ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/Amd 1
(Amendment)Information technology — Security techniques — Anonymous entity authentication — Part 4: Mechanisms based on weak secrets — Amendment 1
- Status
- Not Published
- Drafting Committee
- ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27/WG 2 - Cryptography and security mechanisms
- Current Stage
- 6000 - International Standard under publication
- Start Date
- 10-Sep-2026
- Completion Date
- 10-Oct-2026
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ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/PRF Amd 1 - Information technology — Security techniques — Anonymous entity authentication — Part 4: Mechanisms based on weak secrets — Amendment 1
REDLINE ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/PRF Amd 1 - Information technology — Security techniques — Anonymous entity authentication — Part 4: Mechanisms based on weak secrets — Amendment 1
ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/Amd 1 is an amendment to ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017, part of ISO/IEC 20009 on anonymous entity authentication. ISO publishes it for systems that use weak secrets, and it updates the mechanisms, references and protocol text used to register users, authenticate them anonymously, and revoke credentials.
What does ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/Amd 1 specify?
ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/Amd 1 updates the Part 4 mechanisms for anonymous entity authentication based on weak secrets. It amends the base document clause by clause, adds a new mechanism in Clause 7.3, and adds an Annex A OID entry for the new mechanism.
| Annex | What it covers |
|---|---|
| Annex A | OID line for zyhw-mechanism |
The amendment touches the technical core of the document, not just editorial text. For a reader implementing the standard, the important point is that the registration, authentication and revocation procedures are revised, and a new ZYHW mechanism is added alongside the existing Clause 7 mechanisms.
What are the key requirements of ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/Amd 1?
Clause 2 adds normative references to ISO/IEC 14888-2, ISO/IEC 14888-3 and ISO/IEC 18033-2. In practice, an implementation now has to rely on those standards for the digital signature and asymmetric cipher pieces used by the amended mechanisms.
Clause 4.2 tightens the conversion primitives. EC2OSP, FE2OSP, BS2IP and GE2OSP are aligned with ISO/IEC 18033-2, and GE2OSP follows the field or elliptic-curve form used by the mechanism. This matters because the protocol depends on all sides encoding group elements and numbers in exactly the same way.
Clause 5.3 revises the setup, user registration and user revocation text for the mechanism that uses a private password file PWF. The server maintains public parameters and a private PWF made of identifier and password verification data pairs. Registration can be non-interactive only when PWF is empty; otherwise it is interactive to avoid duplicate identifiers.
Clause 5.4 defines a password wrapped credential issued with the server key ServK. The credential can be stored wherever the user can access it, and revocation updates CRL, the Credential Revocation List, which is part of params and starts empty. In practice, this means the credential is meant to follow the user while the revocation list stays under server control.
Clauses 6.2.2, 6.2.4 and 6.3.4 update the SKI mechanism’s user-group handling and revocation behavior. A user Ui is added to a legitimate user group U, and the server can revoke a user either from selected groups or from the PWF as well. After revocation, the preparation phase for the affected user groups must be run again.
Clause 7 now specifies two storage-extra PAEA mechanisms: YZW and ZYHW. YZW uses a dynamic accumulator, so witnesses have to be updated whenever the accumulator changes. That is important operationally because revocation changes the proof data that users present later.
Clause 7.3 introduces the ZYHW mechanism. It requires a digital signature mechanism from ISO/IEC 14888-2 or ISO/IEC 14888-3, plus collision-resistant hash functions. The mechanism then defines setup, user registration, anonymous authentication and user revocation, including optional session key establishment and CRL-based revocation with witnesses.
What terms does ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/Amd 1 define?
PWF is the private password file that stores each user’s distinguishing identifier and password verification data.
CRL is the Credential Revocation List that the server maintains and publishes for revoked credentials.
witness is a proof value issued to a registered user so the user can show that the credential has not been revoked.
