Food and feed products - General guidelines for the determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method

ISO 1871:2009 provides general guidelines for the determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method. It applies to food and feed products containing nitrogenous compounds that can be directly determined by the Kjeldahl method. This measurement principle does not take into account the nitrogen from nitrates and nitrites.

Produits alimentaires et aliments des animaux — Lignes directrices générales pour le dosage de l'azote selon la méthode de Kjeldahl

L'ISO 1871:2009 fournit des lignes directrices générales pour le dosage de l'azote selon la méthode de Kjeldahl. Elle est applicable aux produits contenant des composés azotés directement dosables selon la méthode de Kjeldahl. L'azote issu des nitrates et des nitrites n'est pas pris en compte par ce principe de dosage.

Kmetijski pridelki in živilski proizvodi - Splošna navodila za določanje dušika s Kjeldahlovo metodo

Ta mednarodni standard zagotavlja splošna navodila za določanje dušika s Kjeldahlovo metodo. Velja za hrano in krmne proizvode, ki vsebujejo dušikove spojine, ki so lahko neposredno določene s Kjeldahlovo metodo.
OPOMBA: To načelo merjenja ne upošteva dušika iz nitratov in nitridov.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
13-Aug-2009
Technical Committee
Drafting Committee
Current Stage
9093 - International Standard confirmed
Start Date
16-Jul-2021
Completion Date
13-Dec-2025

Relations

Overview

ISO 1871:2009 - "Food and feed products - General guidelines for the determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method" provides practical, laboratory-focused guidance for measuring organic nitrogen in food and feed matrices using the classical Kjeldahl method. It covers the full analytical workflow (digestion, alkalinization/distillation, titration) and clarifies critical control points, safety considerations and minimum performance objectives. Note: nitrogen from nitrates and nitrites is not included in this measurement principle.

Key topics and technical requirements

  • Principle: Conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonium sulfate by digestion with concentrated sulfuric acid plus catalysts; release of ammonia by addition of sodium hydroxide; capture in boric acid and titration with standardized acid to calculate nitrogen.
  • Reagents: Analytical-grade sulfuric acid, catalysts (commonly copper sulfate ± titanium oxide; potassium sulfate to raise boiling point), boric acid/indicator, H2O2 (optional, with care), concentrated NaOH, ammonium salts for controls.
  • Apparatus: Analytical balance (0.001 g), digestion units, steam-distillation and titration systems, anti-foaming agents and appropriate fume extraction.
  • Operating method: Guidance on test portion selection, acid volumes, digestion temperature/time, alkalinization and distillation procedures, endpoint detection (colorimetric or potentiometric).
  • Control tests & performance criteria:
    • Blank test and digestion control (using tryptophan, acetanilide or lysine hydrochloride) - digestion recovery should be 98–101%.
    • Distillation–titration control (using ammonium sulfate or chloride) - recovery should be 99–101%.
  • Results expression: Nitrogen % (or g/100 ml) calculated from titrant volumes and titre; formulae provided in the standard.
  • Safety: Warnings about hazardous reagents and the need for ventilation, safe handling of catalysts (selenium-containing), and care when adding oxidizers like H2O2.

Applications and users

ISO 1871:2009 is intended for:

  • Food and feed testing laboratories performing nitrogen determination / Kjeldahl nitrogen analyses.
  • Quality assurance, regulatory compliance and laboratory method validation teams.
  • Manufacturers, contract labs and research groups needing standardized guidance for Kjeldahl workflows across diverse matrices (meat, dairy, cereals, feeds). Nitrogen results are frequently used to calculate crude protein content (via appropriate conversion factors) for labeling, nutritional assessment and regulatory reporting.

Related standards

ISO 1871 provides general guidelines and complements matrix-specific standards, e.g.:

  • ISO 5983-1 (animal feeding stuffs - Kjeldahl method)
  • ISO 8968-1 (milk - Kjeldahl)
  • ISO 20483 (cereals and pulses - Kjeldahl)

Keywords: ISO 1871:2009, Kjeldahl method, nitrogen determination, food and feed analysis, digestion, distillation, titration, sulfuric acid, laboratory QA.

