ISO/TR 10400:2007

TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 10400
First edition
2007-12-15

Petroleum and natural gas industries —
Equations and calculations for the
properties of casing, tubing, drill pipe and
line pipe used as casing or tubing
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel — Équations et calculs relatifs
aux propriétés des tubes de cuvelage, des tubes de production, des
tiges de forage et des tubes de conduites utilisés comme tubes de
cuvelage et tubes de production




Reference number
ISO/TR 10400:2007(E)
©
ISO 2007

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ISO/TR 10400:2007(E)
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ISO/TR 10400:2007(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction.vi
1 Scope.1
2 Conformance .2
2.1 Normative references.2
2.2 Units of measurement.2
3 Normative references.2
4 Terms and definitions .3
5 Symbols.5
6 Triaxial yield of pipe body .14
6.1 General .14
6.2 Assumptions and limitations .15
6.3 Data requirements .15
6.4 Design equation for triaxial yield of pipe body .16
6.5 Application of design equation for triaxial yield of pipe body to line pipe .17
6.6 Example calculations.17
7 Ductile rupture of the pipe body .21
7.1 General .21
7.2 Assumptions and limitations .21
7.3 Data requirements .22
7.4 Design equation for capped-end ductile rupture .24
7.5 Adjustment for the effect of axial tension and external pressure.25
7.6 Example calculations.28
8 External pressure resistance .30
8.1 General .30
8.2 Assumptions and limitations .30
8.3 Data requirements .31
8.4 Design equation for collapse of pipe body.31
8.5 Equations for empirical constants .37
8.6 Application of collapse pressure equations to line pipe.38
8.7 Example calculations.39
9 Joint strength.39
9.1 General .39
9.2 API casing connection tensile joint strength .40
9.3 API tubing connection tensile joint strength.46
9.4 Line pipe connection joint strength .47
10 Pressure performance for couplings .47
10.1 General .47
10.2 Internal yield pressure of round thread and buttress couplings.48
10.3 Internal pressure leak resistance of round thread or buttress couplings.49
11 Calculated masses .51
11.1 General .51
11.2 Nominal masses .51
11.3 Calculated plain-end mass .51
11.4 Calculated finished-end mass.52
11.5 Calculated threaded and coupled mass.52
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ISO/TR 10400:2007(E)
11.6 Calculated upset and threaded mass for integral joint tubing and extreme-line casing .53
11.7 Calculated upset mass.54
11.8 Calculated coupling mass .55
11.9 Calculated mass removed during threading.59
11.10 Calculated mass of upsets .64
12 Elongation .68
13 Flattening tests .68
13.1 Flattening tests for casing and tubing.68
13.2 Flattening tests for line pipe.69
14 Hydrostatic test pressures .70
14.1 Hydrostatic test pressures for plain-end pipe, extreme-line casing and integral joint
tubing .70
14.2 Hydrostatic test pressure for threaded and coupled pipe .70
15 Make-up torque for round thread casing and tubing.72
16 Guided bend tests for submerged arc-welded line pipe.72
16.1 General.72
16.2 Background.74
17 Determination of minimum impact specimen size for API couplings and pipe.74
17.1 Critical thickness .74
17.2 Calculated coupling blank thickness.76
17.3 Calculated wall thickness for transverse specimens .77
17.4 Calculated wall thickness for longitudinal specimens .78
17.5 Minimum specimen size for API couplings.79
17.6 Impact specimen size for pipe.81
17.7 Larger size specimens .81
17.8 Reference information.81
Annex A (informative) Discussion of equations for triaxial yield of pipe body .82
Annex B (informative) Discussion of equations for ductile rupture .95
Annex C (informative) Rupture test procedure .131
Annex D (informative) Discussion of equations for fracture .133
Annex E (informative) Discussion of historical API collapse equations.140
Annex F (informative) Development of probabilistic collapse performance properties.154
Annex G (informative) Calculation of design collapse strength from collapse test data .188
Annex H (informative) Calculation of design collapse strengths from production quality data.191
Annex I (informative) Collapse test procedure.205
Annex J (informative) Discussion of equations for joint strength .210
Annex K (informative) Tables of calculated performance properties in SI units.220
Annex L (informative) Tables of calculated performance properties in USC units.222
Bibliography .224