ServK is the server key used in the password wrapped credential procedure.
secparam is the security parameter that drives the setup of the mechanism.
anonymous authentication is the process where the server and user authenticate while the user remains anonymous, with optional shared session key establishment.
Who uses ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/Amd 1?
ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/Amd 1 is for engineers and security architects implementing anonymous password authentication and revocation in real systems. It is also relevant to vendors integrating digital signatures, hash functions, credential storage and revocation handling, and to quality or assurance teams checking how identifiers, passwords, witnesses and CRLs are managed.
What changed in ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/Amd 1 from the previous edition?
ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/Amd 1 modifies ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017 by adding new normative references, revising conversion primitives, rewriting registration and revocation procedures, updating SKI revocation behavior, and adding the ZYHW mechanism. It also adds Annex A text for the zyhw-mechanism OID and bibliography item [8].
Which standards are used with ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/Amd 1?
ISO/IEC 14888-2 provides integer factorization based digital signature mechanisms used by the amendment.
ISO/IEC 14888-3 provides discrete logarithm based digital signature mechanisms used by the amendment.
ISO/IEC 18033-2 provides the asymmetric cipher and conversion primitive framework referenced by the amended encoding rules.
ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017 is the base part that this amendment updates.
What does the ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/Amd 1 document contain?
This amendment contains replacement text for several procedural clauses and one new mechanism specification. It gives the updated setup, registration, authentication and revocation steps for ZYHW, including hash-based checks, signature verification, CRL handling and witness updates.
It also revises the YZW mechanism to describe revocation through a dynamic accumulator and witness refresh. Annex A adds the zyhw-mechanism OID line, and the bibliography adds the paper that ZYHW is based on.
Relations
- Effective Date
- 28-Oct-2023
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ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/PRF Amd 1 - Information technology — Security techniques — Anonymous entity authentication — Part 4: Mechanisms based on weak secrets — Amendment 1
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Frequently Asked Questions
ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/Amd 1 is a draft published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Information technology — Security techniques — Anonymous entity authentication — Part 4: Mechanisms based on weak secrets — Amendment 1". This standard covers: Information technology — Security techniques — Anonymous entity authentication — Part 4: Mechanisms based on weak secrets — Amendment 1
Information technology — Security techniques — Anonymous entity authentication — Part 4: Mechanisms based on weak secrets — Amendment 1
ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/Amd 1 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 35.030 - IT Security. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/Amd 1 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/Amd 1 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
International
Standard
ISO/IEC 20009-4
First edition
Information technology — Security
2017-08
techniques — Anonymous entity
authentication —
AMENDMENT 1
Part 4:
Mechanisms based on weak secrets
AMENDMENT 1
Technologies de l'information — Techniques de sécurité —
Authentification d'entité anonyme —
Partie 4: Mécanismes basés sur des secrets faibles
AMENDEMENT 1
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO/IEC 20009-4/Amd. 1:2026(en) © ISO/IEC 2026
ISO/IEC 20009-4/Amd. 1:2026(en)
© ISO/IEC 2026
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
© ISO/IEC 2026 – All rights reserved
ii
ISO/IEC 20009-4/Amd. 1:2026(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity.
ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/
IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
ISO and IEC draw attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the
use of (a) patent(s). ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any
claimed patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO and IEC had
received notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers
are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents and https://patents.iec.ch. ISO and IEC shall not be held
responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
In the IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 27, Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection.
A list of all parts in the ISO/IEC 20009 series can be found on the ISO and IEC websites.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards
body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html and
www.iec.ch/national-committees.
