ISO 17853:2011
(Main)Wear of implant materials - Polymer and metal wear particles - Isolation and characterization
Wear of implant materials - Polymer and metal wear particles - Isolation and characterization
ISO 17853:2011 specifies methods for sampling wear particles generated by joint replacement implants in humans and in joint simulators. It specifies the apparatus, reagents and test methods to isolate and characterize both polymer and metal wear particles from samples of tissues excised from around the joint replacement implant, obtained at revision surgery or post mortem, and from samples of joint simulator test fluids. Some of these procedures could certainly be adapted for isolation and characterization of particles from human biological fluids (e.g. synovial fluid).
Usure des matΓ©riaux d'implant β Particules d'usure des polymΓ¨res et des mΓ©taux β Isolation et caractΓ©risation
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 15-Feb-2011
- Technical Committee
- ISO/TC 150/SC 4 - Bone and joint replacements
- Drafting Committee
- ISO/TC 150/SC 4 - Bone and joint replacements
- Current Stage
- 9093 - International Standard confirmed
- Start Date
- 03-Sep-2021
- Completion Date
- 13-Dec-2025
Relations
- Effective Date
- 14-Aug-2010
Overview
ISO 17853:2011 - Wear of implant materials - Polymer and metal wear particles - Isolation and characterization specifies standardized methods to sample, isolate and characterize polymer and metal wear particles generated by joint replacement implants. The standard covers particle retrieval from periprosthetic tissues (revision surgery or post mortem) and from joint simulator lubricants, and defines required apparatus, reagents and analytical techniques. It is intended to provide a uniform, reproducible approach for researchers, testing laboratories and manufacturers assessing implant wear and particle morphology.
Key technical topics and requirements
- Scope and purpose: Standardizes sampling and laboratory procedures for isolating wear particles from tissues and simulator fluids; not intended to quantify total implant wear or assess biological effects.
- Sampling and storage: Guidance on tissue storage (e.g., frozen or fixed), sample handling and documentation to reduce contamination and sampling variability.
- Digestion and isolation methods:
- Polymer particles (e.g., UHMWPE, PEEK): Chemical digestion (lipid extraction, NaOH digestion), followed by purification using high-speed centrifugation or ultracentrifugation with density gradients and filtration.
- Metal particles: Enzymatic digestion protocols (to avoid metal solubilization) and purification steps adapted for metallic wear debris.
- Reagents and apparatus: Lists analytical-grade reagents (papain, proteinase K, NaOH, sucrose gradients, SDS, solvents) and equipment (centrifuges, ultracentrifuge, filtration units, SEM/TEM with EDXA, FTIR, polycarbonate membrane filters).
- Particle collection and characterization: Procedures for collecting particles (filtration, resin embedding, wafer deposition), and characterization by SEM, TEM, EDXA, FTIR, plus particle size and shape analysis.
- Quality practices: Filtering of reagents (β€0.2 Β΅m), triple-rinsing apparatus, and notes on verification and validation of centrifugation parameters.
Practical applications and users
Who uses ISO 17853:2011:
- Implant manufacturers validating wear performance and comparing simulator results to clinical samples.
- Biomechanics and biomaterials research labs studying wear mechanisms and particle-induced biological responses.
- Accredited testing laboratories performing regulatory or preβclinical evaluations.
- Surgeons and pathology labs analyzing periprosthetic tissues after revision surgeries for failure analysis. Practical uses:
- Standardized comparison of wear debris from joint simulators to clinical samples (simulator validation).
- Reproducible isolation of particles for toxicology, histology, surface analysis and morphology studies.
Related standards and context
ISO 17853:2011 was prepared by ISO/TC 150 (Implants for surgery). For comprehensive implant testing and regulatory work, use this standard alongside other implant testing and biocompatibility standards from ISO and relevant regional bodies (e.g., additional ISO standards on implant performance and biological evaluation).
Keywords: ISO 17853:2011, wear particles, implant materials, polymer wear particles, metal wear particles, isolation, characterization, joint simulators, SEM, TEM, UHMWPE, particle analysis.
Frequently Asked Questions
ISO 17853:2011 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Wear of implant materials - Polymer and metal wear particles - Isolation and characterization". This standard covers: ISO 17853:2011 specifies methods for sampling wear particles generated by joint replacement implants in humans and in joint simulators. It specifies the apparatus, reagents and test methods to isolate and characterize both polymer and metal wear particles from samples of tissues excised from around the joint replacement implant, obtained at revision surgery or post mortem, and from samples of joint simulator test fluids. Some of these procedures could certainly be adapted for isolation and characterization of particles from human biological fluids (e.g. synovial fluid).
ISO 17853:2011 specifies methods for sampling wear particles generated by joint replacement implants in humans and in joint simulators. It specifies the apparatus, reagents and test methods to isolate and characterize both polymer and metal wear particles from samples of tissues excised from around the joint replacement implant, obtained at revision surgery or post mortem, and from samples of joint simulator test fluids. Some of these procedures could certainly be adapted for isolation and characterization of particles from human biological fluids (e.g. synovial fluid).