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ISO/TR 10400:2007(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that
which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a
simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely
informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no
longer valid or useful.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TR 10400 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore
structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC 5, Casing, tubing and
drill pipe.
This first edition of ISO/TR 10400 cancels and replaces ISO 10400:1993, which has been technically revised.
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ISO/TR 10400:2007(E)
Introduction
Performance design of tubulars for the petroleum and natural gas industries, whether it is formulated by
deterministic or probabilistic calculations, compares anticipated loads to which the tubular may be subjected to
the anticipated resistance of the tubular to each load. Either or both the load and resistance may be modified
by a design factor.
Both deterministic and probabilistic (synthesis method) approaches to performance properties are addressed
in this Technical Report. The deterministic approach uses specific geometric and material property values to
calculate a single performance property value. The synthesis method treats the same variables as random
and thus arrives at a statistical distribution of a performance property. A performance distribution in
combination with a defined lower percentile determines the final design equation.
Both the well design process itself and the definition of anticipated loads are currently outside the scope of
standardization for the petroleum and natural gas industries. Neither of these aspects is addressed in this
Technical Report. Rather, this text serves to identify useful equations for obtaining the resistance of a tubular
to specified loads, independent of their origin. This Technical Report provides limit state equations (see
annexes) which are useful for determining the resistance of an individual sample whose geometry and
material properties are given, and design equations which are useful for well design based on conservative
geometric and material parameters.
Whenever possible, decisions on specific constants to use in a design equation are left to the discretion of the
reader.

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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 10400:2007(E)

