ISO/IEC 9637-2:1992

INTERNATIONAL
ISO/IEC
STANDARD
9637-2
First edition
1992-I Z-01
Information technology - Computer
graphics - Interfacing techniques for
dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) -
Data stream binding -
Part 2:
Binary encoding
Technologies de /‘information - lnfographie - Interfaces pour
l’infographie - Interface du flux de donnkes CGI -
Partie 2: Codage binaire
Reference number
lSO/IEC 9637-2:1992(E)

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ISO/IEC 963702:1992 (E)
Page
CONTENTS
Foreword , . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
V
Introduction . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e . . . . . . .
1
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
2 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
. . . . .I. Y . . . . . 5
4 Overall structure
4.1 General form of the data’s&&& . . a . . . . .I 5
5
4.2 General structure of the Binary Endoding’ . . . . . . . D . .
. . . . 7
4.3 Encoding functions
7
4.3.1 General structure’of the ~epresen;a;ion*h~a~er . . . .
8
4.3.2 Basic short-form representation header . . . . . . . .
8
4.3.3 Basic long-form representation header . . . . . . . .
10
4.3.4 Extended-form representation header . . . . . s . . .
12
4.4 Encoding parameter data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
4.5 Encoding function response data . . . . . . . . . . . . . W .
13
4.5.1 Structure of response representations . . . . . . . .
14
5 Binary Encoding primitive data forms . . . . . . .
14
5.1 Signed Integer . .
15
5.1.1 Signed Integer at’8ibit’predision’ . .
15
5.1.2 Signed Integer at 16-bit precision . .
15
5.1.3 Signed Integer at 24--bit precision . .
15
5.1.4 Signed Integer at 32-bit precision . . . , . . 3 . . l
16
5.2 Unsigned Integer .
16
5.2,1 Unsigned Integei &‘8~bit’pre&sion’ .
16
5.2.2 Unsigned Integer at 16-bit precision .
16
5.2.3 Unsigned Integer at 24-bit precision .
5.2.4 Unsigned Integer at 3%bit precision . 16
17
5.3 Octet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a. .
17
5.4 Fixed Point Real’ .
17
5.4.1 Fixed PointReal &‘8~-bit precision .
5.4.2 Fixed Point Real at 64--bit precision . 17
5.4.3 Values of Fixed Point Real . . . , . . 18
5.5 Floating Point Real . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
o ISO/IEC 1992
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without per-
mission in writing from the publisher.
lSO/lEC Copyright Office l Case Postale 56 l CH-1211 Gen&e 20 l Switzerland
Printed in Switzerland
ii

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@lSO/IEC ISO/IEC 963702:1992 (E)
19
6 Representation of abs tract parameter data types l . . I . . . . .
24
6.1 Special Binary Encoding rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
6.1.1 Encoding the precision functions . . . . . . . . . . l
25
6.1.1.1 Binary Encoding precision functions
28
6.1.2 Encoding strings, fixed strings, and data records. . .
29
6.1.2.1 Encoding data record contents .
30
6.1.2.2 String parameters and character sets .
31
6.1.3 Encod ng input functions .
31
6.1.4 INHER TANCE FILTER enumerated values .
33
6.1.5 Encod ng point lists .
34
6.1.6 Encod ng transformation matrix components .
34
6.1.7 Encod ng local colour precision .
6.1.7.1 Encoding CELL ARRAY and PATTERN TABLE
35
local colour precision .
35
6.1.7.2 Encoding PIXEL ARRAY local colour precision . .
36
6.1.8 Colour specifier lists . . . . . . . . . . . I . . . .
6.1.8.1 Encoding colour specifier lists 37
6.1.8.2 Encoding lists of input colour values’and’lock’ 37
colour precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.1.9 Encoding PATTERN TABLE and INQUIRE PATTERN
colour specifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7 Representation of each function and response . 39
7.1 Qpcode assignments . 39
7.1.1 Class code assignments . 39
41
7.1.2 Function id code assignments .
8 Defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
9 Classification and designation . 63
9.1 Conformance . 63
A Algorithms and rules for class code assignment . . . . . . . I . . 64
B Encoding examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
iii