ISO 17853:2011 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 11.040.40 - Implants for surgery, prosthetics and orthotics. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO 17853:2011 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ISO 17853:2010. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ISO 17853:2011 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 17853
Third edition
2011-03-01
Wear of implant materials β Polymer and
metal wear particles β Isolation and
characterization
Usure des matΓ©riaux d'implant β Particules d'usure des polymΓ¨res et
des mΓ©taux β Isolation et caractΓ©risation
Reference number
Β©
ISO 2011
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ii Β© ISO 2011 β All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Terms and definitions .1
3 Principle, reagents and apparatus.1
3.1 Principle .1
3.2 Reagents .2
3.3 Apparatus.2
4 Methods of sampling and analysis of polymer and metal wear particles from tissue
samples .3
4.1 Storage and preparation of samples.3
4.2 Procedure for polymer particle isolation .4
4.3 Procedure for metal particle isolation.5
4.4 Collection of particles.6
4.5 Particle size and shape characterization .7
4.6 Particle identification .8
5 Methods of sampling and analysis of polymer and metal particles from joint simulator
lubricants .9
5.1 General .9
5.2 Procedure for polymer materials β For example UHMWPE and polyetheretherketone
(PEEK).9
5.3 Procedure for metal particles.10
5.4 Procedure for ceramic particles .13
6 Test report.13
Bibliography.15
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 17853 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 150, Implants for surgery, Subcommittee SC 4,
Bone and joint replacements.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 17853:2010), of which it constitutes a minor
revision.
iv Β© ISO 2011 β All rights reserved
Introduction
The biological responses to wear particles contribute to the failure of joint implants through bone resorption
and consequent implant loosening. A standardized method of particle retrieval from the tissues followed by
particle characterization is necessary to ensure that the investigations of wear particle effects have a uniform
approach. The characterization of the particles generated from implants in joint simulators also provides
valuable information on the wear properties and performance of the implant being studied.
In the protocols included in this International Standard, for isolation and characterization of particles from both
tissues or test fluids from joint simulators, the particles are isolated and then dispersed using filtration or
embedding in resin for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
analysis. An alternative protocol for isolation and characterization of metal particles from implants tested in
joint simulators has recently been developed in which the particles are deposited on to wafers for SEM
[1]
analysis, without filtration or embedding . At the time of publication of this International Standard, this
alternative method has not been tested for isolation and characterization of particles from tissues and no
direct comparison between the different methods is available. Therefore, the latter method has not been
included in detail.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17853:2011(E)
Wear of implant materials β Polymer and metal wear
particles β Isolation and characterization
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies methods for sampling wear particles generated by joint replacement
implants in humans and in joint simulators. It specifies the apparatus, reagents and test methods to isolate
and characterize both polymer and metal wear particles from samples of tissues excised from around the joint
replacement implant, obtained at revision surgery or post mortem, and from samples of joint simulator test
fluids. Some of these procedures could certainly be adapted for isolation and characterization of particles from
human biological fluids (e.g. synovial fluid).
The methods given in this International Standard do not quantify the level of wear the implant produces;
neither do they determine the amount of wear from any particular surface. This International Standard does
not cover the biological effects of wear particles or provide a method for evaluation of biological safety.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
polymer wear particle
particle generated from the wear of polymeric components of an implant
2.2
metal wear particle
particle and particulate corrosion product generated from the wear of metal components of an implant
2.3
ceramic wear particle
particle generated from the wear of ceramic components of an implant
3 Principle, reagents and apparatus
3.1 Principle
Particles of polymeric and metal wear are isolated from tissue samples and simulator lubricants by digestion.
The yield of each particle species is then purified by eliminating any remaining organic debris.
NOTE The methods involved in polymer and metal particle isolation are different and are described in 4.2 and 4.3,
respectively.
The particles are collected, and are characterized and counted (where applicable) using scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
3.2 Reagents
During the analysis, unless otherwise stated, use only reagents of recognized analytical grade and distilled
water or water of equivalent purity.
All reagent solutions shall be filtered through a filter of 0,2 Β΅m or smaller pore size prior to use, to avoid
contamination of the sample by extraneous particles.
3.2.1 Absolute ethanol.
3.2.2 Acetone, 100 % or diluted with distilled water, with a volume fraction of 80 % acetone.
3.2.3 Distilled water.
3.2.4 Fixative, e.g. formalin, diluted with distilled water, with a volume fraction of 10 % formalin.
3.2.5 Hydrochloric acid solution, HCl, c = 0,01 mol/l.
3 3
3.2.6 Isopropanol-water mixtures, Ο = 0,96 g/cm and Ο = 0,90 g/cm .
3.2.7 Papain solution, at 4,8 U/1,5 ml of 250 mM sodium phosphate buffer containing 25 mM
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution (EDTA), pH 7,4.