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Frequently Asked Questions

ISO 1871:2009 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Food and feed products - General guidelines for the determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method". This standard covers: ISO 1871:2009 provides general guidelines for the determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method. It applies to food and feed products containing nitrogenous compounds that can be directly determined by the Kjeldahl method. This measurement principle does not take into account the nitrogen from nitrates and nitrites.

ISO 1871:2009 provides general guidelines for the determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method. It applies to food and feed products containing nitrogenous compounds that can be directly determined by the Kjeldahl method. This measurement principle does not take into account the nitrogen from nitrates and nitrites.

ISO 1871:2009 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 67.050 - General methods of tests and analysis for food products. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.

ISO 1871:2009 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to SIST ISO 1871:1995, ISO 1871:1975. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.

You can purchase ISO 1871:2009 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of ISO standards.

Standards Content (Sample)


SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-junij-2011
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ISO 1871:1995
.PHWLMVNLSULGHONLLQåLYLOVNLSURL]YRGL6SORãQDQDYRGLOD]DGRORþDQMHGXãLNDV
.MHOGDKORYRPHWRGR
Food and feed products -- General guidelines for the determination of nitrogen by the
Kjeldahl method
Produits alimentaires et aliments des animaux -- Lignes directrices générales pour le
dosage de l'azote selon la méthode de Kjeldahl
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 1871:2009
ICS:
67.050 Splošne preskusne in General methods of tests and
analizne metode za živilske analysis for food products
proizvode
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 1871
Second edition
2009-09-01
Food and feed products — General
guidelines for the determination of
nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method
Produits alimentaires et aliments des animaux — Lignes directrices
générales pour le dosage de l'azote selon la méthode de Kjeldahl

Reference number
©
ISO 2009
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.

©  ISO 2009
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 1871 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 34, Food products.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 1871:1975), which has been technically revised.
Introduction
The analysis of products of animal or plant origin, such as those used in food and feed products, often
includes determining their nitrogen content according to the Kjeldahl method.
This method can be standardized in principle, as it is generally accepted that different apparatus or operating
methods are equivalent if their results are similar.
The purpose of this document is to describe the various stages of the method, the associated critical points
and the minimum objectives to be achieved to ensure that the method is applied correctly.
This document provides general guidelines; it is not intended to replace existing International Standards which
are in use.
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 1871:2009(E)

