ISO/IEC 27557:2022

INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 27557
First edition
2022-11
Information security, cybersecurity
and privacy protection — Application
of ISO 31000:2018 for organizational
privacy risk management
Sécurité de l’information, cybersécurité et protection de la vie
privée — Application de l'ISO 31000:2018 au management des
risques organisationnels liés à la vie privée
Reference number
© ISO/IEC 2022
© ISO/IEC 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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© ISO/IEC 2022 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 S c op e . 1
2 Nor m at i ve r ef er enc e s . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 P rinciples of organizational privacy risk management . 2
5 F r a mewor k . 2
5.1 G eneral . 2
5.2 L eadership and commitment . 2
5.3 I ntegration. 3
5.4 Design . 3
5.4.1 U nderstanding the organization and its context . 3
5.4.2 A rticulating risk management commitment . 3
5.4.3 Assigning organizational roles, authorities, responsibilities and
accountabilities . 3
5.4.4 A llocating resources . 3
5.4.5 E stablishing communication and consultation . 4
5.5 Implementation . . 4
5.6 E valuation . 4
5 .7 I mpr ovement . 4
5.7.1 Adapting . 4
5.7.2 C ontinually improving . 4
6 R isk management process .4
6.1 General . 4
6.2 C ommunication and consultation. 4
6.3 S cope, context and criteria . 5
6.3.1 G eneral . 5
6.3.2 D efining the scope . 5
6.3.3 External and internal context . 5
6.3.4 D efining risk criteria . 5
6.4 R isk assessment . 6
6.4.1 G eneral . 6
6.4.2 R isk identification . 6
6.4.3 R isk analysis . . 9
6.4.4 R isk evaluation. 10
6.5 R isk treatment . 10
6.5.1 General . 10
6.5.2 S election of risk treatment options . 10
6.5.3 Preparing and implementing risk treatment plans . 11
6.6 M onitoring and review . 11
6.7 R ecording and reporting .12
Annex A (informative) PII processing identification .13
Annex B (informative) Example privacy events and causes .15
Annex C (informative) Privacy impact and consequence examples .17
Annex D (informative) Template showing the severity scale for privacy impacts on
individuals .18
Bibliography .19
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© ISO/IEC 2022 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance
are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria
needed for the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in
accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or
www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents) or the IEC
list of patent declarations received (see https://patents.iec.ch).
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constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html. In the IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee
SC 27, Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards
body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html and
www.iec.ch/national-committees.
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Introduction
There is a growing interest in and need to address the differences between information security
risk management and privacy risk management for organizations processing personally identifiable
information (PII). Information security risk management and related risk assessments have traditionally
focused on risk to an organization, often using the widely accepted formula of risk = impact x likelihood.
Organizations can use various methods to assess and rank impacts and likelihood, and then determine
a value (qualitative or quantitative) for organizational risk that can be used to prioritize risk mitigation.
Conversely, privacy assessments have primarily been focused on impacts on individuals, such as those
identified through a privacy impact assessment. Although privacy assessments may prioritize the
impacts on an individual’s privacy, it is nonetheless necessary to consider how such privacy impacts on
an individual can contribute to overall organizational risk. Doing so can help organizations build trust,
implement technical and organisational measures, improve communication and support compliance
with legal obligations, while avoiding negative impacts to reputation, bottom lines, and future prospects
for growth. Privacy events may have consequences for the organization, even in the absence of adverse
impacts on PII principals.
This document offers a framework for assessing organizational privacy risk, with consideration of the
privacy impact on individuals as a component of overall organizational risk. It extends the guidelines
of ISO 31000:2018 to include specific considerations for organizational privacy risk and supports the
requirement for risk management as required by privacy information management systems (such as
ISO/IEC 27701).
This document is intended to be used in connection with ISO 31000:2018. Whenever this document
extends the guidance given in ISO 31000:2018, an appropriate reference to the clauses of ISO 31000:2018
is made followed by privacy-specific guidance. The clause structure of ISO 31000:2018 is mirrored in
this document and amended by sub-clauses if needed.
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