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
© ISO/IEC 2026 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO/IEC 20009-4/Amd. 1:2026(en)
Information technology — Security techniques — Anonymous
entity authentication —
Part 4:
Mechanisms based on weak secrets
AMENDMENT 1
Clause 2
Add the following normative references:
ISO/IEC 14888-2, Information technology — Security techniques — Digital signatures with appendix —
Part 2: Integer factorization based mechanisms
ISO/IEC 14888-3, IT Security techniques — Digital signatures with appendix — Part 3: Discrete logarithm
based mechanisms
ISO/IEC 18033-2, Information technology — Security techniques — Encryption algorithms — Part 2:
Asymmetric ciphers
4.2
Replace the text in this subclause as follows:
EC2OSP elliptic curve point to octet string conversion primitive, which shall be equivalent to
the specified conversion primitive EC2OSP (P, compressed) for a point P over an elliptic
E
curve E in accordance with ISO/IEC 18033-2
FE2OSP field element to octet string conversion primitive, which shall be as specified in ISO/IEC
18033-2
BS2IP bit string to integer conversion primitive, which shall be as specified in ISO/IEC 18033-2
GE2OSP cyclic group element to octet string conversion primitive. If the mechanism is defined
over a finite field, it is the same as FE2OSP. If it is defined over an elliptic curve, it is the
same as EC2OSP.
5.3
Replace the paragraph beginning with “Setup” as follows:
Setup: Given a security parameter secparam, the server generates and maintains a tuple
params,PWF , where params denotes public system parameters and PWF is a password file,
initially set empty, that is kept private. The password file PWF consists of a set of ordered pairs,
Ip, vd , one for each member of the user group, where I and pvd are the distinguishing identifier
U U
UU
and password verification data for the user, U, respectively. params will be the common input to the
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
© ISO/IEC 2026 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC 20009-4/Amd. 1:2026(en)
other operations of the mechanism, but for simplicity, it is deliberately omitted from the specifications
of inputs of the operations.
Replace the paragraph beginning with “User registration” as follows:
User registration: This process can be non-interactive if PWF is empty. Otherwise, it should be
interactive to avoid registering duplicate identifiers. Given a user's distinguishing identifier, I , and a
U
password, pw , from the user and a password file, PWF, from the server, generate password verification
U
data, pvd , and then add Ip, vd to the password file, PWF.
U
UU
Replace the paragraph beginning with “User revocation” as follows:
User revocation: Given a user identity, I , and a password file, PWF, the server removes Ip, vd
U
UU
from the password file, PWF, and then update the pre-computed values, if any.
Remove the paragraph beginning with “NOTE 1”.
Replace the paragraph beginning with “NOTE 2” as follows:
NOTE The anonymous authentication operation is specified to include mutual authentication and key
exchange. Depending on the application, it can be minimally specified to include only unilateral authenti-
cation from a user to a server or a server authenticates only that the user belongs to a certain user group,
without the opposite direction of authentication and key exchange.
5.4
Replace the paragraph beginning with “User registration” as follows:
User registration: This is an interactive process between a user and a server. Given a user's
distinguishing identifier, I , and a password, pw , from the user and the server key, ServK, from the
U U
server, output a password wrapped credential, cred . cred may be stored anywhere accessible to
pw pw
U U
the user, e.g. in a portable storage device or a public directory.
Replace the paragraph beginning with “User revocation” as follows:
User revocation: Given a user's distinguishing identifier, I , and password wrapped credential, cred
U
pw
U
, the server revokes the authentication credential for I and updates CRL (Credential Revocation List)
U
such that CRL = CRL ∪ {cred}, where CRL is the updated CRL and CRL is the old CRL and cred is
new old new old
the original credential contained in cred . CRL is part of params and is initially set empty. The server
pw
U
maintains CRL, and the details depend on each mechanism in 7.
Remove NOTE 1.
Replace NOTE 2 as follows:
NOTE The anonymous authentication operation is specified to include mutual authentication and key
exchange. Depending on the application, it can be minimally specified to include only unilateral authenti-
cation from a user to a server or a server authenticates only that the user belongs to a certain user group,
without authentication from a server to a user and key exchange.