Food and feed products — General guidelines for the
determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method
WARNING — The use of this International Standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and
equipment. This International Standard does not purport to address all the safety problems associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this International Standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1 Scope
This International Standard provides general guidelines for the determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl
method. It applies to food and feed products containing nitrogenous compounds that can be directly
determined by the Kjeldahl method.
NOTE This measurement principle does not take into account the nitrogen from nitrates and nitrites.
2 Principle
Digestion of a test portion with concentrated sulfuric acid in the presence of catalysts to convert the organic
nitrogen into ammonium sulfate. Excess sodium hydroxide is added to the cooled digest to release the
ammonia. The released ammonia is distilled into an excess of boric acid solution and then titrated with a
standard solution of sulfuric or hydrochloric acid. The nitrogen content is calculated from the quantity of
ammonia produced.
NOTE In the following text, the term “nitrogen” refers to organic nitrogen.
3 Reagents
Use only reagents of recognized analytical grade, unless otherwise specified, and distilled or demineralized
water or water of equivalent purity.
3.1 Sulfuric acid, virtually free from nitrogenous compounds and of mass density ρ = 1,83 g/ml to
1,84 g/ml.
3.2 Catalysts (see 5.2.1).
3.3 Boric acid solution (10 g/l to 40 g/l depending on the apparatus used). If using the colorimetric
end-point titration, boric acid solution shall contain indicator (the pH or colour of this mixed solution shall be
adjusted before use).
3.4 Standard hydrochloric acid (0,02 mol/l to 0,50 mol/l) or sulfuric acid solution (0,01 mol/l to
0,25 mol/l). The titre of the solution, c , shall be known to at least within 0,001 mol/l.
t
3.5 Indicators, which should change colour between pH 4 and pH 5.
NOTE Various indicators are available. A methyl red and bromocresol green mixed indicator is most commonly used.
Ready-to-use boric acid solutions containing mixed indicators are available.
3.6 Hydrogen peroxide (H O ), min. 30 % mass fraction.
2 2
3.7 Sodium hydroxide solution, min. 30 % mass fraction.
3.8 Antifoaming agents.
EXAMPLE Silicone, liquid paraffin.
3.9 Ammonium sulfate or ammonium chloride (minimum purity 99,9 %).
Immediately before use, dry the ammonium sulfate or ammonium chloride at 104 °C ± 4 °C for at least 2 h.
Allow it to cool at ambient temperature in a desiccator.
NOTE Solutions of known concentration can be used.
3.10 Tryptophan or acetanilide or lysine hydrochloride (minimum purity 99 % mass fraction).
These reagents should be kept away from humidity.
WARNING — Do not dry these reagents in an oven before use.
3.11 Sucrose, with nitrogen content less than a mass fraction of 0,002 %.
WARNING — Do not dry sucrose in an oven before use.
4 Apparatus and materials
Usual laboratory apparatus and, in particular, the following.
4.1 Analytical balance, capable of weighing to the nearest 0,001 g.
4.2 Digestion, steam distillation and titration systems.
They are used to perform the operations described in Clause 5 and to ensure that the performance objectives
described in 5.5.3 and 5.5.4 are met.
4.3 Boiling point regulators (if needed), for example pumice grains, glass beads, aluminium oxide
(corundum) or silicon carbide.
4.4 Weighing paper or medium, free from nitrogenous compounds and suitable for the test portion and
type of product.
5 Operating method
NOTE According to the nature of the sample, it may be necessary to prepare the test portion in advance to obtain a
homogeneous sample (grinding, homogenization, etc.).
5.1 Test portion
The test portion, the quantity of which depends on the presumed nitrogen content determined by the Kjeldahl
method, shall be representative of the sample and contain between 0,005 g and 0,2 g of nitrogen.
The test portion can be obtained by weighing with the analytical balance (4.1), to give mass, m, in grams or by
using a pipette, to give volume, V , in millilitres.
t
2 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

The test portion can be inserted into the tube directly or via a support (4.4).
The quantity of test portion can be adjusted according to the composition of the product under test and the
quantity of sulfu
...


INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 1871
Second edition
2009-09-01
Food and feed products — General
guidelines for the determination of
nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method
Produits alimentaires et aliments des animaux — Lignes directrices
générales pour le dosage de l'azote selon la méthode de Kjeldahl

Reference number
©
ISO 2009
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.

©  ISO 2009
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 1871 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 34, Food products.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 1871:1975), which has been technically revised.
Introduction
The analysis of products of animal or plant origin, such as those used in food and feed products, often
includes determining their nitrogen content according to the Kjeldahl method.
This method can be standardized in principle, as it is generally accepted that different apparatus or operating
methods are equivalent if their results are similar.
The purpose of this document is to describe the various stages of the method, the associated critical points
and the minimum objectives to be achieved to ensure that the method is applied correctly.
This document provides general guidelines; it is not intended to replace existing International Standards which
are in use.
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 1871:2009(E)