3.2.8 Sodium phosphate buffer, at 250 mM containing 25 mM of EDTA, pH 7,4.
3.2.9 Proteinase K, 2 g/ml of 50 mM TRIS-hydrochloride (TRIS-HCl), pH 7,6.
NOTE For particles isolated from joint simulator serum lubricant, the quantity should be adjusted depending on the
serum percentage of the lubricant and initial serum volume from which particles are isolated. See 5.3.2.
3.2.10 Resin, epoxy, such as EMbed 812.
3.2.11 Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 2,5 g/100 ml of distilled water or 3 g/100 ml of 80 % acetone.
3.2.12 Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, solutions and pellets, c = 5 M.
3 3 3 3 3
3.2.13 Sucrose solutions, Ο = 1,35 g/cm , 1,17 g/cm , 1,08 g/cm , 1,04 g/cm and 1,02 g/cm .
3.2.14 TRIS-hydrochloride buffer, TRIS-HCl, at 50 mM, pH 7,6.
3.3 Apparatus
All apparatus shall be cleaned and triple rinsed with distilled water previously filtered through a filter of 0,2 Β΅m
pore size (3.3.6) before use to remove any contaminating particles.
3.3.1 Aluminium stub.
3.3.2 Balance, with an accuracy of at least 0,1 mg.
3.3.3 Carbon stickers.
3.3.4 Centrifuge tubes, different sizes.
3.3.5 Centrifuge.
3.3.6 Filters, with a pore size of 0,2 Β΅m for filtering reagents and distilled water.
2 Β© ISO 2011 β All rights reserved
3.3.7 Filtration unit.
3.3.8 Formvar-coated copper grids, of 200 mesh size for TEM analysis.
3.3.9 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscope.
3.3.10 Heating plate.
3.3.11 Lint-free cloth.
3.3.12 Pipettes, micropipettes and tips.
3.3.13 Polarizing light microscope.
3.3.14 Polycarbonate membrane filters, of pore sizes 10 Β΅m, 1 Β΅m, 0,1 Β΅m, 0,05 Β΅m and 0,015 Β΅m, for
collecting particles.
3.3.15 Scanning electron microscope, SEM, with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) module.
3.3.16 Sterile Petri dishes, with lids.
3.3.17 Syringe, with wide-bore needle.
3.3.18 Teflon-glass potter tissue grinder.
3.3.19 Transmission electron microscope, TEM, with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) module.
3.3.20 Ultrasonic cell disrupter, equipped with a titanium microprobe.
3.3.21 Ultrasonic bath.
3.3.22 Water bath, agitating temperature controlled.
4 Methods of sampling and analysis of polymer and metal wear particles from
tissue samples
4.1 Storage and preparation of samples
Store the tissue at β70 Β°C (or lower) in a freezer, or at room temperature in a fixative such as formalin (3.2.4),
diluted with distilled water (3.2.3), with a volume fraction of 10 % formalin. Thaw the tissue, if applicable, and
rinse it thoroughly in distilled water before continuing with the extraction method. Remove excess water from
the rinsed tissue by blotting with a lint-free cloth (3.3.11).
Unfixed tissue should be handled under universal conditions.
The nature of surgical instruments used for sample retrieval should be recorded in case of contamination.
NOTE Sampling variability due to specimen origin can occur.
4.2 Procedure for polymer particle isolation
4.2.1 Tissue digestion
There are many published methods for polyethylene particle isolation from periprosthetic tissues. The
[2] [3] [4]
methods presented here are based on those of Campbell et al. , Tipper et al. and Richards et al. .
Cut the tissue into smaller pieces using a scalpel and blade before digestion to speed up the digestion times.
Extract the lipids from the minced tissue by placing into a 2:1 (volume ratio) chloroform:methanol mixture for
24 h or until the tissue sinks to the bottom of the container. Remove and rinse the tissue with PBS (3.2.8).
Add 5 M NaOH (3.2.12) to the tissue (10 ml of 5 M NaOH to 1 g of tissue) and leave to digest for a minimum
of 24 h in an agitating water bath (3.3.22) at 65 Β°C. Digestion can be judged to be complete when no visible
solid pieces of tissue remain in the suspension.
4.2.2 Purification of the polymer particle yield
4.2.2.1 General
The polymer particles can be purified from the digested tissue in a number of ways. Use one of the methods
described in 4.2.2.2 or 4.2.2.3.
4.2.2.2 Purification of polymer particles by high-speed centrifugation
This method enables all particle sizes to be collected from the nanometre-size range to several millimetres in
length, enabling the total wear volume of particles to be isolated. Cool the digested tissue to 4 Β°C. Add an
equal volume of ice-cold absolute ethanol (3.2.1). At this point, salts might precipitate. If this is the case, add
ultrapure water until the salt dissolves. Incubate the solution at 4 Β°C overnight with stirring. Centrifuge the
solution at 20 000 g for 2 h at 4 Β°C. Decant the supernatant liquid into a clean tube (3.3.4) and dilute with
400 ml of ultrapure water prior to filtration.