6.2.2
Replace bullet point c) with the following text:
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
© ISO/IEC 2026 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC 20009-4/Amd. 1:2026(en)
c) U is added to a legitimate user group where the user group is denoted by U.
i
6.2.4
Replace the text as follows:
The SKI mechanism supports two types of user revocation: 1) exclude the user only from some user
groups while leaving the user in the other user groups and in the password file, PWF, 2) exclude the user
from the password file, PWF. In the former case, execute only step b) below and in the latter case execute
both a) and b). A user U can be revoked by the server, S, as follows.
i
a) Remove Ip, vd from the password file PWF.
UU
ii
b) Remove U from user group U, and then execute “Preparation phase for C ” as defined in 6.2.3.3 for
i j
the updated user g
...
ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/DAMPRF Amd 1:2026(en)
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27
Secretariat: DIN
Date: 2026-608-12
Information technology — Security techniques — Anonymous entity
authentication — —
Part 4:
Mechanisms based on weak secrets —
Amendment
AMENDMENT 1
Technologies de l'information — Techniques de sécurité — Authentification d'entité anonyme —
Partie 4: Mécanismes basés sur des secrets faibles
AMENDEMENT 1
PROOF
ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017(X)/AMD/PRF Amd 1(en)
© ISO/IEC 2026
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO
at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
EmailE-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/DAMPRF Amd 1:2026(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members
of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC
Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
ISO and IEC draw attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of
(a) patent(s). ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO and IEC had received notice
of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned
that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available
at www.iso.org/patents and https://patents.iec.ch. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying
any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
In the IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
Field Code Changed
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 27, Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection.
A list of all parts in the ISO/IEC 20009 series can be found on the ISO and IEC websites.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html and www.iec.ch/national-
Field Code Changed
committees.
© ISO/IEC 2026 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/DAM 1:2025(en)
Information technology — Security techniques — Anonymous entity
authentication — —
Part 4:
Mechanisms based on weak secrets —
Amendment
AMENDMENT 1
Clause 2
Add the following normative references:
ISO/IEC 14888-2, Information technology — Security techniques — Digital signatures with appendix —
Part 2: Integer factorization based mechanisms
ISO/IEC 14888-3, IT Security techniques — Digital signatures with appendix — Part 3: Discrete logarithm
based mechanisms
ISO/IEC 18033-2, Information technology — Security techniques — Encryption algorithms — Part 2:
Asymmetric ciphers
4.2
Replace the text in this subclause as follows:
EC2OSP elliptic curve point to octet string conversion primitive, which shall be equivalent to the
specified conversion primitive EC2OSPE(P, compressed) for a point P over an elliptic curve
E in accordance with ISO/IEC 18033-2
FE2OSP field element to octet string conversion primitive, which shall be as specified in ISO/IEC
18033-2
BS2IP bit string to integer conversion primitive, which shall be as specified in ISO/IEC 18033-2
GE2OSP cyclic group element to octet string conversion primitive. If the mechanism is defined
over a finite field, it is the same as FE2OSP. If it is defined over an elliptic curve, it is the
same as EC2OSP.
5.3
Replace the paragraph beginning with “Setup” as follows:
Setup: Given a security parameter secparam, the server generates and maintains a tuple 〈𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 =
⊥〉, where params denotes public system parameters and PWF is a password file, initially set empty, that
© ISO/IEC 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017(X)/AMD/PRF Amd 1(en)
is kept private. The password file PWF consists of a set of ordered pairs, 〈𝐼𝐼 ,𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑑𝑑 〉, one for each member
U U
of the user group, where IU and pvdU are the distinguishing identifier and password verification data for
the user, U, respectively. params will be the common input to the other operations of the mechanism, but
for simplicity, it is deliberately omitted from the specifications of inputs of the operations.