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ISO/IEC 963702:1992 (E) @lSO/IEC
Foreword
IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the Inter-
national Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for
worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of IS0 or
IEC participate in the development of International Standards through
technical committees established by the respective organization to deal
with particular fields of technical activity. IS0 and IEC technical com-
mittees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organ-
izations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with IS0 and IEC,
also take part in the work.
In the field of information technology, IS0 and IEC have established a joint
technical committee, lSO/IEC JTC 1. Draft International Standards adopted
by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for vot-
ing. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least
75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
International Standard lSO/IEC 9637-2 was prepared by Joint Technical
Committee lSO/IEC JTCI, Information technology.
lSO/IEC 9637 consists of the following parts, under the general title In-
formation technology
- Computer graphics - Interfacing techniques for
dialogues with graphical devices (CGI) - Data stream binding
- Part I: Character encoding
- Part 2: Binary encoding
Annex A forms an integral part of this part of lSO/IEC 9637. Annex B is for
information only.

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@lSO/IEC
ISO/IEC 963792:1992 (E)
Introduction
Purpose
The Binary Encoding of the Computer Graphics Interface (CGI), ISO/IEC 9636,
provides a data stream representation of the CGI function syntax that can be
optimized for speed of generation and interpretation, while still providing a
standard means of interchange among computer systems. The encoding uses
binary data formats that are more similar to the data representations used
within computer systems than the data formats of the other encodings.
Some of the data formats may exactly match those of some computer systems. On
most computer systems processing requirements for the Binary Encoding will be
substantially lower than for the other encodings.
In cases where a computer system’s architecture does not match the standard
formats used in the Binary Encoding, and where absolute minimization of
processing requirements is critical, and where interchange among dissimilar
systems does not matter, it may be more appropriate to use a private encoding,
conforming to the rules specified in ISO/IEC 9636-l.
Objectives
This encoding has the following features:
a) Partitioning of parameter lists: function/response representations
are coded in the Binary Encoding by one or more partitions (see clause
the first (or only) partition of a representation contains the
;
4)
opcode (class code and id code);
b) Alignment of function representations and response representations:
every function/response representation begins on a 16-bit boundary.
Alignment of representations which follow partitions that require an
odd number of 8-bit entities may require a partition to be padded with
an 8-bit entity with all bits zero;
c) Uniformity of format: all function representations and response data
As a result, it is
records have an associated parameter length value.
possible to ignore function representations which are not supported by
the interpreter;
d) Efficiency of encoding parameter data: parameter data such as
coordinates, indexes and colours are encoded as one or more 8-bit
entities. The precision of every parameter is determined by the
appropriate default precision or as set by a precision setting CC1
function;

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@lSO/IEC
ISO/IEC 963702:1992 (E)
e) Extensibility: the arrangement of opcode class and id values has been
designed to allow future growth;
real numbers are encoded using either IEEE
f) Format of real data:
floating point representation or a fixed-point representation;
g) Run length encoding option: if many adjacent colours have the same
value, efficient encoding is possible. For each run a cell count is
specified followed by the colour (or colour index);
h) Packed list encoding option: if adjacent colours do not have the same
value, bit-stream lists are provided in which the values are packed as
closely as possible;
i) Encoding of soliciting functions: the assignment of opcodes to
functions which require a response has been designed so that all such
functions can be recognized by a CGI interpreter;
responses to soliciting functions have been assigned
j) Response Data:
different opcodes from their associated soliciting functions.
the response opcode can be derived in a straightforward
However,
manner from the soliciting function opcode;
k) Lists of data: there is a standard technique for representing lists
of any type of data (with a few specific exceptions);
Relationship to other standards
This encoding is guided by the same objectives as the Computer Graphics
For each CGI function which
Metafile Binary Encoding, ISO/IEC 8632-39992.
is identical in both semantics and parameterization to a CGM element, the
That is, the opcodes will be identical and the
encoding will be identical.
parameters will use the same data type and appear in the same order. The
extension mechanism defined in this encoding is also compatible with the
CGM Binary Encoding.
The floating point representation of real data in this part of the Standard
is that in ANSI/IEEE 7544986.
The representation of character data in this part of the Standard follows
the rules of IS0 646 and IS0 2022.
For certain functions and response data, the CGI defines parameter value
ranges as being reserved for registration. The values and their meanings
will be defined using the procedures established in IS0 TR 997%
vi