4.2.2.3 Purification of polymer particles by ultracentrifugation
3 3 3 3
Place 2 ml of each sucrose solution (3.2.13) (Ο = 1,35 g/cm , 1,17 g/cm , 1,08 g/cm , 1,04 g/cm and
1,02 g/cm ) into centrifuge tubes (3.3.4) so that the tubes are roughly three-quarters full, and apply measured
aliquots of the digested tissue suspension to the surface of the sucrose solution in each tube. Ultracentrifuge
at 100 000 g for 3 h at 5 Β°C. Carefully collect the top layer into a sterile tube and dilute with distilled water at
65 Β°C to help dilute the residual sucrose. Ultrasonicate for 10 min to break up the agglomerated particles and
then heat for 1 h at 80 Β°C to dissolve the sucrose.
Apply measured volumes of the suspension to two layers of isopropanol-water mixture (3.2.6) of densities
3 3
0,90 g/cm and 0,96 g/cm formed in ultracentrifuge tubes. Ultracentrifuge these at 100 000 g for 1 h at 20 Β°C.
After removing the tubes from the ultracentrifuge rotor, a layer of white particles should be visible at the
interface of the two layers. Remove this layer, containing the polyethylene particles, and place into a sterile
tube using a fine-tipped glass pipette (3.3.12) inserted through the top isopropanol layer. Ultrasonicate for
10 min to break up any aggregates.
Different ultracentrifugation times and speeds may be used, provided that they have been demonstrated to
give the same degree of separation and the results of the verification procedure have been documented.
NOTE 1 The first ultracentrifugation step serves to separate the lighter polyethylene wear particles from the heavier
fractions. The second ultracentrifugation step purifies the polyethylene particle yield by putting it through a finer density
gradient.
NOTE 2 This method might discriminate against the largest sizes of polyethylene generated, and consequently, the
total wear volume might not be isolated.
4 Β© ISO 2011 β All rights reserved
4.3 Procedure for metal particle isolation
Due to the solubility of metals in strong acids and alkalis, an enzymatic digestion method needs to be used.
[5]
The method below has been described by Catelas et al. and is similar to the procedure developed earlier by
[6]
the same authors for particle isolation from joint simulator lubricant (c.f. Clause 5), with only minor
differences in the initial steps as well as in the enzyme concentrations to account for the use of tissue instead
of serum lubricant.
NOTE 1 Being able to use the same procedure to isolate and characterize particles from tissues and joint simulator
[7]
lubricant enables direct and accurate comparison of the isolated particles , which is important, for example, for joint
simulator validation. This is a significant advantage of this procedure.
a) Cut the tissue into small pieces using a scalpel and blade to speed up the digestion time. Resuspend
several small pieces (about 2 mm Γ 2 mm Γ 2 mm) in 2 ml tubes.
NOTE 2 The tissue weight depends on the overall wear noticed in the patient as well as the piece of tissue used for
particle isolation (e.g. granuloma, capsule).
The recommended wet weight is 100 mg to 150 mg, but may be adjusted as necessary.
b) Wash four times for 2 min in sodium phosphate buffer (3.2.8), pH 7,4.
c) Resuspend the tissue pieces in 1 ml of SDS (3.2.11) (2,5 g/100 ml of distilled water) and boil for 10 min.
While boiling, homogenize the tissue pieces in solution using a Teflon-glass potter tissue grinder (3.3.18)
every 2 min.
d) Cool at room temperature for 10 min.
e) Centrifuge the tubes at 16 000 g for 10 min.
f) Wash once with 1 ml of acetone (3.2.2), diluted with distilled water with a volume fraction of 80 % acetone.
Centrifuge at 16 000 g for 10 min.
g) Wash three times with 1 ml of 250 mM sodium phosphate buffer containing 25 mM EDTA, pH 7,4.
Centrifuge at 16 000 g for 10 min for each wash.
h) Sonicate in 1 ml of 250 mM sodium phosphate buffer containing 25 mM EDTA, pH 7,4, for 20 s to 25 s,
using an ultrasonic cell disrupter equipped with a microprobe, or in a sonicating water bath for 30 min.
Using the ultrasonic cell disrupter is more efficient, but an appropriate apparatus with a clean and
undamaged/non-corroded probe tip should be used to avoid potential titanium contamination from the probe tip.
i) Add 0,5 ml of 250 mM sodium phosphate buffer containing 25 mM EDTA, pH 7,4, and papain (3.2.7)
(4,8 units per 1,5 ml of sodium phosphate buffer). Incubate in an agitated water bath (3.3.22) for 24 h at
65 Β°C.
j) Centrifuge the tubes at 16 000 g for 10 min.
k) Carefully remove the liquid using a micropipette without touching the pellet at the bottom of the tubes.
l) Resuspend the pellet in 1 ml of SDS (2,5 g/100 ml of distilled water).
m) Boil for 10 min.
n) Cool at room temperature for 10 min.
o) Centrifuge the tubes at 16 000 g for 10 min.
p) Carefully remove the liquid using a micropipette without touching the pellet at the bottom of the tubes.
q) Wash the pellet with 1 ml of 50 mM TRIS-HCl (3.2.14) (pH 7,6). Centrifuge the tubes at 16 000 g for
10 min. Carefully remove the liquid using a micropipette without touching the pellet at the bottom of the
tubes.
r) Repeat step q) once more.
s) Resuspend the pellet in 1 ml of 50 mM TRIS-HCl and sonicate for up to 30 s using an ultrasonic cell
disrupter equipped with a microprobe, or in a sonicating water bath for 30 min.