Replace the paragraph beginning with “User registration” as follows:
User registration: This process can be non-interactive if PWF is empty. Otherwise, it should be
interactive to avoid registering duplicate identifiers. Given a user's distinguishing identifier, I , and a
U
password, pw , from the user and a password file, PWF, from the server, generate password verification
U
data, pvdU, and then add 〈𝐼𝐼 ,𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑑𝑑 〉 to the password file, PWF.
U U
Replace the paragraph beginning with “User revocation” as follows:
User revocation: Given a user identity, I , and a password file, PWF, the server removes 〈𝐼𝐼 ,𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑑𝑑 〉 from
U
U U
the password file, PWF, and then update the pre-computed values, if any.
Remove the paragraph beginning with “NOTE 1”.
Replace the paragraph beginning with “NOTE 2” as follows:
NOTE The anonymous authentication operation is specified to include mutual authentication and key
exchange. Depending on the application, it can be minimally specified to include only unilateral
authentication from a user to a server or a server authenticates only that the user belongs to a certain
user group, without the opposite direction of authentication and key exchange.
NOTE The anonymous authentication operation is specified to include mutual authentication and key
exchange. Depending on the application, it can be minimally specified to include only unilateral
authentication from a user to a server or a server authenticates only that the user belongs to a certain
user group, without the opposite direction of authentication and key exchange.
5.4
Replace the paragraph beginning with “User registration” as follows:
User registration: This is an interactive process between a user and a server. Given a user's
distinguishing identifier, I , and a password, pw , from the user and the server key, ServK, from the server,
U U
output a password wrapped credential, 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑐𝑐𝑑𝑑 . 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑐𝑐𝑑𝑑 may be stored anywhere accessible to the user,
𝑝𝑝𝑤𝑤 𝑝𝑝𝑤𝑤
U U
e.g. in a portable storage device or a public directory.
Replace the paragraph beginning with “User revocation” as follows:
User revocation: Given a user's distinguishing identifier, I , and password wrapped credential, 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑐𝑐𝑑𝑑 ,
U
𝑝𝑝𝑤𝑤
U
the server revokes the authentication credential for IU and updates CRL (Credential Revocation List) such
that CRL = CRL ∪ {cred}, where CRL is the updated CRL and CRL is the old CRL and cred is the
new old new old
original credential contained in 𝑐𝑐𝑝𝑝𝑐𝑐𝑑𝑑 . CRL is part of params and is initially set empty. The server
𝑝𝑝𝑤𝑤
U
maintains CRL, and the details depend on each mechanism in 7.
Remove NOTE 1.
ISO/IEC 20009-4:2017/DAMPRF Amd 1:2025(en)
Replace the paragraph beginning with “NOTE 2” as follows:
NOTE The anonymous authentication operation is specified to include mutual authentication and key
exchange. Depending on the application, it can be minimally specified to include only unilateral
authentication from a user to a server or a server authenticates only that the user belongs to a certain
user group, without authentication from a server to a user and key exchange.
The anonymous authentication operation is specified to include mutual authentication
and key exchange. Depending on the application, it can be minimally specified to include only unilateral
authentication from a user to a server or a server authenticates only that the user belongs to a certain
user group, without authentication from a server to a user and key exchange.
6.2.2
Replace bullet point c) with the following text:
c) Ui is added to a legitimate user group where the user group is denoted by U.
c) Ui is added to a legitimate user group where the user group is denoted by U.
6.2.4
Replace the text as follows:
The SKI mechanism supports two types of user revocation: 1) exclude the user only from some user
groups while leaving the user in the other user groups and in the password file, PWF, 2) exclude the user
from the password file, PWF. In the former case, execute only step b) below and in the latter case execute
both a) and b). A user U can be revoked by the server, S, as follows.
i
a) Remove from the password file PWF.
b) Remove U from user group U, and then execute “Preparation phase for C ” as defined in 6.2.3.3 for the
i j
updated user groups that exclude the revoked user.
The SKI mechanism supports two types of user revocation: 1) exclude the user only from some user
groups while leaving the user in the other user grou
...