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I NTERNAT I ONAL STANDARD olSo’lEC
ISO/IEC 963702:1992 (E)
Information technology - Computer graphics -
Interfacing techniques for dialogues with graphical
devices (CGI)
- Data stream binding -
Part 2: 9
Binary encoding
1 scope
This part of ISO/IEC 9637 specifies a Binary Encoding of the Computer Graphics
Interface (CGI) data stream. For each of the function syntaxes in clause 5
and clause 6 of ISO/IEC 9636-2, ISOAEC 9636-3, ISO/IEC 9636-4, ISO/IEC
9636-5, and ISO/IEC 9636-6, an encoding is specified in terms of an opcode and
a sequence of parameters of specified data types. For each of these data
an explicit representation in terms of bits, 8-bit and 16-bit entities
types 9
is specified. For some data types, the exact representation depends on a type
and/or precision for the data as used in the data stream.
The Binary Encoding of the Computer Graphics Interface data stream will, in
many circumstances, reduce the effort required to generate and interpret the
data stream as compared to other encodings.
1

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ISOAEC 963792:1992 (E) @lSO/IEC
2 Normative references
through reference in this text,
The following standards contain provisions which,
At the time of publication,
constitute provisions of this part of ISO/IEC 9637.
All standards are subject to revisions, and
the editions indicated were valid.
of ISO/IEC 9637 are encouraged to
parties to agreements based on this part
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards
Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently valid
listed below.
International Standards.
ISO/IEC 646 : 1991, Information technology - IS0 7-bit coded character set for information
interchange.
IS0 2022 : 1986, Information processing - IS0 7-bit and &bit coded character sets - Code
extension techniques.
ISO/IEC 7942:1985/Amd.l:1991, Information processing systems - Computer graphics -
Graphical Kernel System (GKS) functional description - Amendment 1
IS0 8632-l : 1992, Information technology - Computer graphics - Metafile for the storage and
transfer of picture description information - Part 1: Functional specification.
IS0 8632-3 : 1992, lnformation technology - Computer graphics - Metafile for the storage and
transfer of picture description information - Part 3: Binary encoding.
ISO/IEC 9636-l : 1991, Information technology - Computer graphics - Interfacing techniques
for dialogues with graphical devices(CG1) - Functional specification - Part 1: Overview,
profiles and conformance.
ISO/IEC 9636-2 : 1991, Information technology - Computer graphics - Interfacing techniques
for dialogues with graphical devices(CG1) - Functional specification - Part 2: Control.
ISO/IEC 9636-3 : 1991, lnformation technology - Computer graphics - Interfacing techniques
for dialogues with graphical devices(CG1) - Functional specification - Part 3: Output.
ISO/IEC 9636-43991, Information technology - Computer graphics - interfacing techniques
for dialogues with graphical devices(CG1) - Functional specification - Part 4: Segments.
Information technology - Computer graphics - interfacing techniques
ISO/IEC 9636-52991,
for dialogles with graphical devices(CG1) - Functional specification - Part 5: Input and echoing.
2

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ISOAEC 963792:1992 (E)
@lSO/IEC
Normative References
ISO/ IEC 9636-6 : 1991, lnformation technology - Computer graphics - Interfacing techniques
for dialogues with graphical devices(CG1) - Functional specification - Part 6: Raster.
ISO/IEC 9637-l : 1992, Information technology - Computer graphics - interfacing techniques
for dialogues with graphical devices(CG1) - Data stream binding - Part 1: Character encoding.
ISO/IEC TR 9973 : 1988, Information technology - Computer graphics - Procedures for
registration of graphical items.
ANSI / IEEE 754, Standard for Binary Flouting Point Arithmetic.

