms placed one below the other, hence being the ceiling for one
and the floor for the other
2.79
solar heat gains
solar heat gains acting in the room due to high-frequency radiation transmission through windows
2.80
specific daily energy gains
total energy to be extracted during the day in order to avoid a net increase in internal energy in the room and
maintain comfort conditions
2.81
supplementary heating equipment
additional heating facility with the additional heat output Q
out
EXAMPLE Convector, radiators.
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ISO 11855-1:2012(E)
NOTE It may have its own control equipment.
2.82
surface heating and cooling components
insulating layer (for thermal and/or impact noise insulation), protection layer (to protect the insulating layer), the pipes
or plane sections, the load and thermal distribution layer where pipes are embedded, covering and other items
NOTE 1 Other items include conducting devices, peripheral strips, attachment items, etc.
NOTE 2 Components may differ depending on the system.
2.83
system insulation
insulation with the thermal resistance R according to ISO 11855-5:2012, Table 2, to limit the heat loss of
λ,ins
heating and cooling systems
NOTE For floor heating and cooling systems, as a rule the thermal resistance R is provided by the insulation
λ,ins
layers which are integral parts of the system. National rules shall be consulted for this subject. For wall and ceiling heating
and cooling systems, the thermal resistance R may be determined taking into account the effective thermal resistance
λ,ins
of the building structure.
2.84
Thermally Active Building System
TABS
water based heating and cooling system where the pipes are embedded in the central concrete core of a
building construction
2.85
temperature drop
σ
difference between the supply and return temperature of the heating/cooling medium in a circuit
2.86
temperature of the heating/cooling medium
θ
m
average temperature between the supply and the return temperature defined as θ = θ + Δθ
m i H
2.87
thermal node
node summarizing the thermal behavior of a material or air volume as regards heat transfer calculations
2.88
thermal output of surface system
Q
S
sum of the products of the heating or cooled surfaces of a space with the associated design heat fluxes
NOTE For heating it is a positive value. For cooling it is a negative value.
2.89
total convective heat gains
sum of all convective contributions from heat gains acting in the room, hence it is the sum of internal convective
heat gains, primary air convective heat gains and a fraction of transmission heat gains
2.90
total radiant heat gains
sum of all radiant contributions from heat gains acting in the room (internal radiant heat gains, solar heat gains
and a fraction of transmission heat gains)
2.91
transmission heat gains
heat gains acting in the room due to conductive heat transmission through the external walls and windows
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ISO 11855-1:2012(E)
2.92
vertical air temperature difference
difference in air temperature measured at 1,1 m and 0,1 m above the floor
NOTE The distances 1,1 m and 0,1 m are theoretical average values for head and ankle height of a sedentary person.
2.93
wall surface thermal resistance
thermal resistance representing the connection between the core of the internal walls and their surface on
the room side
NOTE It usually corresponds to the layer of plaster covering the internal side of the walls.
2.94
water based floor (wall, ceiling) heating and cooling system
floor (wall, ceiling) system where pipes carrying water with or without additives as a medium are laid in the floor
(wall, ceiling)
2.95
water flow thermal resistance
thermal resistance that expresses the variation in temperature of the water flowing in the pipe along the circuit,
so it connects the water inlet temperature with the mean water temperature along the circuit
4 Symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this part of ISO 11855, the symbols and abbreviations in Table 1 apply.
Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations
Symbol Unit Quantity
2
A m Area of the occupied surface
A
2
A m Area of the heating/cooling surface
F
2
A m Area of the peripheral surface
R
2
A m Total area of internal vertical walls (i.e. vertical walls, external façades excluded)
W
a - Parameter factors for calculation of characteristic curves
i
2
B, B , B W/(m ·K) Coefficients depending on the system
G 0
b - Calculation factor depending on the pipe spacing
u
2
C J/(m ·K) Specific thermal capacity of the thermal node under consideration
2
C J/(m ·K) Average specific thermal capacity of the internal walls
W
c J/(kg·K) Specific heat of the material constituting the j-th layer of the slab
j
c J/(kg·K) Specific heat of water
W
D
m External diameter of the pipe, including sheathing where used
d m External diameter of
...