Once again, using the ultrasonic cell disrupter is more efficient, but an appropriate apparatus with a clean and
undamaged/non-corroded probe tip should be used to avoid potential titanium contamination from the probe tip.
t) Add proteinase K (3.2.9) (2 g/ml of TRIS-HCl buffer) and incubate for 24 h at 55 Β°C in an agitated water
bath.
u) Centrifuge the tubes at 16 000 g for 15 min.
v) Carefully remove the liquid using a micropipette without touching the pellet at the bottom of the tubes.
w) Add 1 ml of SDS (2,5 g/100 ml of distilled water).
x) Boil for 10 min.
y) Cool at room temperature for 10 min.
z) Centrifuge the tubes at 16 000 g for 15 min.
aa) Carefully remove the liquid using a micropipette without touching the pellet at the bottom of the tubes.
bb) Wash with 1 ml of 50 mM TRIS-HCl (pH 7,6). Centrifuge at 16 000 g for 15 min and carefully remove the
liquid using a micropipette without touching the pellet at the bottom of the tubes.
cc) Wash with 0,5 ml of 80 % acetone containing 3 % SDS (3.2.11) (3 g/100 ml solution in 80 % acetone).
Centrifuge at 16 000 g for 15 min and carefully remove the liquid using a micropipette without touching
the pellet at the bottom of the tubes.
dd) Wash with 1 ml of distilled water. Centrifuge at 16 000 g for 15 min and carefully remove the liquid using a
micropipette without touching the pellet at the bottom of the tubes.
ee) Add absolute ethanol (3.2.1) and store at 4 Β°C until collecting the particles (see 4.4.2).
NOTE 3 Alternatively, steps g) to i) might be performed using 50 mM TRIS-HCl buffer. The efficacy of the papain
enzyme used should then be verified.
4.4 Collection of particles
4.4.1 Polyethylene particles
Collect particles on filters of pore size 0,1 Β΅m followed by a 0,015 Β΅m filter, or similar. For particles isolated by
high-speed centrifugation or where the whole wear volume is necessary, filter the entire sample volume
obtained in 4.2.2.2 using a vacuum filtration system. For particles isolated by ultracentrifugation (see 4.2.2.3),
use between 10 Β΅l and 300 Β΅l aliquots of the particle suspension or larger volumes of diluted suspension.
NOTE The appropriate dilution is achieved when the suspension appears almost clear, usually at dilutions between
1:10 and 1:100. The aim is to produce a concentration of particles on the filter which is not so dense as to make
visualization of discrete particles difficult by SEM, while ensuring a reasonable number of particles is available for analysis
(at least 100 particles).
6 Β© ISO 2011 β All rights reserved
If diluting, record the exact dilution for each sample. For filtration, take up a known volume of the particle
suspension into a syringe (3.3.17) and attach the end of the syringe to the filtration unit (3.3.7). Apply gentle
pressure to the syringe in order to push the water through the filter and out at the other end of the filtration unit
at a rate of about one drop (0,045 ml) per second, depositing the particles on the surface of the filter. Change
the filter if it becomes blocked. Use the following procedure on each filter. Flush the filter and syringe through
with distilled water. Finally, flush the filter with air in the same direction as the filtration before removing the
filter from the unit, using tweezers, and leaving it to dry in a sterile, covered
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Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ
Wear of implant materials β Polymer and metal wear particles β
Isolation and characterization
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ISO 17583:2011(R)
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ISO 2011
ISO 17583:2011(R)
ΠΡΠΊΠ°Π· ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π² PDF
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ» PDF ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ. Π ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ
ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠΉ Adobe, ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ» ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΅, Π½ΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°
Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅, Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ»Π° Π·Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΌΡ Adobe. Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°Ρ ISO Π½Π΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
Adobe - ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊ ΡΠΈΡΠΌΡ Adobe Systems Incorporated.
ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ»Π° PDF, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ Π²
ΡΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ General Info ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ»Π°; ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ PDF Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ»Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ
ISO. Π ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ±Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅.
ΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠΠ’ ΠΠΠ©ΠΠ©ΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠ Π‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ
ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ, Π±Π΅Π·
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡ ISO ΠΏΠΎ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ISO Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅.