Food and feed products — General guidelines for the
determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method
WARNING — The use of this International Standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and
equipment. This International Standard does not purport to address all the safety problems associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this International Standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1 Scope
This International Standard provides general guidelines for the determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl
method. It applies to food and feed products containing nitrogenous compounds that can be directly
determined by the Kjeldahl method.
NOTE This measurement principle does not take into account the nitrogen from nitrates and nitrites.
2 Principle
Digestion of a test portion with concentrated sulfuric acid in the presence of catalysts to convert the organic
nitrogen into ammonium sulfate. Excess sodium hydroxide is added to the cooled digest to release the
ammonia. The released ammonia is distilled into an excess of boric acid solution and then titrated with a
standard solution of sulfuric or hydrochloric acid. The nitrogen content is calculated from the quantity of
ammonia produced.
NOTE In the following text, the term “nitrogen” refers to organic nitrogen.
3 Reagents
Use only reagents of recognized analytical grade, unless otherwise specified, and distilled or demineralized
water or water of equivalent purity.
3.1 Sulfuric acid, virtually free from nitrogenous compounds and of mass density ρ = 1,83 g/ml to
1,84 g/ml.
3.2 Catalysts (see 5.2.1).
3.3 Boric acid solution (10 g/l to 40 g/l depending on the apparatus used). If using the colorimetric
end-point titration, boric acid solution shall contain indicator (the pH or colour of this mixed solution shall be
adjusted before use).
3.4 Standard hydrochloric acid (0,02 mol/l to 0,50 mol/l) or sulfuric acid solution (0,01 mol/l to
0,25 mol/l). The titre of the solution, c , shall be known to at least within 0,001 mol/l.
t
3.5 Indicators, which should change colour between pH 4 and pH 5.
NOTE Various indicators are available. A methyl red and bromocresol green mixed indicator is most commonly used.
Ready-to-use boric acid solutions containing mixed indicators are available.
3.6 Hydrogen peroxide (H O ), min. 30 % mass fraction.
2 2
3.7 Sodium hydroxide solution, min. 30 % mass fraction.
3.8 Antifoaming agents.
EXAMPLE Silicone, liquid paraffin.
3.9 Ammonium sulfate or ammonium chloride (minimum purity 99,9 %).
Immediately before use, dry the ammonium sulfate or ammonium chloride at 104 °C ± 4 °C for at least 2 h.
Allow it to cool at ambient temperature in a desiccator.
NOTE Solutions of known concentration can be used.
3.10 Tryptophan or acetanilide or lysine hydrochloride (minimum purity 99 % mass fraction).
These reagents should be kept away from humidity.
WARNING — Do not dry these reagents in an oven before use.
3.11 Sucrose, with nitrogen content less than a mass fraction of 0,002 %.
WARNING — Do not dry sucrose in an oven before use.
4 Apparatus and materials
Usual laboratory apparatus and, in particular, the following.
4.1 Analytical balance, capable of weighing to the nearest 0,001 g.
4.2 Digestion, steam distillation and titration systems.
They are used to perform the operations described in Clause 5 and to ensure that the performance objectives
described in 5.5.3 and 5.5.4 are met.
4.3 Boiling point regulators (if needed), for example pumice grains, glass beads, aluminium oxide
(corundum) or silicon carbide.
4.4 Weighing paper or medium, free from nitrogenous compounds and suitable for the test portion and
type of product.
5 Operating method
NOTE According to the nature of the sample, it may be necessary to prepare the test portion in advance to obtain a
homogeneous sample (grinding, homogenization, etc.).
5.1 Test portion
The test portion, the quantity of which depends on the presumed nitrogen content determined by the Kjeldahl
method, shall be representative of the sample and contain between 0,005 g and 0,2 g of nitrogen.
The test portion can be obtained by weighing with the analytical balance (4.1), to give mass, m, in grams or by
using a pipette, to give volume, V , in millilitres.
t
2 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

The test portion can be inserted into the tube directly or via a support (4.4).
The quantity of test portion can be adjusted according to the composition of the product under test and the
quantity of sulfuric acid (see 5.2.2).
5.2 Digestion
5.2.1 Catalysts
It is important to differentiate between the substances used to raise the boiling point of the liquid during
digestion and the catalysts themselves that facilitate digestion. The former are usually potassium sulfate or,
possibly, sodium sulfate. They are introduced in sufficient quantity to raise the boiling point of the acid to
between 380 °C and 430 °C. The most commonly used catalyst is copper in the form of copper sulfate alone
or mixed with titanium oxide.
The optional
...


NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 1871
Deuxième édition
2009-09-01
Produits alimentaires et aliments des
animaux — Lignes directrices générales
pour le dosage de l'azote selon la
méthode de Kjeldahl
Food and feed products — General guidelines for the determination of
nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method

Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2009
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DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT

©  ISO 2009
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf prescription différente, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous
quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit
de l'ISO à l'adresse ci-après ou du comité membre de l'ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés

Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 1871 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 34, Produits alimentaires.
Cette deuxième édition annule et remplace la première édition (ISO 1871:1975), qui a fait l'objet d'une
révision technique.
Introduction
L'analyse des produits d'origine animale ou végétale, notamment ceux utilisés dans des denrées alimentaires
et aliments des animaux, comporte souvent le dosage de l'azote selon la méthode de Kjeldahl.
Cette méthode peut être normalisée en principe car il est possible d'admettre que divers appareils ou modes
opératoires sont équivalents s'ils aboutissent à des résultats équivalents.
Le présent document a pour but de décrire les différentes étapes de la méthode, les points critiques associés
et les objectifs minimaux à atteindre pour une bonne application de la méthode.
Le présent document fournit des lignes directrices générales; il n'est pas destiné à remplacer les Normes
internationales qui sont en cours d'utilisation.

iv © ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés

NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 1871:2009(F)

Produits alimentaires et aliments des animaux — Lignes
directrices générales pour le dosage de l'azote selon la
méthode de Kjeldahl
AVERTISSEMENT — L'utilisation de la présente Norme internationale peut impliquer l'utilisation de
produits et la mise en œuvre de modes opératoires et d'appareillages à caractère dangereux. La
présente Norme internationale n'a pas pour but d'aborder tous les problèmes de sécurité liés à son
utilisation. Il incombe à l'utilisateur d'établir, avant de l'utiliser, des pratiques d'hygiène et de sécurité
appropriées et de déterminer l'applicabilité des restrictions réglementaires.
1 Domaine d'application
La présente Norme internationale fournit des lignes directrices générales pour le dosage de l'azote selon la
méthode de Kjeldahl. Elle est applicable aux produits alimentaires et aux aliments des animaux contenant des
composés azotés directement dosables selon la méthode de Kjeldahl.
NOTE L'azote issu des nitrates et des nitrites n'est pas pris en compte par ce principe de dosage.
2 Principe
Minéralisation d'une prise d'essai par l'acide sulfurique concentré en présence de catalyseurs pour convertir
l'azote organique présent en sulfate d'ammonium. Addition d'hydroxyde de sodium en excès au minéralisat
refroidi pour libérer de l'ammoniac. Distillation de l'ammoniac libéré dans une solution d'acide borique en
excès puis titrage par une solution titrée d'acide sulfurique ou chlorhydrique. Calcul de la teneur en azote à
partir de la quantité d'ammoniac produite.
NOTE Dans la suite du texte, le terme azote désigne l'azote organique.
3 Réactifs
Utiliser uniquement des réactifs de qualité analytique reconnue, sauf spécification contraire, et de l'eau
distillée ou déminéralisée ou de l'eau de pureté équivalente.
3.1 Acide sulfurique, pratiquement exempt de composés azotés et de masse volumique ρ = 1,83 g/ml à
1,84 g/ml.
3.2 Catalyseurs (voir 5.2.1).
3.3 Solution d'acide borique (10 g/l à 40 g/l suivant l'appareillage utilisé). Si un point final de titrage
colorimétrique est utilisé, la solution d'acide borique doit contenir un indicateur (le pH ou la couleur de cette
solution de mélange doit être ajusté avant son utilisation).
3.4 Solution titrée d'acide chlorhydrique (0,02 mol/l à 0,50 mol/l) ou d'acide sulfurique (0,01 mol/l à
0,25 mol/l). Le titre de la solution, c , doit être connu au minimum à 0,001 mol/l près.
t
3.5 Indicateurs colorés, dont le domaine de virage est situé entre pH 4 et pH 5.
NOTE Divers indicateurs colorés sont disponibles. Le plus utilisé est une association de rouge de méthyle et de vert
de bromocrésol. Il existe des solutions d'acide borique prêtes à l'emploi contenant le mélange d'indicateurs.
3.6 Peroxyde d'hydrogène (H O ), de fraction massique de 30 % minimum.
2 2
3.7 Solution d'hydroxyde de sodium, de fraction massique de 30 % minimum.
3.8 Antimousses.
EXEMPLE Silicone, huile de paraffine.
3.9 Sulfate d'ammonium ou chlorure d'ammonium (pureté minimale 99,9 %).
Immédiatement avant l'emploi, sécher le sulfate d'ammonium ou le chlorure d'ammonium à 104 °C ± 4 °C
pendant au moins 2 h. Laisser refroidir à température ambiante dans un dessiccateur.
NOTE L'utilisation de solutions de concentration connue est possible.
3.10 Tryptophane ou acétanilide ou hydrochlorure de lysine (pureté minimale 99 % en fraction
massique).
Il convient de conserver ces réactifs à l'abri de l'humidité.
AVERTISSEMENT — Ne pas sécher ces réactifs dans une étuve avant l'emploi.
3.11 Saccharose, dont la teneur en azote est inférieure à 0,002 % (fraction massique).
AVERTISSEMENT — Ne pas sécher le saccharose dans une étuve avant l'emploi.
4 Appareillage et matériaux
Matériel courant de laboratoire et, en particulier, ce qui suit.
4.1 Balance analytique, capable de peser à 0,001 g près.
4.2 Systèmes de minéralisation, de distillation à la vapeur et de titrage.
Ils permettent de réaliser les opérations décrites dans l'Article 5 et de satisfaire aux objectifs de performance
décrits en 5.5.3 et 5.5.4.
4.3 Régulateurs d'ébullition (si nécessaire), par exemple pierre ponce en grain, billes en verre, oxyde
d'aluminium (corindon) ou carbure de silicium.
4.4 Papier ou support de pesée, exempt de composés azotés et adaptés à la prise d'essai et à la nature
du produit.
2 © ISO 2009 – Tous droits réservés