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ISO/IEC 9637-2:1992 (E) @lSO/IEC
3 Definitions
Portion of a binary-encoded function or response representation
3.1 representation:
class plus function/response id) and
that contains the opcode (function/response
(See 4.3.4.)
parameter length information.
3.2 octet: 8-bit entity in which all bits are significant. The bits are numbered
from 7 (most significant) to 0 (least significant).
3.3 word: 16-bit entity in which all bits are signif icant. The bi ts are numbered
from 15 (most significant) to 0 (least significant).
it begins on a word (16-bit)
3.4 word-aligned: An entity is word-aligned when
boundary within the data stream.
Within this part of ISO/IEC 9637, the terms "octet", 8VwordJq, and “word-aligned" have specific
NOTE -
These meanings may not match those of a particular computer system on which this encoding of
meanings.
the data stream is used.

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@lSO/IEC
ISOAEC 963792:1992 (E)
4 Overallstructure
This encoding specifies representations for each of the CGT functions of ISO/IEC
9636 as well as any associated responses. A function representation is the encoded
representation of a function with its In parameters. A response representation is
the encoded representation of the Out parameters of a soliciting function,
41 . General form of the data stream
All function representations in the data stream are encoded using a uniform
scheme S These are represented as variable length data structures, each consisting
of opcode information (function class plus function id) designating the particular
function representation, the length of its parameter data and finally the parameter
data itself (if any).
All response representations in the return data stream are encoded using the same
uniform scheme. These are represented as variable length data structures, each
consisting of opcode information (response class plus response id) designating the
particular response representation, the length of its return parameter data and
finally the data itself.
4.2 General structure of the Binary Encoding
The octet is the fundamental unit of organization of the binary data stream. The
Binary Encoding of the CC1 data stream is a logical data structure consisting of a
sequential collection of octets. Fields of two different sizes are defined within
the Binary Encoding structure. These two sizes correspond to the octet, an 8-bit
field, and the word, a 16-bit field, These fields are used in the remainder of
this part of ISO/IEC 9637 for illustrating the contents and structure of function
representations and parameters. The parameter list length of a function or
response representation is expressed as a number of octets.
To optimize processing of the binary data stream on a wide collection of computers,
data stream function and response representations are required to consist of an
even number of octets, This forces the alignment of representations in the Binary
Encoding data stream to word boundaries. It is necessary to pad a representation
with null octets or bits to the word boundary if the parameter data does not fill
to such a boundary. This padding of an extra octet or bits does not affect any
parameter list length counts within a representation.
Parameter data can be organized into subgroups called partitions.
Partitions are
data larger
used to accommodate parameter than that supported by the basic
Partitions need not begin on a word
long-form representation, as described below.
boundary.
5

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ISO/IEC 9637-2:1992 (E) @lSO/IEC
Overall structure General structure of Binary Encoding
The bits of an octet are numbered 0 to 7, with 7 being the most significant. The
bits of a word are numbered 0 to 15, with 15 being the most significant.
octet :
msb lsb
word :
lsb
msb
Figure 1 - Bit numbering for octets and words
If the consecutive bits of the binary data structure are numbered I,.N, the
are numbered l-~/8 (rounded to next
consecutive octets integer), and the
consecutive words are numbered I, .~/16 (rounded to next integer), then the logical
and words in the binary data structure
correspondence of bits, octets, is as
illustrated in table 1.
Binary data structure
Table 1 -
Word
Data stream Octet
.
i
b i t bit b t
number
number number
1 by/octet1 bWword1
. I .
.
8 bWoc;etl b8/wordl
9 by/octet2 bVwordl
. . .
16 bWoctet2 bo/wkdl
17 by/octet3 bWword2
. l .
.
24 bWoctet3 b8/word2
25 bVoctet4 bVword2
. I .
. . I
6