ΠΡΡΠΎ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ISO
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ΠΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π² Π¨Π²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ii Β© ISO 2011 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
ISO 17583:2011(R)
Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π‘ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠ΅ . iv
ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ . v
1 ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ . 1
2 Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ . 1
3 ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ, ΡΠ΅Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° . 1
3.1 ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ . 1
3.2 Π Π΅Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ . 2
3.3 ΠΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° . 2
4 ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ . 3
4.1 Π₯ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² . 3
4.2 ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ . 4
4.3 ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ . 5
4.4 Π‘Π±ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ . 6
4.5 ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ . 7
4.6 ΠΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ . 9
5 ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ² . 9
5.1 ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ . 9
5.2 ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, UHMWPE ΠΈ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½ (polyetheretherketone, PEEK) . 9
5.3 ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ . 11
5.4 ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ . 14
6 ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ» ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ . 14
ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ . 15
ISO 17583:2011(R)
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ISO) ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ISO). Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ISO. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½, Π·Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π²
Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ
ISO, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
. Π§ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΎ
ISO ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (IEC).
ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ² ISO/IEC,
Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 2.
ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ².
ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ-
ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 75 % ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π². ISO Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π².
ISO 17583 Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ISO/TC 150, ΠΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅,
ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ SC 4, ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (ISO 17853:2010), Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ
Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
iv Β© ISO 2011 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
ISO 17583:2011(R)
ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π°
ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. Π‘ΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ,
ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ².
Π ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ
, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ, Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ, Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Ρ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ (scanning electron microscopy, SEM) ΠΈ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ (transmission electron microscopy, TEM). Π ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ
Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
Π΄Π»Ρ
[1]
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° SEM, Π±Π΅Π· ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ . ΠΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎΡ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ
Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°.
ΠΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ«Π Π‘Π’ΠΠΠΠΠ Π’ ISO 17583:2011(R)
ΠΠ·Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ
1 ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ± ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ°,
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ². Π Π½Π΅ΠΌ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ, Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·
ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅
ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡ, Π±Π΅Π·ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ° (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ).
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅, Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ
ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅
ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄
ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
2 Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
2.1
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ°
polymer wear particle
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ°
2.2
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ°
metal wear particle
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ°
2.3
ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ°
ceramic wear particle
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ°
3 ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ, ΡΠ΅Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°
3.1 ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ
ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π² 4.2 ΠΈ 4.3, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ.
ISO 17583:2011(R)
Π§Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ (Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎ) Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ (scanning electron microscopy, SEM) ΠΈ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ (transmission electron microscopy, TEM).
3.2 Π Π΅Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ
ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡ.
ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ
ΠΏΠΎΡ 0,2 ΠΌΠΊΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
3.2.1 ΠΠ±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ (ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»).
3.2.2 ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½, 100 % ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π° 80 %.
3.2.3 ΠΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
3.2.4 Π€ΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ½, ΡΠ°Π·Π±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° 10 %.
3.2.5 Π Π°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ, HCl, c 0,01 ΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ/Π».
3 3
3.2.6 Π‘ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»-Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, 0,96 Π³/ΡΠΌ ΠΈ 0,90 Π³/ΡΠΌ .
3.2.7 Π Π°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ 25 ΠΌM ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ (ΠΠΠ’Π) ΠΏΡΠΈ
4,8 ΠΠ/1,5 ΠΌΠ» 250 ΠΌM Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, pH 7,4.
3.2.8 ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π±ΡΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ 25 ΠΌM ΠΠΠ’Π ΠΏΡΠΈ 250 ΠΌM, pH 7,4.
3.2.9 Π ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½Π°Π·Π°, 2 Π³/ΠΌΠ» Π½Π° 50 ΠΌM TRIS-Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π° (TRIS-HCl), pH 7,6.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ², Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π° Π² ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°
ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°, ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ. Π‘ΠΌ. 5.3.2.
3.2.10 Π‘ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π°, ΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ EMbed 812.
3.2.11 ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS), 2,5 Π³/100 ΠΌΠ» Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 3 Π³/100 ΠΌΠ» 80 % Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π°.
3.2.12 ΠΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ, NaOH, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»Ρ, c 5 M.
3 3 3 3 3
3.2.13 Π Π°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠΎΠ², 1,35 Π³/ΡΠΌ , 1,17 Π³/ΡΠΌ , 1,08 Π³/ΡΠΌ , 1,04 Π³/ΡΠΌ ΠΈ 1,02 Π³/ΡΠΌ .
3.2.14 ΠΡΡΠ΅Ρ TRIS -Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄, TRIS-HCl, Π½Π° 50 ΠΌΠ, pH 7,6.
3.3 ΠΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°
ΠΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡ 0,2 ΠΌΠΊΠΌ (3.3.6), ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅
Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ.
3.3.1 ΠΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Π²Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠ°.
3.3.2 ΠΠ°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡ, Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 0,1 ΠΌΠ³.
3.3.3 ΠΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π».
2 Β© ISO 2011 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
ISO 17583:2011(R)
3.3.4 ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ².
3.3.5 Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³Π°.
3.3.6 Π€ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡ, Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡ 0,2 ΠΌΠΊΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ.
3.3.7 Π€ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°.
3.3.8 ΠΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ²Π°ΡΠΎΠΌ, Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠΈ 200 Π΄Π»Ρ TEM Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°.
3.3.9 ΠΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π€ΡΡΡΠ΅ (Fourier Transform Infrared, FTIR).
3.3.10 ΠΠ°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π°.
3.3.11 Π’ΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ Π±Π΅Π· Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ°.
3.3.12 ΠΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ.
3.3.13 ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏ.