5 Mode opératoire
NOTE Suivant la nature de l'échantillon, une préparation préalable de la prise d'essai peut être nécessaire afin
d'obtenir un échantillon homogène (broyage, homogénéisation, etc.).
5.1 Prise d'essai
La prise d'essai, d'une quantité variable selon la teneur présumée en azote dosable selon la méthode de
Kjeldahl, doit être représentative de l'échantillon et renfermer entre 0,005 g et 0,2 g d'azote.
La prise d'essai peut être effectuée soit par pesée à l'aide de la balance analytique (4.1), pour obtenir une
masse, m, en grammes, soit à l'aide d'une pipette, pour obtenir un volume, V , en millilitres.
t
La prise d'essai peut être introduite directement dans le tube ou à l'aide d'un support (4.4).
La quantité de la prise d'essai pourra être ajustée en fonction de la composition du produit soumis à essai et
de la quantité d'acide sulfurique (voir 5.2.2).
5.2 Minéralisation
5.2.1 Catalyseurs
Il y a lieu de distinguer les substances destinées à élever la température d'ébullition du liquide pendant la
minéralisation et les catalyseurs proprement dits qui facilitent cette minéralisation. Les premières de ces
substances sont généralement du sulfate de potassium ou, éventuellement, du sulfate de sodium. Elles sont
introduites en quantité suffisante pour élever la température d'ébullition de l'acide à une valeur comprise entre
380 °C et 430 °C. Le catalyseur le plus fréquemment utilisé est le cuivre sous forme de sulfate de cuivre seul
ou associé à de l'oxyde de titane.
L'addition facultative de peroxyde d'hydrogène (3.6), à raison de 3 ml à 5 ml p
...