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@lSO/IEC
ISO/IEC 9637-2:1992 (E)
Encoding functions
Overall structure
4.3 Encoding functions
The function descriptions in clause 5 and clause 6, as well as the formal grammars,
of ISO/IEC 9636-2, ISOAEC 9636-3, ISO/IEC 9636-4, ISO/IEC 9636-5, and ISO/IEC
9636-6, provide the basic syntax needed to encode each CC1 function, They contain
the function name and the input and output parameters, along with their abstract
data types and value ranges. The order in which the parameters are specified in
clause 5 and clause 6 is significant.
This is the exact order in which they will
be encoded in a representation with very few exceptions. These special parameter
encoding cases are specifically detailed.
(See 6.1.)
The Binary Encoding scheme has two basic components:
the representation header and
the parameter data. The representation header provides information concerning the
function opcode (function class and function id) and the amount (in octets) of
parameter data that is being supplied in the function representation.
There are
one or more function representation headers for each function representation in the
data stream. There may be no parameter data, a fixed amount of parameter data or
an indefinite amount of parameter data depending on the function being represented.
CC1 functions and their In parameters, if any, are encoded as function
representations consisting of one or more representation headers followed by any In
parameter data. Functions with Out parameters are called soliciting functions.
Their Out parameters are considered response data and are encoded in a separate
response representation, consisting of one or more representation headers followed
by the Out parameter data. (See 4.5.)
The formats of the various function and response representations and the rules for
their encoding into the binary data stream are described below.
4.3.1 General structure of the representation header
Representations in the Binary Encoding have four forms - basic short-form
representations, basic long-form representations, extended short-form
representations and extended long-form representations. The forms differ in format
with regard to the amount of parameter data accommodated and the number of function
class and function id values accommodated. Specifically, the differences are :
--
the short-form representation always contains the complete function
representation, including its parameter list data. The long-form
representation is used to supply an indefinite amount of parameter data
through the use of data partitions;
--
the short-form representation only accommodates parameter list data up to
30 octets in length, The long-form representation accommodates lengths up
to 32767 octets per data partition with an indefinite number of partitions.
--
the basic form representations accommodate only 14 function classes and 127
function ids. The extended form representations accommodate an unlimited
number of function classes and function ids.
7

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ISO/IEC 963702:1992 (E) @lSO/IEC
Encoding functions
Overall s true tufe
forms also differ in the format of the representation headers.
The representation
to each type of representation header, that
There are specific fields, unique
identify the type of representation header. There are also differences in how the
function opcode (function class and function id) and the parameter list length are
encoded.
4.3.2 Basic short-form representation header
For the basic short-form, the representation header consists of a single word
function class, function id and parameter list length.
divided into three fields:
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Word I ( func. class 1 function id 1 parm list len 1
Figure 2 - Format of a basic short-form representation header.
The fields in the basic short-form representation header are as follows:
bits 15-12 function class (value range O-14)
bits 11-5 function id (value range O-127)
bits 4-O parameter list length: the number of octets of
parameter data that follow for this command (value
range O-30)
4.3.3 Basic long-form representation header
The representation header of the basic long-form representation consists of two
The first word of the basic long-form representation has the same structure
words.
as the first word of the basic short-form representation with the difference that
the parameter list length field contains the binary value 11111 (decimal 31). This
value indicates that the header is a basic long-form representation header rather
than a basic short-form representation header. The second word contains the length
data partition and a flag that indicates if the
of the following parameter
parameter data partition is followed by another data partition or not.