3.3.14 Π€ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡ 10 ΠΌΠΊΠΌ, 1 ΠΌΠΊΠΌ, 0,1 ΠΌΠΊΠΌ, 0,05 ΠΌΠΊΠΌ ΠΈ
0,015 ΠΌΠΊΠΌ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ.
3.3.15 Π‘ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏ (scanning electron microscope, SEM), Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌ
ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° (energy dispersive X-ray analysis, EDXA).
3.3.16 Π‘ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ, Ρ ΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
3.3.17 Π¨ΠΏΡΠΈΡ, Ρ ΠΈΠ³Π»ΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ.
3.3.18 Π’Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ.
3.3.19 Π’ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏ (transmission electron microscope, TEM), Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌ
ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° (energy dispersive X-ray analysis, EDXA).
3.3.20 Π£Π»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΌ.
3.3.21 Π£Π»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π²Π°Π½Π½Π°.
3.3.22 ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π±Π°Π½Ρ, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ.
4 ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ
4.1 Π₯ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ²
Π₯ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 70 Β°C (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅) Π² ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ½ (3.2.4), ΡΠ°Π·Π±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ (3.2.3),
Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° 10% . Π Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ·ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎ, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉΡΠ΅ Π΅Π΅ Π²
Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ. Π£Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠΎΠΉ
ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΊΠ½ΡΠ² Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ Π±Π΅Π· Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ° (3.3.11).
ΠΠ΅Π·Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
.
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°, Π²
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ².
ISO 17583:2011(R)
4.2 ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
4.2.1 ΠΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ
ΠΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π³Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Ρ.
[2] [3]
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π΄Π΅ΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ
Π Campbell et al. , Tipper et al. ΠΈ
[4]
Richards et al. .
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠΏΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π·Π²ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°. Π£Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ² Π² ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌ:ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ» Π²
ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ² 2:1 Π½Π° 24 Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°.
ΠΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ PBS (3.2.8).
ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ 5 Π NaOH (3.2.12) (10 ΠΌΠ» 5 Π NaOH Π½Π° 1 Π³ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ) ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Ρ
Π½Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ, 24 ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π½Π΅ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ (3.3.22) ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 65Β°C. ΠΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ
ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ· Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π² ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ.
4.2.2 ΠΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
4.2.2.1 ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² 4.2.2.2 ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 4.2.2.3.
4.2.2.2 ΠΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π° Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΡ
Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ
Π΄ΠΎ 4 Β°C. ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π±ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ° (3.2.1). Π ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ
Π²ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊ, Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ½ΠΊΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 4 Β°Π‘ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ. Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ
20 000 g Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2 Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 4 Β°C. ΠΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π΄ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΡ
(3.3.4) ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π±Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ 400 ΠΌΠ» Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
4.2.2.3 ΠΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ
3 3 3 3
ΠΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ 2 ΠΌΠ» ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠΎΠ·Ρ (3.2.13) ( =1,35 Π³/ΡΠΌ , 1,17 Π³/ΡΠΌ , 1,08 Π³/ΡΠΌ , 1,04 Π³/ΡΠΌ ΠΈ
1,02 Π³/ΡΠΌ ) Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈ (3.3.4), ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠΎΠ·Ρ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΡ. Π£Π»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ Π½Π° 100 000 g Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
3 Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 5Β°C. ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π±Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅
Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 65Β°C, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π±Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠΎΠ·Ρ.
ΠΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠ° Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 10 ΠΌΠΈΠ½, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΡΡ Π°Π³Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ
Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΠΉΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 80 Β°Π‘ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠΎΠ·Ρ.
ΠΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ Π² Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»-Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° (3.2.6) ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ
3 3
0,90 Π³/ΡΠΌ ΠΈ 0,96 Π³/ΡΠΌ , Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈ. Π£Π»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ 100 000 g Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 1 Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 20Β°C. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°
ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈ, Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π° Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ΅Π² Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π»ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ. Π£Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅
ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠΌ (3.3.12), Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ, ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΉ.
ΠΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠ° Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 10 ΠΌΠΈΠ½, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΡΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΡ.
ΠΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ
Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π³ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
4 Β© ISO 2011 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
ISO 17583:2011(R)
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π³ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ,
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½.
4.3 ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ
[5]
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Catelas et al. ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠΆ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΡ,
ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ
ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ² (ΡΠΌ. Π Π°Π·Π΄Π΅Π» 5); ΠΎΠ½ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°Ρ
, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 1 ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅
ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ.
a) Π Π°Π·ΡΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠΏΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π·Π²ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ
Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ² (ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 2 ΠΌΠΌ 2 ΠΌΠΌ 2 ΠΌΠΌ)
Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
2 ΠΌΠ».
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 2 ΠΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ,
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΡΡΠ»Π°).