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ISO 1871:2009は、食品および飼料製品に含まれる窒素の決定に関する一般的なガイドラインを提供する重要な標準です。この標準は、Kjeldahl法に基づく窒素含有量の測定に特化しており、特に窒素化合物を含む食品や飼料に適用されます。Kjeldahl法を用いることで、直接的に測定可能な窒素量が評価されるため、食品産業や飼料業界における品質管理や栄養価の分析において、信頼性の高いデータを提供します。 本標準の強みは、Kjeldahl法の信頼性と広範な適用性にあります。サンプルの前処理や測定手順が明確に定義されているため、実施者は一貫した結果を得やすく、測定の精度を向上させることができます。また、この標準は食品や飼料の品質基準に準拠するための基盤を提供し、業界に貢献する点でも重要です。 さらに、ISO 1871:2009は、特に硝酸塩および亜硝酸塩由来の窒素を考慮しないという特性により、特定の分析において有用な情報を提供します。この明確な境界により、測定対象となる窒素のタイプが明示され、誤解を避け、正確なデータ取得が可能となります。 このように、ISO 1871:2009は、食品および飼料製品の窒素含有量を正確に把握するための重要な指針を提供しており、その実用性と信頼性から、業界の標準として高く評価されています。ドキュメント名であるSIST ISO 1871:2011は、これらのガイドラインを基にした実施方針を示しており、食品及び飼料業界のニーズに応えるものとなっています。

ISO 1871:2009는 질소의 결정 방법인 켈달법(Kjeldahl method)에 관한 일반 지침을 제공하는 표준으로, 질소 화합물이 포함된 식품 및 사료 제품에 적용됩니다. 이 표준은 켈달법을 통해 직접적으로 질소를 측정할 수 있는 제품에 중점을 두고 있으며, 질산염(nitrates)과 아질산염(nitrites)에서 유래된 질소는 고려하지 않습니다. ISO 1871:2009의 주요 강점은 샘플에서 질소를 정확하게 측정하기 위한 명확한 절차를 제시한다는 점입니다. 이 표준은 품질 관리를 위한 필수적인 지침을 제공하여, 식품 및 사료 업계에서 연구 및 개발에 기여할 수 있습니다. 특히, 질소 함량은 단백질 함량의 간접적인 지표로 널리 사용되므로, 해당 표준의 적용은 영양 분석 및 품질 보증에 있어 중요한 역할을 합니다. 또한, ISO 1871:2009는 국제적으로 인정된 표준으로, 다양한 국가에서 진행되는 식품 및 사료 품질 관리 시스템에 통합될 수 있어, 무역 및 국제적인 협력에 기여하는 바가 큽니다. 이 표준은 다양한 실험실에서 일관된 결과를 장려함으로써, 데이터의 신뢰성을 높이고 과학적 연구의 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있도록 합니다. 결론적으로, ISO 1871:2009는 식품 및 사료 제품의 질소 측정에 대한 체계적이고 일관된 접근 방식을 제공하며, 이를 통해 산업 전반에 걸쳐 품질 향상과 신뢰성 있는 결과를 도출하는 데 큰 도움이 됩니다.