Petroleum and natural gas industries — Equations and
calculations for the properties of casing, tubing, drill pipe and
line pipe used as casing or tubing
1 Scope
This Technical Report illustrates the equations and templates necessary to calculate the various pipe
properties given in International Standards, including
⎯ pipe performance properties, such as axial strength, internal pressure resistance and collapse resistance,
⎯ minimum physical properties,
⎯ product assembly force (torque),
⎯ product test pressures,
⎯ critical product dimensions related to testing criteria,
⎯ critical dimensions of testing equipment, and
⎯ critical dimensions of test samples.
For equations related to performance properties, extensive background information is also provided regarding
their development and use.
Equations presented here are intended for use with pipe manufactured in accordance with ISO 11960 or
API 5CT, ISO 11961 or API 5D, and ISO 3183 or API 5L, as applicable. These equations and templates may
be extended to other pipe with due caution. Pipe cold-worked during production is included in the scope of this
Technical Report (e.g. cold rotary straightened pipe). Pipe modified by cold working after production, such as
expandable tubulars and coiled tubing, is beyond the scope of this Technical Report.
Application of performance property equations in this Technical Report to line pipe and other pipe is restricted
to their use as casing/tubing in a well or laboratory test, and requires due caution to match the heat-treat
process, straightening process, yield strength, etc., with the closest appropriate casing/tubing product. Similar
caution should be exercised when using the performance equations for drill pipe.
This Technical Report and the equations contained herein relate the input pipe manufacturing parameters in
ISO 11960 or API 5CT, ISO 11961 or API 5D, and ISO 3183 or API 5L to expected pipe performance. The
design equations in this Technical Report are not to be understood as a manufacturing warrantee.
Manufacturers are typically licensed to produce tubular products in accordance with manufacturing
specifications which control the dimensions and physical properties of their product. Design equations, on the
other hand, are a reference point for users to characterize tubular performance and begin their own well
design or research of pipe input properties.
This Technical Report is not a design code. It only provides equations and templates for calculating the
properties of tubulars intended for use in downhole applications. This Technical Report does not provide any
guidance about loads that can be encountered by tubulars or about safety margins needed for acceptable
design. Users are responsible for defining appropriate design loads and selecting adequate safety factors to
develop safe and efficient designs. The design loads and safety factors will likely be selected based on
historical practice, local regulatory requirements, and specific well conditions.
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ISO/TR 10400:2007(E)
All equations and listed values for performance properties in this Technical Report assume a benign
environment and material properties conforming to ISO 11960 or API 5CT, ISO 11961 or API 5D and
ISO 3183 or API 5L. Other environments may require additional analyses, such as that outlined in Annex D.
Pipe performance properties under dynamic loads and pipe connection sealing resistance are excluded from
the scope of this Technical Report.
Throughout this Technical Report tensile stresses are positive.
2 Conformance
2.1 Normative references
In the interests of worldwide application of this Technical Report, ISO/TC 67 has decided, after detailed
technical analysis, that certain of the normative documents listed in Clause 3 and prepared by ISO/TC 67 or
other ISO Technical Committees are interchangeable in the context of the relevant requirement with the
relevant document prepared by the American Petroleum Institute (API), the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) or the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). These latter documents are cited in
the running text following the ISO reference and preceded by or, for example, “ISO XXXX or API YYYY”.
Application of an alternative normative document cited in this manner will lead to technical results different
from the use of the preceding ISO reference. However, both results are acceptable and these documents are
thus considered interchangeable in practice.
2.2 Units of measurement
In this Technical Report, data are expressed in both the International System (SI) of units and the United
States Customary (USC) system of units. For a specific order item, it is intended that only one system of units
be used, without combining data expressed in the other system.
For data expressed in the SI, a comma is used as the decimal separator and a space as the thousands
separator. For data expressed in the USC system, a dot (on the line) is used as the decimal separator and a
space as the thousands separator.
3 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3183:2007, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Steel pipe for pipeline transportation systems
ISO 10405, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Care and use of casing and tubing
ISO 11960:2004, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Steel pipes for use as casing or tubing for wells
ISO 11961, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Steel drill pipe
ISO 13679, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Procedures for testing casing and tubing connections
ANSI-NACE International Standard TM0177, Laboratory Testing of Metals for Resistance to Sulfide Stress
Cracking and Stress Corrosion Cracking in H S Environments
2
API 5B, Threading, Gauging and Thread Inspection of Casing, Tubing, and Line Pipe Threads (US Customary
Units)
API RP 579, Recommended Practice for Fitness-for-Service, January 2000
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ISO/TR 10400:2007(E)
API RP 5C1, Recommended Practice for Care and Use of Casing and Tubing
API RP 5C5, Recommended Practice on Procedures for Testing Casing and Tubing Connections
API 5CT, Specification for Casing and Tubing
API 5D, Specification for Drill Pipe
API 5L:2004, Specification for Line Pipe
BS 7910, Guide to methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in metallic structures
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
4.1
Cauchy stress
true stress
force applied to the surface of a body divided by the current area of that surface
4.2
coefficient of variance
dimensionless measure of the dispersion of a random variable, calculated by dividing the standard deviation
by the mean
4.3
design equation
equation which, based on production measurements or specifications, provides a performance property useful
in design calculations
NOTE A design equation can be defined by applying reasonable extremes to the variables in a limit state equation to
arrive at a conservative value of expected performance. When statistically derived, the design equation corresponds to a
defined lower percentile of the resistance probability distribution curve.
4.4
deterministic
approach which assumes all variables controlling a performance property are known with certainty
NOTE Pipe performance properties generally depend on one or more controlling parameters. A deterministic
equation uses specific geometric and material property values to calculate a single performance property value. For
design formulations, this value is the expected minimum.
4.5
ductile rupture
failure of a tube due to internal pressure and/or axial tension in the plastic deformation range
4.6
e
Euler's constant
2,718 281 828
4.7
effective stress
combination of pressure and axial stress used in this Technical Report to simplify equations
NOTE Effective stress as used in this Technical Report does not introduce a distinct, physically defined stress
quantity. Effective stress is a dependent quantity, which is determined as a combination of axial stress, internal pressure,
external pressure and pipe dimensions, and provides a convenient grouping of these terms in some equations. The
effective stress is sometimes called the Lubinski fictitious stress.
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ISO/TR 10400:2007(E)
4.8
engineering strain
dimensionless measure of the stretch of a deforming line element, defined as the change in length of the line
element divided by its original length
4.9
engineering stress
force applied to the surface of a body divided by the original area of that surface
4.10
fracture pressure
internal pressure at which a tube fails due to propagation of an imperfection
4.11
inspection threshold
maximum size of a crack-like imperfection which is defined to be acceptable by the inspection system
4.12
J-integral
measure of the intensity of the stress-strain field near the tip of a crack
4.13
label 1
dimensionless designation for the size or specified outside diameter that may be used when ordering pipe
4.14
label 2
dimensionless designation for the mass per unit length or wall thickness that may be used when ordering pipe
4.15
limit state equation
equation which, when used with the measured geometry and material properties of a sample, produces an
estimate of the failure value of that sample
NOTE A limit state equation describes the performance of an individual sample as closely as possible, without regard
for the tolerances to which the sample was built.
4.16
logarithmic strain
dimensionless measure of the stretch of a deforming line element, defined as the natural logarithm of the ratio
of the current length of the line element to its original length
NOTE Alternatively, the logarithmic strain can be estimated as the natural logarithm of one plus the engineering
strain.
4.17
mass
label used to represent wall thickness of tube cross section for a given pipe size
4.18
pipe body yield
stress state necessary to initiate yield at any location in the pipe body
4.19
principal stress
stress on a principal plane for which the shear stress is zero
NOTE For any general state of stress at any point, there exist three mutually perpendicular planes at that point on
which shearing stresses are zero. The remaining normal stress components on these three planes are principal stresses.
The largest of these three stresses is called the maximum principal stress.
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ISO/TR 10400:2007(E)
4.20
probabilistic method
approach which uses distributions of geometric and material property values to calculate a distribution of
performance property values
4.21
synthesis method
probability approach which addresses the uncertainty and likely values of pipe performance properties by
using distributions of geometric and material property values
NOTE These distributions are combined with a limit state equation to determine the stat
...