Π Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡ 100 ΠΌΠ³ Π΄ΠΎ 150 ΠΌΠ³, Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
b) ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π° Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 2 ΠΌΠΈΠ½. Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ (3.2.8), ΡΠ 7,4.
c) ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π² 1 ΠΌΠ» SDS (3.2.11) (2,5 Π³/100 ΠΌΠ» Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ) ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΏΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 10 ΠΌΠΈΠ½. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΈΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π²
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ (3.3.18) ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ΅ 2 ΠΌΠΈΠ½.
d) ΠΡ
Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 10 ΠΌΠΈΠ½.
e) Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ 16 000 g Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 10 ΠΌΠΈΠ½.
f) ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ°Π· Π² 1 ΠΌΠ» Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π° (3.2.2), ΡΠ°Π·Π±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π° 80%. Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ Π½Π° 16 000 g Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 10 ΠΌΠΈΠ½.
g) ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π° Π² 1 ΠΌΠ» Π½Π° 250 ΠΌΠ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ 25 ΠΌΠ ΠΠΠ’Π,
ΡΠ 7,4. Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ 16 000 g Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 10 ΠΌΠΈΠ½. Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ.
h) ΠΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π² 1 ΠΌΠ» 250 ΠΌΠ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ 25 ΠΌΠ ΠΠΠ’Π,
ΡΠ 7,4, Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ 20 Ρ Π΄ΠΎ 25 Ρ, Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°,
ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π½Π΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 30 ΠΌΠΈΠ½.
ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ/Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΌ,
ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΄Π°.
i) ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡ 0,5 ΠΌΠ» 250 ΠΌΠ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ 25 ΠΌΠ ΠΠΠ’Π, ΡΠ 7,4, ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΠΈΠ½
(3.2.7) (4,8 Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° 1,5 ΠΌΠ» Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°). ΠΠ½ΠΊΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π½Π΅ Ρ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ (3.3.22) Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 24 Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 65 Β°C.
j) Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΡ Π½Π° 16 000 g Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 10 ΠΌΠΈΠ½.
k) ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ» Π½Π° Π΄Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ.
ISO 17583:2011(R)
l) ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ» Π² 1 ΠΌΠ» SDS (2,5 Π³/100 ΠΌΠ» Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ).
m) ΠΠΈΠΏΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ 10 ΠΌΠΈΠ½.
n) ΠΡ
Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 10 ΠΌΠΈΠ½.
o) Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ 16 000 g Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 10 ΠΌΠΈΠ½.
p) ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ, Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ» Π² Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ.
q) ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»Ρ Π² 1 ΠΌΠ» 50 ΠΌΠ TRIS-HCl (3.2.14) (ΡΠ 7,6). Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ 16 000 g
Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 10 ΠΌΠΈΠ½. ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ, Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ» Π²
Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ.
r) ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π³ q) Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·.
s) ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ» Π² 1 ΠΌΠ» 50 ΠΌΠ TRIS-HCl ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΠΉΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 30 Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π½Π΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 30 ΠΌΠΈΠ½.
ΠΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΆΠ΅, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ, Π½ΠΎ
ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ/Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ
Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΄Π°.
t) ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ Π ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½Π°Π·Ρ (3.2.9) (Π±ΡΡΠ΅Ρ 2 Π³/ΠΌΠ» TRIS-HCl) ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 24 Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ
ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 55 Β° Π‘ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π½Π΅ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ.
u) Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ 16 000 g Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 15 ΠΌΠΈΠ½.
v) ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ, Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ» Π² Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ.
w) ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ 1 ΠΌΠ» SDS (2,5 Π³/100 ΠΌΠ» Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ).
x) ΠΠΈΠΏΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ 10 ΠΌΠΈΠ½.
y) ΠΡ
Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 10 ΠΌΠΈΠ½.
z) Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ 16 000 g Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 15 ΠΌΠΈΠ½.
aa) ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ, Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ» Π² Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ.
bb) ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉΡΠ΅ 1 ΠΌΠ» 50 ΠΌΠ TRIS-HCl (ΡΠ 7,6). Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ 16 000 g Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 15 ΠΌΠΈΠ½. ΠΈ
ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ, Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ» Π² Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ.
cc) ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉΡΠ΅ 0,5 ΠΌΠ» 80% Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π°, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ 3% SDS (3.2.11) (3 Π³ Π½Π° 100 ΠΌΠ» ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ° Ρ 80%
Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ½Π°). Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ 16 000 g Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 15 ΠΌΠΈΠ½. ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ,
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ, Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ» Π² Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ.
dd) ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉΡΠ΅ 1 ΠΌΠ» Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ 16 000 g Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 15 ΠΌΠΈΠ½. ΠΈ
ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ, Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ» Π² Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ.
ee) ΠΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ» (3.2.1) ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 4 Β°Π‘ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ (ΡΠΌ. 4.4.2).
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ 3 Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΡΠ°Π³ΠΈ g)-i) ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°
50 ΠΌΠ TRIS-HCl. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π°.
4.4 Π‘Π±ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
4.4.1 Π§Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½
Π‘ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡ 0,1 ΠΌΠΊΠΌ, Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡ
6 Β© ISO 2011 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
ISO 17583:2011(R)
0,015 ΠΌΠΊΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΉΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²
4.2.2.2, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²Π°ΠΊΡΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ (ΡΠΌ. 4.2.2.3), ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΡ 10 ΠΌΠΊΠ» Π΄ΠΎ 300 ΠΌΠΊΠ» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ Π‘ΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ 1:10 ΠΈ 1:100. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ SEM ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° (Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 100 ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ).
ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΏΡΠΈΡ (3.3.17) ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ
(3.3.7). ΠΠ΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°Π΄Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΏΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ»Π° Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅
ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈ (0,045 ΠΌΠ») Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½Π΄Ρ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ,
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡ Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΎΡ
Π½ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ Ρ
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