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ISO/IEC 9637-2:1992 (E)
IEC
Overall structure
Encod .ing functions
An indefinite number of parameter partitions can be accommodated by the long-form
bit 15 of the second word of the header
representation. When the partition flag,
has the value 1, it indicates that there will be another parameter data partition
of the function representation is
to follow. Each subsequent data partition
preceded by a word composed of a partition flag and the partition’s parameter list
The
length in the same format as the second word of the representation header.
is indicated by the partition
final data partition of a function representation
flag being set to zero.
data partitions
The parameter list length supplied in each of the parameter
specifies the length of that partition in octets and not the length of the complete
function representation data. Partitions need not start on a word boundary,
therefore no padding octet needs to be appended to the data in a data partition
which contains an odd number of octets for its parameter list length.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 3 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Word 1 func class 1 function id 111111
Word 2 P I parameter list length
Figure 3 - Format of a basic long-form representation header.
The fields in the basic long-form representation header are as follows:
Word 1
bits 15-12 function class (value range O-14)
bits 11-5 function representation id (value range O-127)
bits 4-O binary value 11111 (decimal 31) indicating long-form
Word 2
bit 15 P, partition flag
-
0 if ‘final’ partition
-
1 if ‘not final’ partition
bits 14-o parameter list length: the number of octets of
parameter data that follow for this partition
(value range O-32767).
9

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ISO/IEC 963702:1992 (E)
WWIEC
Overall structure Encoding functions
4.3.4 Extended-form representation header
The extended-form representation header is composed of one or more extender headers
followed by either a basic short-form or a basic
long-form representation header.
If the last header is a basic short-form header,
the representation header is
referred to as an extended short-form representation header.
If the last header is
a basic long-form header, the representation header is referred to as an extended
long-form representation header.
The first extender header is recognized by having a binary value of 1111 (decimal
15) in the field normally containing the function class code in a basic header,
bits 12 through 15. Each succeeding extender header also has this value in this
field. The extender header is also composed of an extension field selector (FS), a
final extension header flag (FE), extension data, and a six bit constant with the
value of zero. A value of 1 for FE, bit 10 of the extender header, indicates that
there are more extender headers to follow. A value of 0 for FE indicates that this
is the final extender header and the next word in the data stream will be one of
the basic representation headers. A value of 0 for FS, bit 11 of the extender
header, indicates that the extension data is to be used in constructing the
function class code. A value of 1 for FS indicates that the extension data is to
be used in constructing the function id code.
An extended function class is constructed from the extender headers by appending
the bits in the extension data to the bits in the class code already accumulated.
As each extender header that composes a particular extended function class is
encountered in the data stream, the extension data bits are accumulated. That is,
the higher order bits are encoded in the extender headers encountered earlier in
the data stream. The bits in the class code field of the short-form or long-form
basic function respresentation header trailing the last extender header are
appended to the accumulated function class value to form the final function class
code. An extended function id code is constructed in the same manner.
Extender headers for constructing function class and function id codes can be
transmitted in order relative to one another as long as the
any
higher-order-bits-first rule is followed. That is, it does not matter if the
extender headers forming a function class code are transmitted intermixed with the
extender headers forming a function id code.
10

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@lSO/IEC
ISO/IEC 9637-2:1992 (E)
Encoding functions
Overall s true ture
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Word 1 1 1 1
1 1 ] FS] FElextension data]0 0 0 0 0 1
Figure 4 -
Format of an extender header.
The fields in the extender header are as follows.
bits 15-12 binary value 1111 (decimal 15) indicating
an extender header
bit 11 FS, extension field selector
-
0 if extension data applies to class code
-
1 if extension data applies to id code
bit 10 FE, final extension header flag
-
0 if ‘final’ extender header
-
1 if ‘not final’ extender header
bits 9-5 extension data
bits 4-O binary value 00000
Note that while the function class code field of a representation header normally
uses the binary value 1111 to indicate an extender header, an exception is made
when the value of this field is in the basic header representation that follows a
set of extender headers. This is the only means of specifying a function class
with a binary value of 1111 (decimal 15) in bits 15-12. (See clause B.8.)
Also note that the use of extender headers to specify the class and id codes will
not necessarily result in a unique Binary Encoding of a particular representation
opcode. Refer to annex B for examples.
Theoretically, this ex
...