Die ISO 1871:2009 bietet umfassende allgemeine Richtlinien zur Bestimmung von Stickstoff in Lebensmitteln und Futtermitteln mittels der Kjeldahl-Methode. Dies ist von entscheidender Bedeutung für die Lebensmittelindustrie, da der Stickstoffgehalt oft ein Indikator für die Qualität und den Nährwert von Produkten ist. Die Norm ist besonders relevant für Produkte, die stickstoffhaltige Verbindungen enthalten und ermöglicht eine direkte Bestimmung dieser Verbindungen, was ihre Anwendbarkeit in verschiedenen Bereichen der Lebensmittelanalytik hervorhebt. Ein herausragendes Merkmal der ISO 1871:2009 ist ihre klare Definition des Anwendungsbereichs. Die Richtlinie ist präzise auf Produkte zugeschnitten, die Stickstoff enthalten, während Stickstoff aus Nitraten und Nitriten bewusst ausgeschlossen wird. Dadurch wird sichergestellt, dass die Methode sich auf die relevanten stickstoffhaltigen Komponente konzentriert, was die Genauigkeit der Analysen erhöht und Fehlinterpretationen vermeidet. Ein weiterer Stärke dieser Norm ist die Vereinheitlichung von Methoden zur Stickstoffbestimmung. Dies schafft Transparenz und Vergleichbarkeit in den Testergebnissen verschiedener Labore und Instanzen, was für die Qualitätssicherung in der gesamten Branche unerlässlich ist. Die Anwendung der Kjeldahl-Methode gemäß den Vorgaben der ISO 1871:2009 ermöglicht es Labors, messbare und reproduzierbare Ergebnisse zu liefern, die den internationalen Standards entsprechen. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die ISO 1871:2009 eine fundamental wichtige Richtlinie für die Bestimmung von Stickstoff in Lebensmitteln und Futtermitteln durch die Kjeldahl-Methode darstellt. Ihre stark fokussierten Richtlinien und die Förderung von einheitlichen Verfahren unterstreichen ihre Relevanz in der Lebensmittelsicherheit und der Analyse von Nährstoffen.

ISO 1871:2009 establishes comprehensive guidelines for the determination of nitrogen content in food and feed products through the Kjeldahl method. This standard is specifically designed to cater to products rich in nitrogenous compounds, ensuring accurate and reliable measurement of nitrogen levels. A significant strength of this standard is its emphasis on the Kjeldahl method, which is widely accepted and utilized across various industries for its effectiveness in nitrogen quantification. The scope of ISO 1871:2009 clearly delineates its applicability to food and feed products, thus enabling industry professionals to standardize their nitrogen testing processes. By focusing on nitrogen content, this standard is critical for evaluating nutritional value, quality control, and compliance with health regulations. Furthermore, it is pertinent to note that this standard explicitly excludes nitrogen from nitrates and nitrites, which helps in refining the accuracy of nitrogen determination in the target compounds. The relevance of ISO 1871:2009 is underscored by the growing demand for precise nutritional information in food labeling and animal feed formulation. The guidelines provided facilitate consistency in nitrogen measurement, enhancing comparability of results across different laboratories and geographic regions. Overall, ISO 1871:2009 serves as a vital resource for professionals involved in quality assurance and regulatory compliance in the food and feed sectors. Its structured approach and focus on the Kjeldahl method reinforce its standing as an essential standard for nitrogen determination.

La norme ISO 1871:2009, intitulée "Produits alimentaires et de consommation animale - Directives générales pour la détermination de l'azote par la méthode Kjeldahl", offre un cadre essentiel pour l'analyse des produits contenant des composés azotés. Son champ d'application est particulièrement pertinent pour les industriels, les laboratoires d'analyses et les chercheurs qui manipulent des produits alimentaires et des aliments pour animaux. Grâce à ses directives détaillées, la norme garantit une standardisation dans la détermination de la teneur en azote, ce qui est crucial pour assurer la qualité et la sécurité des produits. Un des principaux atouts de la norme ISO 1871:2009 est sa capacité à fournir une méthode fiable et reproductible pour l'évaluation de l'azote, un élément clé dans la formulation et le contrôle de la qualité des aliments et des aliments pour animaux. En utilisant la méthode Kjeldahl, il est possible de quantifier l'azote, ce qui permet d’estimer la teneur en protéines des produits. Cela est fondamental pour s'assurer que les formulations respectent les exigences nutritionnelles et réglementaires. De plus, la norme précise que la méthode ne prend pas en compte l'azote provenant des nitrates et des nitrites, ce qui limite les interprétations erronées des résultats. Cela souligne la rigueur et la précision de la méthode, tout en fournissant un cadre dans lequel les utilisateurs peuvent appliquer les protocoles avec confiance. En somme, la norme ISO 1871:2009 se positionne comme un outil indispensable pour les professionnels de l'industrie alimentaire et de la nutrition. Son approche systématique et sa clarté dans les directives mettent en avant son importance et sa pertinence dans le domaine de l'analyse des produits alimentaires et de consommation animale.